• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.642-650
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• 1996

Apo E polymorphism (e2, e3, e4) was among the first reported genetic polymorphism that explained part of the normal variation in plasma cholesterol concentrations. Both alleles E2 and E4 are significantly more frequent in patients with mixed forms of hyperlipidemia and contribute on the observed differences in CHD risk among different populations. Effects of apo E polymorphism on the distribution of plasma lipid profiles were studied in 105 normolipidemic healthy women. The relative frequencies of common alleles for gene locus of apo E in this study were that E3 allele was 0.848, E4 allels was 0.087, and E2 allele was 0.067. SBP and DBP were slightly more elevated in E2 allele than those in E3 and E4. The pulsation was also significantly (p<0.016) increased by E2 allele with excess body fat % in E2 allele. There were no differences in total-, total HDL-, VLDL+LDL-, VLDL- and LDL cholesterol among the apo E alleles. However, apo E2 allele subject had lower level of total HDL and HDL2 cholesterol (P<0.047) and significantly higher lev디 of HDL3 cholesterol (P<0.05) than those in apo E3 and E4 allele subject. The conclusion is that first, it seems that apo E4-mediated alteration through LDL B/E receptors or E receptors in cholesterol metabolism results in lower plasma TG or remanate particles and in higher levels of VLDL+LDL or LDL. Second, apo E2 allele shows reciprocal effects of E4 on the plasma lipid metabolism, respecitvely. Third, apo E2 allele was more atherogenic than apo E4 because the higher levels of HDL3/HDL2 ratio and atherogenic index[(TC-HDL)/HDL]were criticized.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.736-741
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• 2008

Purpose : The incidence of thromboembolic episodes in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) is low; however, these episodes are often severe. Moreover, both pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and renal vein thrombosis (RVT) rarely show clinical symptoms. This study was performed to determine the benefits of routine screening in the detection of thrombosis in childhood NS. Methods : Among 62 children with nephrotic syndrome, a total of 54 children (43 males, 11 females) were included in this study. When the patients experienced their first NS episode, we performed renal Doppler ultrasonography in order to detect RVT. To rule out the possibility of PTE, a lung perfusion scan was performed. Computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiography was recommended to patients who showed possible signs of PTE. All patients were evaluated for clinical signs of thrombosis, biochemical indicators of renal disease, as well as clotting and thrombotic parameters. Results : RVT or related clinical symptoms were not observed in any children. Based on the findings of the lung perfusion scans, 15 patients (27.8%) were observed with as a high probability of PTE. We were able to perform a CT pulmonary angiography only on 12 patients, and 5 patients were diagnosed with PTE (prevalence 8.1%). The serum fibrinogen level in the group with PTE was significantly higher ($776.7{\pm}382.4mg/dL$, P<0.05) than that in the group without PTE, and other parameters were not significantly different between each group. Conclusion : Further studies are required for clarifying the role of renal Doppler ultrasonography for the detection of RVT in NS. Children with NS who developed non-specific respiratory symptoms should be evaluated for the diagnosis of PTE. In the management of NS, a lung perfusion scan should be performed at the time of the initial episode of NS regardless of the pulmonary symptoms, since patients having PTE are either often asymptomatic, or present with nonspecific symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1986

In order to investigate the storage period of packed chicken meat in relation to the bacterial contamination of each processing part, a special grade poultry processing plant located at Dongdoochun-City, Gyeonggi-Do, was surveyed mainly in point of sanitary conditions. The results are summarized as follows. 1. processing room near reception and packing room next to shipping area showed the highest bacterial counts in air. 2. Equipments and instruments for slaughtering also showed a high degree of bacterial contamination even before the operation. This finding suggested that the possibility of the bacterial contamination of carcasses through equipments and instruments would be high, if the continuous sanitary control measures are not properly taken. 3. The bacterial count of scalding water was 3${\times}$10$\^$7/ for standard plate count and 4${\times}$10$\^$5/ for most probable number of coliform bacteria at 1 hour after the start of operation. These values were maintained until the completion of processing. 4. At the ending of chilling process, the bacterial counts of chilling water were 3.3 ${\times}$10$^4$ and 3.0${\times}$10$^3$for standard plate count, when the volume of water used per bird were 21 and 51, respectively. Bacterial contamination was further decreased about 10$\^$-3/-10$\^$-4/ times as the effective chlorine concentration in chilling water was maintained about 50 ppm. 5. An average standard plate count of the residual water In abdominal cavity of carcasses was 3.9${\times}$10$^4$immediate after chilling, however, it increased to 4.7${\times}$10$\^$7/ when the carcasses were packed and stored for 10 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. off-odour development was observed as the bacterial count was not less than 10$\^$6//$m\ell$ of the residual water of the packed carcasses. Data indicated that if the standard plate count of the residual water in abdominal cavity of carcasses was not less than l0$^4$immediate after chilling, the packed chicken meat would not be stored longer than 5 days at 4$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.70-76
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• 2010

To investigate the ground water quality status for paprika hydroponics for export, its pH, EC (electrical conductivity) and inorganic ion concentrations were analyzed in Gangwan-do (27 samples), Gyeonsangnam-do (77 samples) and Jeollanam-do (54 samples) from November 2008 to September 2009. The average values of several components in ground water were as follows; 7.20 (6.57~7.54) in pH, 0.31 (0.05~0.49) $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in EC, 97.81 (35.37~161.11) in $HCO_3$, 5.68 (0.45~15.48) in T-N, 0.67 (0.15~0.70) in P, 2.53 (0.59~6.70) in K, 35.68 (4.15~80.70) in Ca, 7.35 (1.46~14.87) in Mg, 17.89 (3.31~34.82) in Na, 0.01 (0~0.05) in Fe, 0.09 (0~0.51) in Mn, 0.06 (0~0.07) in Zn, and 0.03 (0~0.10) $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in Cu, respectively. The values of pH, EC, $HCO_3$, Ca, Mg and Na in ground water were different depending on areas and farms. Frequency rates were 92.6% of pH 5.0~8.0, 89.3% of EC < 0.5 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 69.5% of $HCO_3$ < 100, 97.5% of Na < 30, 88.5% of Ca < 40, 97.5% of Mg < 20, 90.1% of Fe < 0.05, 99.6% of Mn < 0.6, and 98.3% of Zn < 0.5 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively, which can be used for nutrient fertilizers in hydroponics. The percentage of suitable water quality was 46.3% as 70 sites among the all analyzed ions. The pH value showed high significance of correlations with EC, Mg, $HCO_3$, Na, and Fe. Also the EC value showed high positive significance with T-N, K, Ca, Mg, $HCO_3$, Na and Mn.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.87-100
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• 1989

Eimeria tenella, an intracellular protozoan parasite infecting the epithelial cells of the ceca of chickens, causes severe diarrhea and bleeding that can lead its host to death. It is of interest that 2. tenezla first penetrate into the mucosal intraepithelial Iymphocytes (IEL) before they parasitize crypt or villous epithelial cells. This in vitro study was undertaken to know whether the penetration of E. tenella into such a lymphoid cell is a beneficial step for the parasite survival and development. Three sequential experiments were performed. First, the in vitro established bovine kidney cell line, MDBK cells, were evaluated for use as host cells for E. tenella, through morphological observation. Second, the degree of parasite development and multiplication in MDBK cells was quantitatively assayed using radioisotope labelled uracil ($^3H-uracil$) . Third, the E. tenella sporozoites viability was assayed after preincubation of them with thicken spleen cells. E. tenella oocysts obtained from the ceca of the infected chickens were used for the source of the sporozoites. Spleen cells (I) obtained from normal chickens (FP strain) were preincubated with the sporozoites (T) at the E:T ratio of 100:1, 50:1 or 25:1 for 4 or 12 hours, and then the mixture was inoculated into the MDBK cell monolayer. Morphologically the infected MDBK cells revealed active schisogonic cycle of E. tenella in 3~4 days, which was characterized by the appearance of trophozoites, and immature and mature schizonts containing merogoites. The 3H-uracil uptake by E. tenella increased gradually in the MDBK cells, which made a plateau after 48~60 hours, and decreased thereafter. The uptake amount of $^3H-uracil$ depended not only upon the inoculum sixte of the sporozoites but also on the degree of time delay (preincubation; sporozoites only) from excystation to inoculation into MDBK cells. The 3H-uracil uptake became lower as the preincubation time was prolonged. In comparison, after preincubation of sporozoites with spleen cells for 4 or 12 hours, the 3H-uracil uptake was significantly increased compared with that of control group. From the results, it was inferred that, although the penetration of E. tenella sporozoites into the lymphoid cells such as IEL is not an essential step, it should be at least a beneficial one for the survival and development of sporozoites in the chicken intestine.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2013

Purpose: The cross-protection of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) against vaccine-related serotypes has been controversial. We investigated the serological properties of cross-protective antibodies against vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A induced in young children aged 12-23 months after booster immunization of PCV7. Methods: IgG and IgM antibody concentrations and opsonic index (OI) against vaccine serotypes 6B and 19F and vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A were measured by ELISA and opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA) in 4 selected immunesera. The serological properties and antigenic specificity of protective antibodies were determined by IgM depletion of immunesera, OPA, and competitive OPA against serogroup 6 and 19 pneumococci. Results: Compared to pre-IgM depleted immunesera, OI of IgM-depleted immunesera against 6B and 19F decreased and OI against 6A, 6C, and 19A decreased, too. In competition OPA, free 6B and 19F polysaccharide completely inhibited the immune protection against vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A as well as vaccine types 6B and 19F. Conclusions: The booster immunization of PCV7 certainly induced cross-protective antibodies against vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A with both IgG and IgM isotypes. Furthermore, IgM antibodies are more highly contributed to opsonophagocytic activity against vaccine-related serotypes as well as most of vaccine types than do IgG antibodies. Further studies are needed for the more immunized sera in the children as well as adults.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2014

Objectives: This study is intended to seek credible and efficient measurements on airborne asbestos concentrations that allow immediate action by establishing complementary data through comparative analysis with existing PCM and KF-100 method real-time monitoring equipment in working areas in Seoul where asbestos-containing buildings are being demolished, including living environment surroundings. Materials: We measured airborne asbestos concentrations using PCM and KF-100 at research institutes, monitoring networks, subway stations and demolition sites of asbestos-containing buildings. Through this measurement data and KF-100 performance testing, we drew a conversion factor and applied it via KF-100. Finally we verified the relationship between PCM and KF-100 with statistical methods. Results: The airborne asbestos concentrations by PCM for the objects of study were less than the detection limit(7 fiber/$mm^2$) in three (20%) out of 15 samples. The highest concentration was 0.009 f/cc. The airborne asbestos concentrations by PCM in laboratories, monitoring networks, subway stations and demolition sites of asbestos-containing buildings were respectively $0.002{\pm}0.000$ f/cc, $0.004{\pm}0.001$ f/cc, $0.009{\pm}0.001$ f/cc, and $0.002{\pm}0.000$ f/cc. As a result of KF-100 performance testson rooftops, the conversion factor was 0.1958. Applying the conversion factor to KF-100 for laboratories, the airborne asbestos concentrations ratio of the two ways was nearly 1:1.5($R^2$=0.8852). Also,the airborne asbestos concentration ratio of the two ways was nearly 1:1($R^2$=0.9071) for monitoring networks, subway stations, and demolition sites of asbestos-containing buildings. As a result of independent sample t-tests, there was no distinction between airborne asbestos concentrations monitored in the two ways. Conclusions: In working areas where asbestos-containing buildings are being demolished, including living environment surroundings, quickly and accurately monitoring airborne asbestos scattered in the air around the working area is highly important. For this, we believea mutual interface of existing PCM and a real-time monitoring equipment method is possible.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.222-223
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• 1997

By analyzing the successful innovation case of potato microtuber mass production technology, a representative case of technology-push type creative innovation in an imitation oriented research culture, this paper attempts to figure out conceptual model of creative innovation that is initiated by the public laboratories in catching-up country, Stages of creative innovation can be divided into the internal R&D stage and the external commercialization stage. Success of the internal R&D stage depended on autonomy to secure creative research idea and commitment of individual researchers. Psychological pressure evoked from sportlights of mass media and commitment of sponsor increased the intensity of research efforts of the researcher Recognition of research problem and its significance was intensified by site visits of agricultural fields, and the recognized higher impacts of expected research results and knowledge creation achieved were a fundamental source of self-motivation. In the stage of commercialization stage, various legal, socio-economic, and psychological barriers were confronted. In a catching-up country lacking of experiences of creative innovation, creative innovation process can be regarded as a barrier elimination and cultural revolution process. Among the barriers, psychological refusal of farmers to corn-sized potato seeds was critical, which finally enforced to further researches to enlarge the size of potato seeds. In addition, the researcher has concentrated his research efforts in one specialized research area by getting a series of similar research project funds rather than diversification. It was lucky for him to have a chance to carry out a series of similar researches in one research area during the last 10 years. In getting research funds from government and private companies continuously in one research area, both internal and external promoters played significant roles.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.725-733
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• 2012

Effects of postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment, controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, and shelf temperature on quality of 'Gamhong' apples were analyzed during export simulation. Fruits were harvested at the optimum maturity for long-term storage, treated with $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP for 16 hours, and then stored for 6 months under air and CA conditions at $0^{\circ}C$. Poststorage export procedure was performed by applying additional 2-week refrigerated storage and 7-day shelf-life test at 7 and $20^{\circ}C$, which simulated container shipment and local distribution, respectively. After storage and during export simulation, rates of respiration and ethylene evolution were significantly lower in 1-MCP treated and CA-stored apples. For the reduction of respiration, CA storage was more effective than 1-MCP treatment. Soluble solids content was maintained higher in 1-MCP treated apples, while titratable acidity was maintained better both in the 1-MCP treated and CA-stored apples. Effects of 1-MCP treatment and CA storage were highly significant in maintaining flesh firmness and sensory texture ratings. Additive effects from combined application of 1-MCP treatment and CA storage were occasionally observed. Shelf temperature during the local distribution simulation seemed not to significantly influence quality changes only showing limited effects on flesh firmness. Overall results suggest that storage potential of 'Gamhong' apples is shorter than 4 months in control fruit under refrigerated air conditions, whereas the potential can be extended to longer than 6 months by 1-MCP treatment and CA storage. Postharvest program should be provided considering the time of export, i.e. period of storage, and duration of local distribution.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.297-306
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• 2010

Tributyltin (TBT), an endocrine disrupting chemical, has been reported to decrease testicular function by causing apoptosis in the testis, but this mechanism is not fully understood. Thus, in this study we examined whether TBT induces adipogenesis of the Leydig cells to find out the correlation between adipogenesis and apoptosis in the testis. Three week old SD male rats were orally administrated with sesame oil, 1 mg/kg of TBT, or 10 mg/kg of TBT daily for 1 week and weighed after administration. The testes obtained on day 8 were weighed and stained with BODIPY and TUNEL kit. Using total RNA extracted from the isolated Leydig cells, adipogenesis and apoptosis-related genes were analyzed by real-time PCR. The testicular weights of the rats treated with 10 mg/kg TBT were significantly decreased compared to those in the control rats treated with sesame oil. As a result of BODIPY staining, the number of Leydig cells stained with BODIPY was increased in the rats treated with 10 mg/kg TBT compared with the control rats. Similar to BODIPY staining results, the TUNEL assay showed that the apoptosis of Leydig cells was increased in TBT treated rats. The results of the gene expression analysis in the Leydig cells showed that the expression of adipogenesis-related genes (PPAR${\gamma}$, aP2, Perilipin, CD36) and apoptosis-related genes (TNFRSF1A, TNFSF10) was increased after TBT administration. The present study demonstrates that TBT induces the expression of adipogenesis-related and apoptosis-related genes in the Leydig cells leading to adipogenesis and apoptosis in the testes. These results suggest that the dysfunction of Leydig cells by TBT exposure may cause a loss in testicular function.