• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.587-597
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• 2010

Air-staged combustion is known to be one of the techniques of NOx reduction. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal ratio of air flow distributed for CCOFA and SOFA; at this optimal ratio, the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a pulverized coal-fired boiler are maintained at a satisfactory level. A numerical investigation was performed at various airflow ratios of 16.7/83.3%, 25/75%, 50/50%, 75/25%, and 83.3/16.7%. An inert gas was considered as a substitute for air to isolate the effects of the cooling process and chemical reaction on NOx reduction; during NOx reduction in air-staged combustion, both the effects typically occur simultaneously. The results of our study show that the optimum condition, under which the maximum NOx reduction and highest boiler efficiency can be obtained, corresponds to the equal splitting of the over-fire air between CCOFA and SOFA.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2014

In order to study the improvement of the multi stage regeneration cycles, muti-stage processes were applied to the cycles, respectively or together. The kinds of the cycles are multi stage reheater cycle (MS) and multi stage reheater regeneration cycle (MSR). Working fluid used was R134a and R245fa. Temperature of the heat source was $65^{\circ}C$, $75^{\circ}C$, and $85^{\circ}C$, and temperature of the heat sink was $5^{\circ}C$. Optimization simulation was conducted for improving the gross power and efficiency with multi stage reheater regeneration cycle for ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC) with changing of a heat source, kind of the working fluid, and type of the cycle. Performance analysis of the various components was simulated by using the Aspen HYSYS for analysis of the thermodynamic cycle. R245fa shows better performance than R134a. This paper showed the most suitable working fluid with changing of a heat source and the kinds of working cycle. Compared to each other, MS showed better performance at gross power and MSR showed higher cycle efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2008

In this study, in order to reduce appeals regarding vibration and noise from blasts, the optimum delay-time of the electronic detonator, which can minimize blast vibration, is found through blast-waveform composition and blasting simulation, and we have developed the full-face Sequential Blasting Method based on the studies of damping properties of full-face section blasting. The optimum delay-time of the electronic detonator and Full-face Sequential Blasting Method using electronic detonator was applied to the Gyeongbu high-speed railway construction site to test the feasibility of this method.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.97-102
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• 2012

In this paper, each electrical length and harmonics of the multi-stage SIR are calculated by using the input impedance for the variable application of SIR in the microwave systems. The size reduced ratio of the SIR is slightly reduced as increasing of the number of stage. The impedance ratio between lower and higher impedance of the SIR has the dominant effect on the size reduced ratio and harmonic characteristics. Also the equivalent impedance of the SIR is a geometric mean between lower and higher impedance and the quality factor of the SIR is similar to the half-wavelength resonator's.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2003

Staged combustion, such as air- and fuel-staging, is a relatively well-known technique fur reduction of NOx emission and used in combination with other techniques nowadays. However, the design variables are still selected depending upon operating conditions. There are many variables tested to investigate the NOx emission characteristics fur changing of fuel or air velocity, swirl intensity, and staging ratio of air and fuel in multi-staged burner. In air-staging case, the fuel-rich condition of the primary combustion zone is very helpful to reduce NOx emission and its range is known to be restricted by the increase of carbon monoxide. However, in many cases carbon monoxide level is not too high to be restricted operating condition. So we tried to expand the equivalence ratio range to the richer condition in the primary combustion zone and certificate the function of each burner component and its contribution to the overall NOx production.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 1996

취식시 열수처리하여 수분이내에 누룽지의 고유의 풍미를 지니고 식감이 우수하여 보구언력이 빠른 즉석 누룽지를 개발하기 위한 목적으로 취반조건을 찜솔 취반, 압력솥 취반 그리고 다단식 증기솥 취반을 따르고 누룽지의 제조공정인 쌀의 침지, 취반, 굽기, 건조의 네단께의 기본공정을 검토하여 누룽지를 제조하였으며 취반조건에 다른 누룽지 이화확적 성질을 비교 실험하였다. 취반조건에 따른 누룽지 용출액의 총당 함량은 다단식 증기솥 취반이 7분에서 1.99%호 최대 함량을 보였고 압력솥 취반은 7분에서 1.92%였으며 찜솥 취반은 5분에서 1.22%의 함량을 보였다. 누룽지 가루의 물 결합능력은 다단식 증기솥 취반이 6.4(쌀 가루의 2.5배), 찜솥 취반이 6.2(쌀가루의 2.4배), 압력솥 취반이 6.1(쌀 가루의 2.3배)이었다. 누룽지의 기호도 조사결과, 다단식 증기솥 취반의 누룽지에서는 색, 견고성, 점착성 그리고 전체적인 선호도가 높게 나타났으며, 압력솥 취반 누룽지에서는 탁한 정도, 구수한 냄새, 구수한 맛의 관능 특성치가 높게 나타났고 찜솥 취반의 누룽지에서는 점착성의 항목을 제외한 다른 관능특성치에서 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다. 또한 전체적 선호도와 상관관계가 있는 특성치로는 구수한 맛, 견고성, 점착성이었다.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.456-464
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• 1997

We describe a random prcess model that prvides sets of patterms whth prcisely contrlolled within-class varia-bility and between-class distinctions.We used these pattems in a simulation study wity the back-propagation netwoek to chracterize its perfotmance as we varied the process-controlling parameters,the statistical differences between the processes,and the random noise on the patterns.Our results indicated that grneralized statistical difference between the processes genrating the patterns provided a good predictor of the difficulty of the clssi-fication problem. Also we analyzed the performance of the Bayes classifier whith the maximum-likeihood cri-terion and we compared the performance of the neural network to that of the Bayes classifier.We found that the performance of neural network was intermediate between that of the simulated and theoretical Bayes classifier.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.26 no.6A
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• pp.929-938
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• 2001

CDMA 2000 1X EV.(HDR, 1XTREME, LAS-CDMA)에서는 고속데이터 전송을 위한 변조방식으로 M-ary QAM을 제안하고 있다. 그러나, M-ary QAM을 사용한 DS-CDMA 시스템은 고속 데이터 전송이 가능한 반면에 M-ary 수가 증가할수록 잡음(AWGN)과 타 사용자에 의한 다중접속간섭(MAI)의 영향이 커져 비트에러율(BER)이 증가하고 채널용량이 급격히 줄어드는 문제점이 있다. 따라서, DS-CDMA/M-ary QAM 시스템에서 많은 사용자에게 고속의 데이터 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 잡음을 줄이거나 MAI를 경감시킬 수 있는 성능 개선 기법이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 성능 개선 기법으로서 다단병렬간섭제거기(MPIC : Multistage Parallel Interference Canceller)와 부분 다단병렬간섭제거기(partial MPIC)를 채용한 비동기 DS-CDMA/M-ary QAM 시스템의 성능 개선을 이론적으로 분석하고 이를 검증하기 위한 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 결과에서, MPIC와 partial MPIC를 채용함으로써 4 QAM, 16 QAM 및 64 QAM을 사용한 DS-CDMA 시스템의 BER과 채널용량이 크게 개선됨을 확인하였다. MPIC를 채용한 경우는 AWGN 채널의 BER에 근접하였다. 또한, MPIC는 partial MPIC보다 BER 성능이 우수하였으며 더 많은 채널용량 개선을 달성하였다. 그러나, MPIC는 partial MPIC 보다 계산량이 훨씬 많고 복잡한 구조를 갖기 때문에 실제 시스템 구현에 있어서 성능과 복잡도 사이에 타협(tradeoff)이 필요하다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.2035-2042
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• 1997

We consider the design of soft decision functions for each stage of multistage detection for coherent demodulation in an asynchronous code-division multiple-access(CDMA) system. In particular, the sigmoid function, which is shown to be optimal under the mean square error(MSE) criterion, andmultilevel quantizers that best approximate the sigmoid function are derived. At each stage of multistage detection, the parameters of these decision functions are adjusted depending on estimated input statistics. Computer simulation results demonstrate that multistage detectors employing these soft decision functions perform considerably better than those with hard decision.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 2010

The main goal of this study is to examine the use of a hybrid -fuel lean reburning system with air staging for $NO_X$ reduction. The experimental variables include the reburn fuel fraction, sizes of reburn- fuel-injection nozzles, oxygen enrichment ratio, and location of reburn- fuel- injection. The effect of the flow field induced by air- staging combustion on $NO_X$ reduction is considered, and then, the $NO_X$ reduction rate is compared with only fuel lean reburning system. On the basis of the effectiveness of each De-$NO_X$ process, the advantage of using the hybrid reburning system with air staging is determined and discussed.