• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.40-44
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• 2001

Pesticide actual usage in fruit crop cultivation was surveyed, and usage trends of individual pesticides were evaluated to provide data for the development of indicators of environmental impact. The amount of pesticide used for fruit crops indicated the order of fungicide>insecticide>herbicide unlike the case of paddy rice. The fungicide rate of total usage was 72% in apple cultivation. Top ranking fungicides used on fruits were Mancozeb, Propineb, Thiophanate-methyl and the main insecticides were Mancozeb, Propineb, Thiophanate-methyl. The usuage by formulation types showed the order of WP>EC>SL>SC>SP>WG. Pesticide usage (a.i.) per hectare by different fruits was citrus 48.6kg, apple 27.1kg, pear 18.6kg, persimmon 17.5kg, peach 11.3kg and grape 9.2kg. Comparison of pesticide usage (a.i.,kg/ha) in some fruit crops between Korea and USA indicated that more pesticides were used for citrus, pear and peach in USA than Korea while more pesticides were used in Korea than USA for apple.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1977.10a
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• pp.194-195
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• 1977

농약사용량은 매년 증가하여 지난 5년간 농약 사용량은 약 3배로 증가되었고 연간 수입액도 계속 늘어가고 있는 만면에 경지 면적과 농가 수입은 매우 완만한 증가를 보이고 있으며 농약사용 비용의 증가로 농산물 생산소득은 감소하고 있는 실정이다. 더욱이 계속적인 농약사용으로 resurgence, replcaement, resistance등의 작용으로 농약사용량 보다는 농산물해충의 피해는 더 크다.(중략)

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.35-39
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• 2000

In order to develop the indicators of environmental impact of pesticide, its actual usage in paddy rice was surveyed, and usage trends of individual pesticides were evaluated. The tendency of pesticide use indicated insecticide 43%, herbicide 29%, fungicide 27% and top ranking item in insecticide, herbicide and fungicide was carbofuran, molinate + pyrazosulfuran-ethyl, IBP. The usage statistics of formulation types showed GR>DP>WP>EC>FG>SP. Pesticide usage(a.i.) per hectare was 7.13kg and total usage for paddy rice was estimated at 8,387 M/T. In the result of comparison of fact-usage with pesticide consumption reported in 1998, the fitness was 94.7% for fungicide, 84.3% for insecticide, 77.8% for herbicide. The result of monitoring pesticide residue of unpolished-rice sampled from farm house of survey indicated 0.14 ppm(BPMC), 0.16 ppm(Isoprocarb), 0.17 ppm(Isoprothiolane). In case of rice straw, the residue level was 0.27 ppm(Isoprothiolane), 0.28 ppm(IBP), 0.39 ppm(Carbofuran). The residue levels of pesticides were below MRLs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2003

In order to get the actual pesticide usage data for fruit crops at farmer's gate, this survey was carried out on the growers of 6 representative fruit crops such as apple, citrus, grape, peach, pear and persimmon, in Korea. One hundred fifty farmers were selected in main production areas to record their pesticide usage during the growing seasons. Pesticides were sprayed in pear 15.2 times/year and persimmon 7 times/year. Pesticide input amount per unit for fruits was 39.5 for citrus, 22.1 for apple, 21.5 for pear, 11.9 for peach, 10.8 for persimmon and 6.7 a.i. kg/ha for grape, respectively. The amounts of pesticides sprayed in 2002 except for peach and pear tend to decrease compared with those in 1999. The major fungicides used were mancozeb, propineb, dithianon, etc., while the major insecticides were fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, etc. Total active ingredients of pesticides used for six fruit crops amounted to 18.3% of total sales amount of pesticides for horticulture in 2002. The amounts of pesticides sprayed on citrus, grape, peach and pear in Korea was less than those in U.S.A., excepting those in apple.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.183-188
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• 2006

A nation-wide monitoring survey was performed to look into pesticide use pattern and amount on farmers' field after the national registration of pesticides from 2003 to 2004. Tow hundred ninety two leading farmers involved in the survey were chosen from main cultivating regions of targeted crops in consideration with area. Most farmers involved in the survey follow the safe use guideline of pesticides, while their information to select and making-decision for purchasing pesticides were done according to the recommendation of mainly pesticide market dealers or agricultural cooperative dealers. Used amount of pesticide per unit cropping area was surveyed as 5.51 on paddy, 3.91 on field cabbage, 2.93 on greenhouse cabbage, 0.76 on lettuce, 0.55 on spinach, 1.34 on perilla leaf, 4.89 on leek and 0.42 kg $ha^{-1}$ on young radish. As compound with those surveyed from 1999 to 2000, the pesticide amounts used for rice, lettuce and perilla leaf were reduced while that for cabbage was increased.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.20-26
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• 1985

농업생산력의 증대와 노동력 대체 그리고 병충해 발생면적의 증가로 농약사용량은 그동안 증가되어 왔으며 증가의 잠재성도 크다. 농약사용량의 증가는 필연적으로 효율적인 농약유통문제와 연관을 갖게 마련이다. 농약은 종류도 다양하고 유사품목도 많기 때문에 제조업간에도 경쟁이 심하지만 유통과정에서도 혼란을 야기시키고 있다. 농약을 취급하는 시판상도 3,000여개소가 난립되어 있고 농협판매와 2원적인 유통구조로 경쟁하고 있기 때문에 판매경쟁이 치열하다. 농가의 농약소비성향도 인기품목으로 집중되고 있어 소비자 수요를 충족시키는 과정에서 수급상의 차질을 가져올 수 있는 소지도 있다. 또 농약의 유통체제는 2원화되어 있고 부분적으로는 기능화되어 있어 크게 개선되고 있으나 농가단위 유통단계에서 문제점이 있기 때문에 그 개선책이 요청되고 있다. 농약의 유통구조는 단순한 과정을 거치고 있지만 돌발적인 병충해가 발생하면 수급상의 차질이 생기고 결과적으로 유통과정에 불공정거래가 이루어지게 마련이다. 따라서 계획적인 유통구조개선이 어려우며 질서있는 유통을 저해하고 있다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.203-212
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• 2016

In order to investigate actual pesticide usage, this survey was carried out with farmers growing four crop groups, leaf vegetables, fruit vegetables, fruits, and rice from 2012 to 2015. Five hundred sixty farmers were selected in main crop production areas and were asked about their pesticide uses during the growing season. Investigations on pesticide damages to crop in recent 5 years showed that fruit vegetables had the highest proportion of damage at 14%, followed by rice at 11%, orchards at 11%, and leaf vegetables at 8%. Compared to the results of a pilot study which took place from 2009 to 2011, fruit vegetable damage increased by 4% while damage to rice and orchards decreased by 7-9%. This means continuous education on mixed spraying, usage methods, and precaution is required. In the survey on the safety guidelines for pesticide use, 6 items were well observed (89.0-95.0%), but one item for use of protective gear had the lowest observance (81.7%). A measure for protective gear for poisoning prevention is required. The survey of pesticide usage per area ($kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$) showed that 1.65, 4.93, 10.98, and $3.16kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$ of pesticides were applied to leaf vegetables (6 species), fruit vegetables (6 species), fruits (6 species), and rice, respectively, which decreased from the usage reported in the pilot study. This change was likely caused by more effective pesticides and fewer pest outbreaks; therefore, shipments of pesticides have been decreasing. In the case of paddy rice herbicides, 43 products, including butachlor, were used for $1.3kg\;ha^{-1}$. Herbicides represent 44% of pesticides used in paddy rice.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.6-20
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• 1982

최근 성력농업의 발전과 함께 농약사용량이 증가하자 일부 식자층 및 자연농법주장자들은 소위 농약공해론을 거론하면서 일반 대중을 농약공포속으로 오도하고 있다. 그러나 농약의 엄격한 개발과정과 분해$\cdot$소실과정에 관해 좀 더 이해한다면 농약공포가 현실적으로 얼마나 큰 오인의 소산이었던가를 알게 된다.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.2 no.7
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• pp.4-13
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• 1981

미국을 비롯한 선진국의 경우 농약의 방대한 사용으로 농약사고의 위험성이 매우 높다고 할 수 있으나 그들은 농업생산의 증대로 안락한 생활을 하고 있음을 볼 때 농약사용량의 대소보다는 사용방법에 농약사고의 근본원인이 있다. 현재 보급된 농약은 이미 개발국에서 충분한 검토가 이루어진 것으로 오직 안전사용기준 준수만이 농약문제 해결의 지름길이며 농약 본래의 사명을 다하는 길이다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.267-277
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• 2014

Objective of this paper is to assess the available data on the pesticide uses and regulations in the golf courses, and provide the nationwide systematic management options. Numbers of golf courses in Korea are rapidly increasing from 2000s and reached at 421 sites by the end of 2011. Accordingly pesticide usage has been increased with years in direct proportion to the increasing number of golf courses. Amounts of pesticide applied in 2011 were 118,669 kg as of an active ingredient and were in the orders of fungicides (54.9%) > insecticides (24.4%) > herbicides (13.3%) > growth regulators (0.1%). Average pesticide usages in 2011 were 280.9 kg per golf course and $5.4kg\;ha^{-1}$. Frequencies of the residual pesticide detections in green and turf were higher than those in fairway and soil, respectively. Residue of highly toxic pesticides was not detected in golf courses. Ministry of Environment in 2010 has developed the 'golf course pesticide monitoring and management system' which is the advanced online registry for kind and amount of pesticides applied in each golf course. This system is intended for monitoring of the pesticide uses and residual levels and protecting the environmental pollution from pesticides in the golf course. In 2009, management of pesticides in the golf courses became the task of Ministry of Environment, being merged from many federal agency and ministries. The protocol for the site-specific best management practices, on which to base results from the risk assessment, should be set for pesticides in the golf to minimize the environmental impacts.