• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the microstructural changes according to aging on the thickness and signal intensity (SI) of the cortical gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) on the T2-, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted MR images in normal subjects. Materials and Methods : The 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 year age groups of men and women (each 10 individuals) who underwent routine brain MRI, including the T2-, FLAIR and T1-weighted images, were selected for this study. We measured the thickness and the SI of the cortical GM and WM at the postcentral gyrus, which has an even thickness at the level of centrum semiovale, on the axial scans and we calculated the mean values of the thickness ratio of the gray/white matter (TRGW) and the signal intensity ratio of the gray/white matter (SRGW), and we compared the ratios of each age group. Results : On the T2-weighted images, the TRGWs were 0.81 and 0.79 at the age of 10 and they were 0.73 and 0.71 at the age of 90 in the men and women, respectively. So, the GM thickness was decreased more than the WM thickness was with aging. On the FLAIR images, the TRGWs were 1.09 and 1.00 at the age of 10 and they were 1.11 and 0.95 at the age of 70 in the men and women, respectively. On the T1-weighted images, the TRGWs were 0.66 and 0.80 at the age of 10, and the ratio was changed to 0.90 and 0.78 at the age of 90 in the men and women, respectively. On the T2-weighted image, the SRGWs were 1.53 and 1.43 at the age of 10, and they were 1.23 and 1.27 at the age of 90 in the men and women, respectively. On the FLAIR images, the SRGWs were 1.23 and 1.25 at the age of 10 and they were 1.06 and 1.05 at the age of 90 in the men and women, respectively. On the T1-weighted images, the SRGWs were 0.86 and 0.85 at the age of 10, and they were 0.90 and 0.87 at the age of 90 in the men and women, respectively. Conclusion : We suggest that the age-related microstructural changes of the thickness and the SI of the cortical GM and WM on the T2-, FLAIR and T1-weighted images are unique, and so this knowledge will be helpful to differentiate neurodegenerative disease from normal aging of the brain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.486-507
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• 2022

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) includes vascular lesions detected on brain MRI, such as white matter hyperintensities, lacunar infarctions, microbleeds, or enlarged perivascular spaces. There is accumulating evidence that vascular changes may play an important role in development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and CSVD lesions detected on brain MRI were reported to be associated with β-amyloid and tau proteins accumulation. As the vascular contribution has therapeutic potential, it is important to understand the association of CSVD with AD and AD biomarkers. This review begins with a brief introduction of AD and AD biomarkers, explains the association between AD and vascular changes, and then details the pathogenesis and MR imaging findings of CSVD. Afterwards, we discuss the association of CSVD with AD and AD biomarkers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

출생 이후 머리둘레가 커지는 1개월 남아에게서 뇌초음파상 지주막하 공간이 확장되어 있고 백질의 음영이 증가되어 있었고 뇌 MRI 소견은 sylvian fissure의 확장과 양측 대뇌, 소뇌 피질과 백질이 T1 강조 영상에서 저신호강도와 T2 강조영상에서 고신호강도를 보였고 검사상 GA1 의심되었고 경피생검으로 얻은 섬유아세포 배양에서 glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase의 활성도가 전혀 없어 GA1을 확진하게 되었다. 이후 특수분유인 Glutatex(Abbott사) 수유와 riboflavin, carnitine 보충요법을 시행하여 대사성 위기나 급성 뇌증 위기는 없었고 양호히 발달하는 것을 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2014

Adrenoleukodystrophy is an X-linked genetic disease resulting from mutations in the ABCD1 gene. Cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy is one of the phenotypes of adrenoleukodystrophy and shows progressive demyelination of brain white matter and adrenal insufficiency. We report a nine year old male who presented with rapidly progressive cognitive and neurologic deterioration. He had abnormal findings in brain imaging and elevated very long chain fatty acid level in serum. Mutation analysis of ABCD1 revealed a c. 1252C>T (p.Arg418Trp) mutation which was previously known but not reported in Korea.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.323-328
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• 2004

The development of group-specific tissue probability maps (TPM) provides a priori knowledge for better result of cerebral tissue classification with regard to the inter-ethnic differences of inter-subject variability. We present sequential procedures of group-specific TPM and evaluate the age effects in the structural differences of TPM. We investigated 100 healthy volunteers with high resolution MRI scalming. The subjects were classified into young (60, 25.92+4.58) and old groups (40, 58.83${\pm}$8.10) according to the age. To avoid any bias from random selected single subject and improve registration robustness, average atlas as target for TPM was constructed from skull-stripped whole data using linear and nonlinear registration of AIR. Each subject was segmented into binary images of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid using fuzzy clustering and normalized into the space of average atlas. The probability images were the means of these binary images, and contained values in the range of zero to one. A TPM of a given tissue is a spatial probability distribution representing a certain subject population. In the spatial distribution of tissue probability according to the threshold of probability, the old group exhibited enlarged ventricles and overall GM atrophy as age-specific changes, compared to the young group. Our results are generally consistent with the few published studies on age differences in the brain morphology. The more similar the morphology of the subject is to the average of the population represented by the TPM, the better the entire classification procedure should work. Therefore, we suggest that group-specific TPM should be used as a priori information for the cerebral tissue classification.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2012

Purpose : To evaluate white matter abnormalities on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in patients with mild Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Materials and Methods: DTI was performed in 21 patients with mild AD, in 13 with MCI and in 16 old healthy subjects. A fractional anisotropy (FA) map was generated for each participant and processed for voxel-based comparisons among the three groups using TBSS. For comparison, DTI data was processed using the VBM method, also. Results: TBSS showed that FA was significantly lower in the AD than in the old healthy group in the bilateral anterior and right posterior corona radiata, the posterior thalamic radiation, the right superior longitudinal fasciculus, the body of the corpus callosum, and the right precuneus gyrus. VBM identified additional areas of reduced FA, including both uncinates, the left parahippocampal white matter, and the right cingulum. There were no significant differences in FA between the AD and MCI groups, or between the MCI and old healthy groups. Conclusion: TBSS showed multifocal abnormalities in white matter integrity in patients with AD compared with old healthy group. VBM could detect more white matter lesions than TBSS, but with increased artifacts.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1330-1336
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• 2005

Purpose : It has been suggested that changes in cerebral blood flow by ventilator care could be a risk factor in periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) and severe periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage(PV-IVH). The study aims to assess the relationship between perinatal clinical events, including ventilator care, and the development of PVL and severe PV-IVH; especially, whether ventilator care could be causers of PVL and severe PV-IVH as an individual risk factor. Methods : Among 255 very low birth weight infants who survived in the Fatima neonatal intensive care unit from January 1999 to December 2003, 15 infants with PVL and eight infants with severe PV-IVH were classified as a study group, while 231 infants were enrolled as a control group. The analysis was performed retrospectively with medical records. Results : Twenty four infants were diagnosed with PVL or severe PV-IVH. Asphyxia, recurrent apnea, sepsis, acidosis and ventilator care were significantly increased in the PVL goup. Asphyxia, recurrent apnea, RDS, acidosis and ventilator care were significantly increased in the severe PV-IVH group. Conclusion : Infants with PVL or severe PV-IVH may have multiple perinatal risk factors including asphyxia, recurrent apnea, sepsis, acidosis, RDS and ventilator care. Because most patients with ventilator care have multiple perinatal risk factors, ventilator care does not cause PVL and severe PV-IVH independently. Therefore, incidences of PVL and severe PV-IVH can be decreased by not only gentle ventilation, but also more professional antenatal care.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.449-455
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• 2018

This study was conducted to analyze the correlation between changes in white matter and homocysteine concentration through brain computed tomography of healthy 50-75 year old subjects without stroke or dementia history. We studied 722 out of 900 patients who underwent health screening at one hospital from 2016 to 2017. Based on the medical records, retrospective studies were conducted and analyzed using SPSS. A chi-square test, T-test and univariate logistic regression analysis were used for analysis. After the subjects were divided into the group with and without white matter changes, the population characteristics were analyzed. The mean age, homocysteine concentration and prevalence of hypertension and diabetes were higher and the duration of education was shorter in the group with white matter changes. In the group with white matter changes, the population increased as homocysteine concentration increased. When the odds ratio was compared based on the lowest group (Q1), age [p<0.001], hypertension [p<0.001] and hyperhomocysteinemia [p=0.021] were risk factors for white matter changes. We also identified modifiable risk factors such as hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia to prevent complications of white matter changes. However, there has been no report of risk for the each causes of hyperhomocysteinemia and relationship between white matter changes and homocysteine concentration in Koreans. Therefore, large scale prospective studies are needed to better understand this topic.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1988

To determine the source of Cysticercus·specIfic IgG antibody in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), paired samples of serum and CSF were collected from confirmed neurocysticercosis, other neurologic diseases and normal control. The antibody levels in serum and CSF were measured by ensyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With the measurement of total protein, albumin and IgG concentration in serum and CSF, the contribution of IgG in CSF were calculated in transudation, exudation and intracranial synthesis using the formula of Tourtellotte and Ma (1978). Mean concentrations of total protein, albumin, IgG and proportional IgG levels in CSF by transudation, exudation and intracranial synthesis were elevated in neurocysticercosis. But only the intracranial synthesis of IgG showed a statistically significant correlation with the specific IgG antibody levels in CSF. In CSF from lateral ventricle in the 4th ventricular neurocysticercosis, the protein concentrations were normal and the specific antibody levels were negative. However, in consecutively secured lumbar CSF from the same patients, the former were increased and the latter were positive. These results indicated that, in neurocysticercosis, the specific IgG antibody in CSF was a local product of intracranial synthesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.43-48
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• 2000

기억의 인출에 관여하는 전전두엽의 역할을 연구하기 위해 지각적 친숙성 정도가 다른 재인 조건을 비교하고, 이에 관여하는 뇌의 활성화 양상을 fMRI로 측정 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 동일조건; 그림으로 학습하고 동일한 내용의 다른 그림이 재인 단서로 주어지는 조건, 교차 조건; 단어로 학습하고 내용이 일치하는 그림이 재인 단서로 주어지는 조건이 비교되었다. 재인 수행(회상율, 정확도)은 동일 조건에서 가장 높앗으며 교차 조건에서 가장 저조하였다. 동일 조건 동안 양측 두정엽에서 가장 유의미한 활성화가 관찰되었으며, 상이 조건동안은 좌측 구조물들(Insular, 중 전전 두엽, hippocampal gyrus, 하두정엽 등)에서 활성화가 관찰되었다. 교차조건에서는 활성화가 좌우 시각 영역 및 두정엽의 연접부위 및 전두엽의 백질 부위(superior longitudinal fasciculus)에서 관찰되었다. 이는 그림의 인출과정에 우측 전두엽이 필수적인 것이 아니라, 인출에 수반되는 하위 정보처리 과정에 따라 다른 뇌 영역이 관여하고 있음을 시사한다. 예를 들어, 좌측 insular, 좌측 하 전전두엽에 의해 매개된 lexical processing이 상이한 그림의 재인과정에(상이조건), 시각피질과 좌측 전전두엽의 상호작용이 시각적으로 제시되었던 단어를 그림 단서로 인출하는 과정에(교차조건) 관여하고 있을 가능성을 시사하고 있다.