• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.592-602
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• 2016

This study investigated the muscular dystrophin levels in freely moving Australian cattle mainly fed grass, freely moving Korean cattle fed mainly a grain diet, and Korean cattle fed a grain diet but housed in a relatively limited space of a cow house. The total skeletal muscle specimens of 244 cattle were collected and immediately fixed in 10% neutral formalin. The same area was biopsied from the cattle in both countries. The findings showed that fatty infiltration is highly correlated with membrane-associated protein degradation in skeletal muscle, and that among several membrane-associated proteins, dystrophin showed the most significant reduction in expression in the cattle with fatty infiltration. Similarly, CD36 was more highly expressed in the cattle with fatty infiltration of skeletal muscle. Various breeding factors, such as oxidative stress; the presence of oxidized lipids in the diet; and environmental factors such as exercise, temperature and amount of time spent, may have critical effects on the degradation of normal cytoskeleton proteins, which are required for maintaining normal skeletal muscle architecture. Among the sarcolemma membrane-associated proteins, dystrophin is the most sensitive membrane protein that is involved muscular dystrophy and muscular degeneration. Thus, the present findings may be useful for studies on muscular dystrophy in humans or the pathogenesis of muscular diseases in animal models.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 1987

The enzymatic properties of ${\beta}-amylase$ from soybean and sweet potato were compared. The sweet potato enzyme consists of four identical subsunits whereas soybean enzyme has no subunit $structure^{12,\;15)}$. In the denatured state, both enzymes exhibited the same molecular weight on SDS-gel electrophoresis and on gel-filtration analysis. The spectra of circular dichroism revealed that both enzyme have almost same secondary structure but the environment of aromatic side chains are different. The chemical cleavage of soybean and sweet potato ${\beta}-amylases$ at cysteine residues and methionine residues demonstrated the homology of amino acid sequence between the enzymes. The similarity between soybean and sweet potato ${\beta}-amylase$ was also revealed by immunological method. The antibody for soybean enzyme inhibited the activity of sweet potato enzyme but it did not inhibit the activity of wheat, barley and Japanese-raddish ${\beta}-amylases$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.307-313
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• 2018

Alopecia cause psychological stress due to their effect on appearance. Thus, the global market size of the alopecia treatment products are growing quickly. Timosaponin A III is the well known active ingredient of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma. In this study, we investigated and compared the binding affinity of timosaponin A III with finasteride (5-beta reductase antagonist) and minoxidil (androgen receptor antagonist) on the target protein active site by in silico computational docking studies. The three dimensional crystallographic structure of 5-beta reductase (PDB ID : 3G1R) and androgen receptor (PDB ID: 4K7A) was obtained from PDB database. In silico computational autodocking analysis was performed using PyRx, Autodock Vina, Discovery Studio Version 4.5, and NX-QuickPharm option based on scoring functions. The timosaponin A III showed optimum binding affinity (docking energy) with 5-beta reductase as -12.20 kcal/mol as compared to the finasteride (-11.70 kcal/mol) and with androgen receptor as -9.00 kcal/mol as compared to the minoxidil (-7.40 kcal/mol). The centroid X, Y, Z grid position of the timosaponin A III on the 5-beta reductase was similar (overlap) to the finasteride, but the X, Y, Z centroid grid of the timosaponin A III on the androgen receptor was significantly far from the minoxidil centroid position. These results significantly indicated that timosaponin A III could be more potent antagonist to the 5-beta reductase and androgen receptor. Therefore, the extract of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma or timosaponin A III containing biomaterials can substitute the finasteride and minoxidil and can be applied to the alopecia protecting product and related industrial fields.

• The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.78-87
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• 1994

생물학 및 의학등의 생명과학에서는 현미경을 이용하여 생체물질 즉, 생체조직을 관찰하고 이에 대한 조직의 검사 결과를 판정하고 발표한다. 이때 필히 고정과정(fixation process)을 거쳐야 한 다. 즉, 생체조직중 조직의 구조, 특정 세포나 바이러스 및 효소등을 관찰할 때 고정과정을 거쳐 조직을 절편하고 이를 염색하여 현미경으로 검사하게 된다. 고정과정이란 생체물질을 안정화시키고 자기분해 혹은 부패를 방지하여 보존이 가능하도록 변화시키 는 과정으로, 조직내의 용해성 물질을 불용성 물질로 변형시키는 과정이다. 고정과정을 거친 생체조직 은 구조를 보존하고 있기 때문에 조직의 훼손이 없는 상태에서 절편이 가능하고 또한 염색상태를 좋게 하며 관찰시 contrast를 증진시킨다. 만약 고정과정을 거치지 않으면 물질의 세포막이 파괴되고 단백질 등의 물질이 용해되어 조직의 변형을 일으켜 제대로 조직을 관찰할 수 없게 된다. 고정과정에는 크게 화학적 고정법과 물리적 고정법이 있다. 화학적 고정법은 생체조직을 화학용액에 처리하는 방법이며, 물리적 고정법은 직접적인 열 혹은 초음파등으로 물질을 고정시키는 방법이다. 표 면과 내부의 열전도가 달라져 고정이 균일하게 되지 않는 단점을 가지고 있기 때문에 보통 2~6일의 고 정시간을 요하는 화학적 고정법을 사용하고 있다. 따라서 조직에 대한 총 검사시간이 최소 6일에서 최 대 12일이 요구된다. 병원등에서 조직검사의 결과가 늦게 발표되는 사유는 바로 화학적 고정법을 사용 하여 생체조직을 관찰하고 그 결과를 판정하기 때문이다. 본 고에서는 마이크로파를 이용하여 약 3시간만에 조직의 상태를 관찰할 수 있는 고정법을 소개한다. 마이크로파를 이용하여 조직을 고정하는 고정방법을 기존의 고정법과 비교하여 이들의 장단점을 나타 낸다. 본 연구자에 의해 개발된 마이크로파 고정기를 소개하고, 이를 이용하여 생체물질을 고정한뒤 절 편, 염색하여 현미경 관찰결과를 발표하여 본 연구의 방법이 기존 방법보다 우수함을 나타낸다.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.439-444
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• 2008

In this study, hair care effects of the hair cosmetics including low molecular weight silk peptide, hydrolysate which is produced from cocoon were investigated. After producing the hair cosmetics including silk peptide which has 300-500 molecular weight, we measured its hair care effects through the various tests; change of the hair weight, hair thickness, absorbance rate and hair moisture value and micro structure analysis. As a result, S.P.T. (Silk peptide Treatment) was effectively penetrated into the hair which has been damaged by chemical treatments, increased the hair weight, thickness and hair moisture value and also recovered the cuticle of the hair. Thus, the treatment of hair with silk peptide hydrolysate would be effective to recover the damaged hair into the normal conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.834-840
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• 2008

In order to improve the use of pumpkin seed, the present study was performed to isolate compositions of the bitter components which were not seen in pumpkin seed itself but newly biosynthesized during germination of the seed. The compositions isolated were then further purified by TLC and preparative HPLC in which a fraction with Rf 0.73 and RT 10.3 was obtained. Cucurbitacin E with molecular weight of 557 from the fraction was finally identified by subsequent structural analysis of LC-MS/MS. The production of cucurbitacin E peaked with 224.7 mg/kg at 4 days of germination at $20^{\circ}C$ with the water supply at ntervals of 48 hrs in the darkness, while that of cucurbitacin E reached 146.7 mg/kg in the brightness. In vitro-cell based assays demonstrated that the isolated and purified cucurbitacin E inhibited proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells and suppressed expression of the IL-$1{\beta}$- or PMA-induced cyclooxygenase-2, an inflammatory protein in A549 cells, suggesting its anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 1993

The Inhibiting activity of newly synthesized phenol (E-series) and triazine (T-series) derivatives was evaluated by using thylakoid membranes extracted from cyanobacteria (Anacystis nidulans $R_2$). There were no significant differences between phenol derivatives and dinoseb to the thylakoid membrane extracted from wild type in the Hill reaction. However, a phenol derivative, E-24 which has no -Cl at phenyl ring, did not show any activity. The longer the length of R substituents was in phenol derivatives, the lower inhibiting activity was in the Hill reaction. Triazine derivatives, T-27, T-28, T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 were also compared with diuron and atrazine. Among triazine compounds, T-27 and T-28 showed 10 and 30 times activity as high as atrazine to wild type, respectively. Other triazine derivatives, T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 showed low inhibiting activity to wild and mutant type. A structural difference of T-27 and T-28 from T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 was the presented of -C-NH-. Both T-27 and T-28 were very closely associated with serine, an amino acid located at the 264th position of D1 protein because of the resistant ratio(R/S) to mutant G-264 were higher than that of atrazine.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 1993

It has been known that the silk degumming treated by hot alkali solution is easy to handle but is liable to yield poor-quality silk due to the degree of degumming loss, incomplete-degumming or over-degumming. Therefore, many studies have been carried out on the silk degumming by enzyme in order to improve the quality of silk. However, no attention has been paid to the physicochemical analysis of enzymatic degummed silk. In this paper, two different degumming methods, soap and enzymatic, are compared in aqueous solution state of silk fibroin. The results can be summarized as follows: There was no significant difference between two solutions on the bases of polarizing microscopy, TEM observation and SDS-PAGE. Spherulite of silk fibroin was not observed in polarizing microscopy, however the leaf-shape fibril structure was developed upon solidification. The size of spherulites of silk fibroin in TEM observation were 30~120nm with a wide range of size distribution. The intrinsic viscosity of enzymatic degummed fibroin solution was lower than that of soap degummed solution. This can be explained that the silk fibroin was more degraded by enzymatic degumming method compared with the soap degumming method. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the fibroin molecule was composed of large component of molecule weight above 50 kd and small component of molecule weight about 20 kd. There was no difference in crystallinity between two degumming methods on the bases of results of DSC thermograms and IR spectra.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.574-580
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• 2021

This study investigated the pathogenicity of different genotypes of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) strains isolated from infected rainbow trout in Gangwon Province. RtPc0314c and RtPc0314g strains belonging to the JRt-Shizuoka lineage and RtPc0816g strain belonging to the JRt-Nagano lineage showed 100% cumulative mortality when inoculated at a high titer. In addition, more rapid necrosis was observed in rainbow trout infected with RtPc0314c and RtPc0314g mutations. When inoculated at a low titer, 100% mortality was not observed until the end of the experiment, but the mortality was higher in rainbow trout infected with a mutant strain belonging to the JRt-Shizuoka linage than a mutant strain belonging to the JRt-Nagano lineage. A histopathological analysis showed a clear signature of infection in kidney and spleen tissues upon infection with RtPc0314c and RtPc0314g but no signature of infection associated with the Rt03186 strain. Based on the results in this study, it seems that strains belonging to the JRt-Shizuoka lineage in Gangwon Province IHNV are more pathogenic.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.517-528
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• 2010

Rice seed maturation and germination involve drastic changes in water and nutrient transport, in which tonoplast aquaporins may play an important role. In the present study, gene expression profiles of 10 tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIP) from rice were investigated by RT-PCR during seed development and germination. OsTIP3;1 and OsTIP3;2 were specifically expressed in mature seeds. Their transcript level rapidly decreased after onset of seed germination and gene expression was induced by ABA treatment. In contrast, expression of OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 was not seed specific as transcripts were found in vegetative tissues as well. Their respective transcript levels decreased at an early stage of seed development, whereas they increased at a later stage of seed germination and elongation of embryonic roots and shoots. When seed germination was inhibited by various stress conditions and ABA, expression of OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 was completely suppressed. In contrast, the expression level of OsTIP2;2 rapidly increased after seed imbibition and the transcript level was maintained under conditions inhibiting seed germination. These results implicate that tissue specific and developmental transcriptional regulation of OsTIPs in rice seeds depends on their specific function. In addition, OsTIPs can be discriminated by different potential phosphorylation and methylation sites in their protein structures. OsTIP3;1 and OsTIP3;2 possess unique phosphorylation signatures at their N-terminal domain, loop B and loop E, respectively. OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 have a potential methylation site at their Nterminal domain. This suggests that activity of specific tonoplast aquaporins may be regulated by post-translational modification as well as by transcriptional control.