• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.11a
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• pp.34-35
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• 1993

Glycine은 GABA와 함께 뇌에 작용하는 중요한 억제성 신경전달 물질이다. GABA가 대뇌등에서 중요한 역할을 하는 반면, GLYCINE은 연수, 척수, 간뇌에 특히 다량 존재한다. GLYCINE은 GLYCINE RECEPTOR에 작용하여 수용체와 연결된 chloride channel의 conductance를 증가시킴으로써 target세포의 활성을 억제한다. 그러므로, glycine의 신경전달체계에 이상이 오면 spastic mouse등에서 볼수 있는 것처럼 neuromuscular disorder가 유발된다. 신경전달 물질은 presynaptic 세포에 자극이 오면 synaptic cleft로 분비가 된후 presynaptic이나 Postsynaptic 세포에 위치한 수용체에 작용하여 생리 활성을 나타내거나, 분해효소에 의해서 생리활성이 없는 물질로 바뀌든지, presynaptic cell에 위치한 transporter(수송체)에 의해서 presynaptic 세포로 reuptake되서 cycle를 끝낸다. Glycine의 경우는 synaptic cleft로 분비된 후 glycine transporter에 의해서 reuptake된다. 그러므로 glycine transporter의 활성 정도는 sysnapse내의 glycine의 농도를 조절하며 더 나아가 glycine이 glycine receptor에 작용하는 시간에 영향을 줌으로써 target 세포의 활성정도를 결정한다.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 1996

A critical role of oxygen-derived free radicals has been implicated in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain damage. In this study, we have produced experimental I/R to the brains of Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) by a transient occlusion and release of the common carotid arteries. We have attempted to determine whether the oxidative stress is generated upon I/R and whether this oxidative stress is linked to the cell damage. Since hippocampus has been suggested as one of the most vulnerable regions of the brain to the oxidative stress, we analyzed samples from hippocampus in comparison with those from cortex. In addition, we have examined the expression of heat shock protein 70kD species (HSP70) in these regions in order to evaluate a possible role of this protein in I/R-induced brain damage. To determine whether the oxidative stress is produced upon I/R, we measured the glutathione oxidation, GSSG/ (GSH + 2xGSSG), as an index of oxidative stress. We found an increase of the glutathione oxidation primarily in hippocampus upon I/R. To determine whether this oxidative stress is linked to the cell damage, we measured the degree of lipid peroxidation upon I/R. We found an increase of lipid peroxidation in both regions. However, the magnitude of increases was greater in hippocampus than in cortex. In addition, we found that changes in both the magnitude and the temporal patterns of glutathione oxidation closely correlated with those of lipid peroxidation. Our study provides biochemical evidences that the oxidative stress is generated upon I/R and this oxidative stress is linked to the oxidative cell damage. Our study also provides evidences that the degree of oxidative stress as well as oxidative cell damage is greater in hippocampus than in cortex. We could not find difference in the basal level of HSP70 expression between hippocampus and cortex, indicating that the intrinsic vulnerability of hippocampus cannot be explained by the lower level of HSP70 expression. We did find, however, that the induction of HSP70 expression upon I/R was impaired in the hippocampus. This impairment appeared to be at the transcriptional level. These results suggest that the measurement of HSP70 induction may be employed as a useful predictor of differential cellular susceptibilities to the I/R-induced brain damage.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.161-192
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• 2018

Retrieving temporal information of encoded events is one of the core control processes in episodic memory. Despite much prior neuroimaging research on episodic retrieval, little is known about how large-scale connectivity patterns are involved in the retrieval of sequentially organized episodes. Task-related functional connectivity multivariate pattern analysis was used to distinguish the different sequential retrieval. In this study, participants performed temporal episodic memory tasks in which they were required to retrieve the encoded items in either the forward or backward direction. While separately parsed local networks did not yield substantial efficiency in classification performance, the large-scale patterns of interactivity across the cortical and sub-cortical brain regions implicated in both the cognitive control of memory and goal-directed cognitive processes encompassing lateral and medial prefrontal regions, inferior parietal lobules, middle temporal gyrus, and caudate yielded high discriminative power in classification of temporal retrieval processes. These findings demonstrate that mnemonic control processes across cortical and subcortical regions are recruited to re-experience temporally-linked series of memoranda in episodic memory and are mirrored in the qualitatively distinct global network patterns of functional connectivity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.644-652
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze the EEG according to the elderly's tendency to be addicted to smartphone games. We compared the effects of smartphone addiction on mental health such as brain waves, sleep problems and depression through comparative analysis of asymmetry and connectivity in quantitative EEG results. The study participants were two elderly people who were addicted to smartphone game and one elderly person who did not use smartphone (Ed- to confirm: only 3 participants?!). The participant's addiction tendency of smartphone was measured by using the smartphone addiction scale and EEG (QEEG) was used for EEG analysis. The results are as follows. First, the brain waves of elderly people and smartphone non-user elderly who showed symptoms of immersion and smartphone game showed a difference in asymmetry in both opening and closing anisles. Second, there were significant differences in the openness and the anxiety of the elderly who were immersed in the mobile phone and the elderly who did not use the smartphone. Through this, it is also meaningful to explore the relationship between senile cognitive impairment and smartphone use by exploring the effect of smartphone game use on brain cognitive function through comparison of EEG analysis.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.497-509
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• 2022

Lines are the oldest visual elements in human history and are closely related to human life and drawings and symbols drawn with lines on cave paintings and rocks have existed as alternative images for human survival. In arts the line reveals the core of the object within a short period of time and in art therapy it becomes a medium that can diagnose the client's psychological state and intervene therapeutically. However although line drawing has therapeutic importance in the process as well as diagnosis studies on its effectiveness and therapeutic characteristic have not been actively conducted. Therefore in this study the characteristics related to line art in art therapy are first derived through 'Triangular Verification of Theory', 'Qualitative Content Analysis', and 'Finding Common Parts' in domestic and foreign literature. As a result I will examine the Movement which is a key therapeutic element of line drawing in connection with the brain structure. Through this I will examine the therapeutic mechanisms that affect the body, brain and mind of the movement of line drawing and examine and suggest how it can be used in art therapy.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2017

Objectives : Recent neuroimaging studies focus on dysfunctions in connectivity between cognitive circuits and emotional circuits: anterior cingulate cortex that connects dorsolateral orbitofrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex to limbic system. Previous studies on pediatric depression using DTI have reported decreased neural connectivity in several brain regions, including the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, superior longitudinal fasciculus. We compared the neural connectivity of psychotropic drug naïve adolescent patients with a first onset of major depressive episode with healthy controls using DTI. Methods : Adolescent psychotropic drug naïve patients(n=26, 10 men, 16 women; age range, 13-18 years) who visited the Korea University Guro Hospital and were diagnosed with first onset major depressive disorder were registered. Healthy controls(n=27, 5 males, 22 females; age range, 12-17 years) were recruited. Psychiatric interviews, complete psychometrics including IQ and HAM-D, MRI including diffusion weighted image acquisition were conducted prior to antidepressant administration to the patients. Fractional anisotropy(FA), radial, mean, and axial diffusivity were estimated using DTI. FMRIB Software Library-Tract Based Spatial Statistics was used for statistical analysis. Results : We did not observe any significant difference in whole brain analysis. However, ROI analysis on right superior longitudinal fasciculus resulted in 3 clusters with significant decrease of FA in patients group. Conclusions : The patients with adolescent major depressive disorder showed statistically significant FA decrease in the DTI-based structure compared with healthy control. Therefore we suppose DTI can be used as a bio-marker in psychotropic drug-naïve adolescent patients with first onset major depressive disorder.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.199-222
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• 2014

Functional Magnetic Resonance Angiography (fMRA) was a technoscientific innovation that allows scientists to directly view the changes made in the blood vessels of a brain. fMRA was first developed at Neuroscience Research Institute (NRI) in Korea. fMRA mainly utilizes 7 Tesla MRI technology, and NRI is equipped with the instrument. First article on fMRA was published in 2008, and two more papers in 2010 and 2012 consecutively had been published on the newly developed technique. However, fMRA is a competitive technology with existing fMRI. Both techniques capture microvascular changes in a brain, and by doing it, both techniques visualize the cognitive and affective changes. fMRI technology was introduced by Seiji Ogawa in the early 1990's and has been widely used since then. In contrast, fMRA was a newer technology and rather unknown. Developers of fMRA in NRI used series of signifiant-politics in order to make it better known to scientific community as well as public. By resetting the boundaries of existing concept of fMRI, they tried to lower the threshold of a new concept/technique. This case study shows how technoscientists use semiotic strategies governing new technology.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.81-81
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• 2003

목적 : 현재, 많은 병원이 방사선과 의료영상정보를 기존의 필름형태로 판독하고, 진료하는 방식에서 PACS 를 도입하여 디지털 형태로 영상을 전송, 저장, 검색, 판독하는 환경으로 변화하고 있다. 한편, PACS 가 가지는 가장 큰 제한점은 휴대성의 결핍이다. 본 연구는 이동형 장치가 가지는 호스트의 이동성 및 휴대성의 장점들을 살리면서, 무선 채널 용량의 한계, 무선 링크 사용이라는 제약점들을 감안하여 의료영상을 JPEG2000 영상압축 방식으로 부호화한 후 무선 환경을 고려한 전송 패킷의 크기를 결정하고자 하였으며, 무선 통신 중 발생되는 패킷 손실에 대응하기 위한 자동 오류 수정 기능도 함께 구현하고자하였다. 방법 : Window 2000 운영체계에서 의료영상을 로드하고, 데이터베이스화하며, 저장하고, 다른 네트워크와 접속, 제어가 가능한 PC급 서버를 구축하였다. 영상데이터는 무선망을 통해 전송하기 때문에 가장 높은 압축비율을 지원하면서 에너지 밀도가 높은 JPEG2000 알고리즘을 사용하여 영상을 압축하였다. 또한, 무선망 사용으로 인한 패킷 손실에 대비하여, 영상을 JPEG2000 방식으로 부호화한 후 각 블록단위로 전송하였다. 결과 : PDA에서 JPEG2000 영상을 복호화 하는데 걸리는 시간은 256$\times$256 크기의 MR 뇌영상의 경우 바로 확인할 수 있었지만, 800$\times$790 크기의 CR 흉부 영상의 경우 약 5 초 정도의 시간이 걸렸다. CDMA 1X(Code Division Multiple Access 1st Generation) 모듈을 사용하여 영상을 전송하는 경우, 256 byte/see 정도에서는 안정된 전송 결과를 보여주었고, 1 Kbyte/see 정도의 전송의 경우 중간 중간에 패킷이 손실되는 결과를 관찰할 수 있었다. 반면 무선 랜의 경우 이보다 더 큰 패킷을 전송하더라도 문제점은 발견되지 않았다. 결론 : 현재의 PACS는 유선과 무선사이의 인터페이스의 부재로 인해 유무선 연동이 되지 못하고 있다. 따라서 이동형 JPEG2000 영상 뷰어는 PACS가 가지는 문제점인 휴대성을 보완하기 위하여 개발되었다. 또한 무선망이 가지는 데이터 손실에 대하여서도 허용할 수 있는 범위에서 재전송을 가능하게 함으로서 약한 연결성을 보완하였다. 본 JPEG2000 영상 뷰어 시스템은 기존 유선상의 PACS와 이동형 장치간에 유기적인 인터페이스 역할을 하리라 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.167-168
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• 2018

The importance of business problem-solving creativity (BPSC) becomes crucial much more as competitive situations go on in the market. However, how to assess the BPSC remains an unsolved research issue yet in the literature. In this sense, this study proposes an exploratory analysis of the BPSC from the view of neuro-science experiments called fNIRS. The fNIRS represents a functional near-infrared spectroscopy, a new type of neuro-science research paradigm. This study proposes an exploratory level of how to conduct the fNIRS-based experiments to analyze the BPSC.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.169-180
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to setup a concuurent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-functional MRI (fMRI) system for understanding causality of the functional brain network. Materials and Methods: We manufactured a TMS coil holder using nonmagnetic polyether ether ketone (PEEK). We simulated magnetic field distributions in the MR scanner according to TMS coil positions and angles. To minimize image distortions caused by TMS application, we controlled fMRI acquisition and TMS sequences to trigger TMS during inter-volume intervals. Results: Simulation showed that the magnetic field below the center of the coil was dramatically decreased with distance. Through the MR phantom study, we confirmed that TMS application around inter-volume acquisition time = 100 miliseconds reduced imaging distortion. Finally, the applicability of the concurrent TMS-fMRI was tested in preliminary studies with a healthy subject conducting a motor task within TMS-fMRI and passive motor movement induced by TMS in fMRI. Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed that the developed system allows use of TMS inside an fMRI system, which would contribute to the research of brain activation changes and causality in brain connectivity.