• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.743-748
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• 2008

Amyloid $\beta$ peptide ($A{\beta}$) is known to increase oxidative stress in nerve cells, leading to apoptosis that is characterized by free radical formation and lipid peroxidation. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by large deposits of $A{\beta}$ in the brain. In our study, neuronal protective effects of green tea, along with water activity (0.813), and leaf storage periods (fresh leaf, or leaf stored for up to 4 weeks) were investigated. We measured protective effects against $A{\beta}$-induced cytotoxicity in neuron-like PC12 cells. Powdered green tea was extracted with distilled water at $70^{\circ}C$ for 5 min, and this extract was freeze-dried and stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until use. In cell viability assays using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), the fresh extract, and that obtained after 1 week of leaf storage, showed the best protective effects against $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity. As oxidative stress causes membrane breakdown, the protective effect of green tea extracts was investigated using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and trypan blue exclusion assays. LDH release into the medium was inhibited (by 20-25%) in all tests. In addition, all green tea extracts (fresh, or stored before extraction for up to 4 weeks) showed better cell protective effects ($93.3{\pm}1.8-96.2{\pm}2.4$) than did vitamin C ($91.0{\pm}1.6$), used as a positive control. The results suggest that effectiveness of green tea extracts falls with prolonged leaf storage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2022

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have received considerable attention regarding their involvement in glutamate-induced neuronal excitotoxicity. Resveratrol has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects against this kind of overactivation, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are not yet clearly understood. In this study, HT-22 neuronal cells were treated with NMDA in Mg²⁺-free buffer and subsequently used as an experimental model of glutamate excitotoxicity to elucidate the mechanisms of resveratrol-induced neuroprotection. We found that NMDA treatment causes a drop in MTT reduction ability, disrupts inside-negative transmembrane potential of mitochondria, depletes cellular ATP levels, and stimulates intracellular ROS production. Double fluorescence imaging studies demonstrated an increased formation of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores accompanied by apoptotic cell death, while cobalt protoporphyrin and bilirubin showed protective effects against NMDA-induced mitochondrial injury. On the other hand, zinc protoporphyrin IX significantly attenuated the protective effects of resveratrol which was itself shown to enhance heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA and protein expression levels. In cells transfected with HO-1 small interfering RNA, resveratrol failed to suppress the NMDA-induced effects on MTT reduction ability and MPT pore formation. The present study suggests that resveratrol may prevent mitochondrial injury in NMDA- treated HT-22 cells and that enhanced expression of HO-1 is involved in the underlying cellular mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.661-665
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-amnesic effect of daebo (Castanea crenata) extract on trimethyltin chloride (TMT)-induced learning and memory impairment, in vivo. The inner skin of daebo was extracted using distilled water under reflux conditions. At the end of the adaptation period, ICR mice were divided into a control group, a TMT injection group (negative control), and a sample group (C5: 5 mg/kg body weight; C10: 10 mg/kg body weight; and C20: 20 mg/kg body weight), and were tested with learning and memory tests. The ethylacetate fraction of the daebo inner skin extract was found to increase TMT-induced memory deficit in the Y-maze and passive avoidance test. Brain tissue analysis showed that the ethylacetate fraction of daebo extract lowered the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of neuronal cells, both of which are indicative of lipid peroxidation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.427-434
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• 2020

This study was performed to compare nutritional compounds and physiological functions of five domestic and imported green tea cultivars at three time points. The five cultivars were compared for theanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and catechin content by LC-MS/MS and HPLC. Furthermore, the five tea cultivars were functionally characterized with respect to antioxidant activity, brain cell protective effect, and inhibitions of α-glucosidase and HMG-CoA reductase activities. Among green tea cultivars, Chamnok had the highest content of catechins (198 mg/g DW), theanine (11.89 mg/g DW), and tannin (23.6 mg/g DW). Considering functional properties, Chamnok treatment resulted in the maximum viability of brain cells and reduced the cortisol content of SH-SY5Y cells. The inhibition of α-glucosidase and HMG-CoA reductase was the strongest following Chamnok treatment (72.9% and 69.8%, respectively). These results indicate that Chamnok could be optimal for consumption or favorable processing owing to its high nutritional compounds, such as theanine and catechin, and remarkable brain cell protective effects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.440-450
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• 2019

This study analyzes the effects of perceived parental attitude on self-esteem in elementary and junior high school students. For this purpose, a questionnaire was given to 220 students, including 5th and 6th graders in elementary schools and 7th graders in middle schools in the Gyeonggi area. A total of 188 responses to the questionnaire were analyzed after excluding 22 responses that insincere responses or missing items. Descriptive statistics were used to investigate the general characteristics of the subjects, and a t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to examine the differences in parental attitude and self-esteem according to the general characteristics of the subjects. The results showed that there is a stronger relationship for mothers between parental attitude and self-esteem perceived by children than for fathers. There were no significant differences between parental attitude and self-esteem according to the grade of the children. Among the subfactors of parental attitude, affectionate attitude and overprotective attitude were found to have a positive effect on self-esteem. In particular, an affectionate attitude among fathers had a positive effect on the self-esteem of children.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1371-1377
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• 2019

Oxidative stress induced by the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain is the most common cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of flavonoids and their glycosides, namely kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, and quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in the C6 glial cells. The H₂O₂-treated glial cells exhibited decreased cell viability and increased ROS production when compared with normal cells. However, cells treated with each of the four flavonoids/glycosides demonstrated significantly increased viability and suppressed ROS production when compared with the H₂O₂-treated control group. These results indicate that flavonoids/glycosides attenuate oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ in C6 glial cells. To confirm the protective molecular mechanisms, we measured pro-inflammatory factors such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-1β. H₂O₂ treatment was seen to elevate these factors and decrease IκB-α in the C6 glial cells, while the flavonoids/glycosides induced a down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory factors and increased IκB-α, indicating a neuroprotective effects through attenuation of the inflammation. In particular, quercetin and its glycoside showed a higher neuroprotective effect than the kaempferol treatments. These results suggest that these flavonoids and their glycosides could be promising therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases via the attenuation of oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2002

Knowledge regarding the resilience factors and risk factors of the childhood trauma on the developental trajectory is in its infancy due to the lack of prospective follow-up studies in the childhood trauma and limited understanding of the complex reciprocal interactions between childhood trauma, develop-ent and various aspects of children's environment. These difficulties in the conceptual framework and research methods in the childhood trauma are partly reflected in the inconsistencies, even controversies, of the results in the childhood trauma researches. Despite these difficulties, common aspects of the risk factors and resilience of the childhood trauma on the development can be identified from the previous studies. The resilience to the negative outcome on the development by childhood trauma includes：sex female before puberty, male after puberty or infancy), high socioeconomic status, no organic problem, easy temperament, no previous experience with early loss or separation, younger age at the trauma, better problem solving capacity, high self-esteem, internal locus of control, high coping skills, ability to identify interpersonal relationships, ability to play, sense of humor, having capable parents, having a warm relaionship with at least one of the parents, high education and participating in the organized religious activities. These commonalities of the results suggest that risk and resilient factors of the childhood trauma are interdependent, each factor has multiplicity in the impacts on the children's development according to the developmental stage of the child, family and children's other environment, trauma and stressor have diverse effects according to their intensity and risk and resilience factors could have synergistic or antagonistic effects to each other. To develop comprehensive understanding on the relationship between childhood trauma and developmental psychopathology, risk and resilience factors and to develop effective and efficient prevention and intervention, research on the effect of the stress on the neurodevelopment, on the individual differences of the response to the trauma including genetic factors and constitution, and on the brain plasticity should be accompanied in the future.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.327-332
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• 2019

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. Oxidative stress by amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) of neuronal cell is the most cause of AD. In the present study, protective effects of several flavonoids such as kaempferol (K), kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (KG), quercetin (Q) and quercetin-3-β-ᴅ-glucoside (QG) from Aβ_25-35 were investigated using C6 glial cell. Treatment of Aβ_25-35 to C6 glial cell showed decrease of cell viability, while treatment of flavonoids such as Q and QG increased cell viability. In addition, treatment of flavonoids declined reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared with Aβ_25-35-induced control. The ROS production was increased by treatment of Aβ_25-35 to 133.39%, while KG and QG at concentration of 1 μM decreased ROS production to 107.44 and 113.10%, respectively. To study mechanisms of protective effect of these flavonoids against Aβ_25-35, the protein expression related to inflammation under Aβ_25-35-induced C6 glial cell was investigated. The results showed that C6 glial cell under Aβ_25-35-induced oxidative stress up-regulated inflammation-related protein expressions. However, treatment of flavonoids led to reduction of protein expression such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-1β. Especially, treatment of KG and QG decreased more effectively inflammation-related protein expression than its aglycones, K and Q. Therefore, the present results indicated that K, Q and its glycosides attenuated Aβ_25-35-induced neuronal oxidative stress and inflammation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.894-897
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• 2008

The stress is an unavoidable result and a complex phenomenon in modem society. too, Human activity changes under control of the stress. The stress is a reaction to adrenalin or other stress hormones. It provides the power for fighting and the energy for going away from dangers. Because of the stress, our bodies increase the pulse, the blood pressure and the breath for more blood and more oxygen. So, in this research, we are measuring those which was increased by the stress. Also we will examine the change of HRV and APG on music. After that, in order to reduce the stress, we will design matching system that is based on the sense for music by using Zigbee.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate neuroprotective effects of Neutral Pharmacopuncture for Blood Stasis(NPBS) into SP10 and Tangguisusangami-tang (dangguixusanjiawei-tang)(TGT) in the experimental Traumatic Brain Injury(TBI)rats. Methods : Male rats were divided into 4 groups. Group I was no treatment after TBI. Group II was treatment with NPBS into SP10 after TBI. Group III was treatment with TGT after TBI. Group IV was NPBS into SP10 and TGT after TBI. The author carried out neurological motor behavioral, histological assessment test. Results : 1. In neurological motor behavior tests, motor and cognitive function recovery was significantly increased in the Group II, III, IV. Also Group IV was increased as compared with Group II, III. 2. In BAX expression, according to priority Group IV, III, II, I were decresed in 7 and 14 days later. Especially Group IV was significantly decreased in 14 days later. 3. In BCL-2 expression, Group IV was increased slightly in 7 days later. Most incresed expression was experimented in the Group IV in 14 days later. 4. In TUNEL expression, IV was decreased as compared with each Group I, II, III in 7 days later. Group IV, III were decreased as compared with each Group I, II, III in 14 days later. Conclusions : According to the results, NPBS and TGT can inhibit apoptosis of cells after TBI in rats by contol of BAX and BCL-2, TUNEL expression. And also can help neurological motor behavioral function.