• Composites Research
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.314-318
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• 2019

A simple and very flexible automatic dipping machine was constructed for producing functional multilayer films on wide substrates via the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique. The proposed machine exhibits several features that allow a fully automated coating operation, such as various depositing recipes, control of the dipping depth and time, operating speed, and rinsing flow, air-assist drying nozzles, and an operation display. The machine uniformly dips a substrate into aqueous mixtures containing complementary (e.g., oppositely charged, capable of hydrogen bonding, or capable of covalent bonding) species. Between the dipping of each species, the sample is spray cleaned with deionized water and blow-dried with air. The dipping, rinsing, and drying areas and times are adjustable by a computer program. Graphene-based thin films up to ten-bilayers were prepared and characterized. This film exhibits the highly filled multilayer structures and low thermal resistance, indicating that the robotic dipping system is simple to produce functional thin film coatings with a variety of different layers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.472-472
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• 2012

유기발광소자는 빠른 응답속도, 높은 색재현성, 높은 명암비의 장점을 가지고 있어 차세대 디스플레이로 각광 받고 있으며, 이미 소형 디스플레이로 상용화되고 있다. 유기발광소자에서는 발광효율을 높이기 위해서 전하들의 균형이 매우 중요하다. 유기발광소자 내 정공의 이동도는 전자의 이동도보다 빠르기 때문에 정공의 이동도를 감소하거나, 전자의 이동도를 증가하여 전하들의 균형을 형성함으로 유기발광소자의 효율을 증진시키는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 유기발광소자의 전자 수송층을 다층구조로 적층하여 전자의 이동도를 증가하여 효율이 증진하는 메커니즘을 기본으로 하였다. 전자 수송층을 tris(8-hydroxyquinoloine)aluminum ($Alq_3$) 단일층, 4,7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (BPhen)과 $Alq_3$의 혼합층및 BPhen과 $Alq_3$ 다층 구조로 제작한 유기발광소자의 전기적, 발광 특성을 비교 분석하였다. BPhen은 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) 준위가 $Alq_3$의 LUMO 준위와 유사하여 전자 주입이 효율적으로 일어나며, 또한 낮은 highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) 준위는 정공 저지층의 역할을 하여 발광층 내에서 전하의 균형을 효율적으로 맞춰준다. 유기발광소자는 N,N,'-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl1-1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/ $Alq_3$/ 다양한 전자수송층 / lithium quinolate (Liq)/ aluminium (Al) 음극 전극으로 각각 증착하여 제작하였다. 전자수송층을 다층 구조로 사용한 유기발광소자는 발광효율이 혼합층과 단일층에 비해 높았으며, 최대 발광효율은 전류밀도가 273 mA/cm2일때 4.5 cd/A였다. 다층구조의 전자수송층에서 다층으로 증착된 BPhen이 효율적인 전자 주입 및 전공 저지하는 역할을 최적화 하여 발광층에 더 많은 엑시톤이 형성하여, 유기발광소자의 효율을 증진시켜 준다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.384-384
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 e-beam 증착을 이용하여 Al, Mg 단일 금속으로 다층형 Al-Mg 코팅층을 제조하여 특성 분석 및 내식성을 평가하였다. Al-Mg 코팅층은 99.99%의 Al, 99.9%의 Mg grain을 사용하여 E-Beam 가열을 통해 냉연강판 위에 코팅하였다. 증발물질과 기판과의 거리는 48 cm이며, 기판은 세척을 실시한 후 진공 챔버에 장착하고 ~10-5 Torr 까지 진공배기를 실시하였다. 진공챔버가 기본 압력까지 배기되면 아르곤 가스를 주입하고 기판홀더에 800 V의 직류 전압을 인가하여 약 30분간 글로우 방전 청정을 실시하였다. 기판의 청정이 끝나면 아르곤 가스를 차단하고 코팅층의 구성형태에 따라 Al 또는 Mg을 코팅하였다. 다층형 Al-Mg 코팅층은 2층에서 최대 6층까지 제조하였으며 $3{\mu}m$의 두께를 기준으로 Al과 Mg 코팅층의 두께비가 각각 1:1 과 2:1이 되도록 코팅하였다. 6층 이상에서는 코팅층의 두께 제어가 쉽지 않기 때문에 층수는 6층으로 제한하였다.다층형 Al-Mg 코팅층을 주사전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과, Al-Mg 코팅층간의 계면을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 글로우방전분광기로 Al-Mg 코팅층을 관찰한 결과, Al과 Mg 코팅층이 균일한 다층 구조를 형성하고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 다층의 Al-Mg가 코팅된 강판을 염수분무시험을 통해서 내부식 특성을 확인하였다. Al-Mg 코팅 강판의 염수분무시험 결과, Al-Mg 코팅층의 층수가 증가할 수록 내부식 특성이 향상되는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이러한 현상은 Al-Mg 코팅층이 다층으로 형성되어 있어 부식 생성물을 효과적으로 차단하여 강판의 부식을 방지한 것으로 판단된다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.3D
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• pp.469-476
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• 2011

The purposes of research is to understand the need of and the effectiveness of multilevel model to evaluate community support program in watershed areas. If the properties of policy target have hierarchical characteristics, the multilevel analysis is an adequate method to evaluate and test the effectiveness of policy. Also, the technique of multilevel modeling is extended to testing the relevance between performance appraisal and policy effectiveness. The case study of watershed region's community support program was estimated using satisfaction and economic aid level of policy target. This research has three results. First, the multilevel analysis should be used in nested data structure to estimate the effect of policy intervention. Second, the indexes of multilevel modeling should be used complementally to that of the traditional index approach. Third, the spatial hierarchical structure should be considered as the hierarchical structure in policy evaluation.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.367-379
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• 2022

In this paper, a multilayer radar absorbing structure was designed using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the characteristics of the multilayer radar absorbing structure were analyzed. It was shown that design values can be derived quickly and accurately by applying PSO to the design of a multilayer radar absorbing structure, and it is also shown that the optimal multilayer radar absorbing structure can be designed especially for an oblique incident. In addition, it was shown that the optimal value that meets the performance requirements can be determined even in a combination of various design parameters. It is presented through a comprehensive flowchart including the equations and detailed descriptions of all variables for each step. From the results of this paper, it is possible to omit complex and many calculations for designing a multilayer radar absorbing structure, and it is possible to use various composite materials. It can be utilized in the design and development of multilayer radar absorbing structures.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.236-242
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• 2002

A method was investigated to determine the thickness of coating on steel sheet using rf glow discharge atomic emission spectrometer. The RF gas-jet boosted glow discharge has such salient feature as good pleasure stability and high sputtering efficiency that it was possible to determine the thickness of silicon resin film on zinc electroplated steel. The erosion speed variation is dependent on discharge power, gas flow rate and discharge pressure. therefore determine discharge condition to measure the thickness of coating on steels. The fundamental studies have been carried out to investigate an optimum condition for in-depth analysis and composition of zinc coating on steel. In this study, the calibration curve for thickness determination of silicon resin film was found to be linear in the range of $1000{\sim}3500mg/m^2$ film thickness. The developed rf gas-jet boosted glow discharge was applied to the analysis of zinc coating and silicon resin film on steel made by RIST.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.244-246
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• 1999

본 논문에서는, multiple-buffered crossbar 스위치를 이용한 다층 연결 망의 성능 분석 모형을 제안하고, 스위치에 장착된 buffer의 개수 증가에 따른 성능 향상 추이를 분석하였다. Buffered 스위치 기법은 다층 연결 망 (Multistage Interconnection Network, MIN)의 내부의 데이터 충돌 문제를 효과적으로 해결할 수 있는 방법으로 알려져 있다. 제안된 성능 분석 모형은 먼저 네트웍 내부 임의 스위치 입력 단에 유입되는 데이터 패킷이 buffered 스위치 내부에서 전송되는 패턴을 확률적으로 분석하여 수립하였다. 분석 모형의 수학적 복잡도 절감을 위하여 확률식 유도 과정에 정상상태 확률 rosa(steady state probability)을 도입하였다. 제안한 모형은 스위치의 크기 및 스위치에 장착된 buffer의 수와 무관하게 확대 적용이 가능하다. 제안한 수학적 성능 분석 연구의 실효성 검증을 위하여 병행된 시뮬레이션 처리 결과는 상호 미세한 오차 범위 내에서 모형의 예측 데이터와 일치하는 결과를 보여 분석 모형의 타당성을 입증하였다. 2$\times$2 스위치로 구성된 8$\times$8 MIN을 대상으로 분석을 시행한 결과 스위치에 2~4개의 buffer를 장착했을 경우 unbuffer 스위치 경우와 비교하여 네트웍 정상상태 Throughout의 증가율이 높고 네트웍 Delay 또한 낮아져 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 2~2 crossbar 스위치로 구성된 MIN의 경우 스위치에 장착된 buffer의 개수가 네 개 정도일 경우가 가격 대 성능비 면에서 가장 유리한 것으로 연구되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.55
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• pp.143-171
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• 2016

This study investigated the effects of individual characteristics, school factors, and community factors on adolescent school violence behaviors. Data from a total of 1,777 middle school students from 50 schools in the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions were used for analysis. A hierarchical generalized linear modeling was employed to conduct a two-level analysis. Results showed that adolescents' individual factors, including attitudes toward violence, parental attachment, child abuse experiences, and affiliation with delinquent peers, as well as school factors including teacher's abusive classroom discipline, affected adolescent school violence behaviors. In addition, neighborhood disorder was found to be significantly positively correlated with adolescents' school violence. The results of this study suggest that for an understanding of school violence and to prepare countermeasures accordingly, integrated consideration of various environmental contexts in adolescents' daily lives, such as family, school, and community environments, is necessary. A multidimensional, integrated intervention plan to effectively resolve school violence based on these research results is discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2021

In this study, to solve a problem that cannot consider the contribution effect of each layers when the apparent earth pressure in homogeneous ground is applied to multi-layered ground, the measured earth pressures at World were investigated and analyzed. It has been confirmed that the apparent earth pressure in mulit-layered ground is different from single ground and that the extra layer's contribution to the earth pressure cannot be considered. The conventional method of calculating the apparent earth pressure for single ground was extended to mulit-layered ground, and proposed and verified the applicable method for both single and mulit-layered ground. The proposed methods predicted the earth pressure closer to the measurements at the excavation depth of 0.1Z/H or below, and the prediction reliability was evaluated to be better than the conventional method. Among the proposed methods, the method of considering the area ratio of the active failure has a geotechnical validity and predicts the most similar results to the actual earth pressure. To confirm the applicability of the proposed methods, it was presented by comparing and analyzing the results of the proposed methods with the conventional method for the actual case.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

In this study, negative air ions, which can increase comfort and positively influence human health, was set as an evaluative factor for school forests. The characteristics, location and microclimate of school forests were examined to determine an effective school forest model for maximum negative air ion generation. It also aimed to provide basic data for the development of urban green fields. The negative air ion concentrations were different according to the green types. The order from the highest to the lowest was: single-layer structure($934ea/cm^3$) > multi-layer structure($794ea/cm^3$) > grass($553ea/cm^3$) > bare ground($529ea/cm^3$). As for the correlation with microclimate, negative air ion concentration was negatively correlated with temperature. The negative air ion concentration was significantly different according to planting type. The negative air ion concentration was higher at single-layer structure sites than at multi-layer structure sites, which appears to indicate that the temperature is higher when the vegetation structure was single-layer compared to multi-layer. Wind speed was higher at the single-layer planted site than at the multi-layer planted site. The vegetation wind shielding effect was lower at single-layer planted sites than at multi-layer planted sites. The single-layer planted site provided more favorable conditions for the generation and dispersion of negative air ions.