• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

To characterize the growth environment, inorganic composition and morphological chracteristics of leaves of Korean tea plant, soil and tea leaf samples were collected from 15 locations and analyzed. The chemical characteristics of soils were in range of pH 4.09~6.15, OM 23.9~72.6g/kg, available phosphate less than 300mg/kg, K $0.8{\sim}2.5cmol^+/kg$, Na $tr{\sim}0.17cmol^+/kg$, Ca $1.0{\sim}6.2cmol^+/kg$, and Mg $0.3{\sim}2.1cmol^+/kg$. The contents of Ni. Cr, Zn. Cu, Pb, and Cd were at the level less than natural content in upland soil. Most of the sample soils were sandy loamy and loamy texture. The native tea plants were mainly grown in bamboo thicket or in forest. The leaf sizes of tea plants were $6.85{\pm}1.75{\times}2.6{\pm}0.5cm$, lateral vein number $14.2{\pm}2.7$, and crenated number $58.5{\pm}11.2$, and the leaf color was thin to dark green. The contents of $NH_4{^+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ in tea leaves were in range of 30.5~47.7, 45.5~164.5, 16,998~25,431, 1.590~2,392 and 1,085~1,958mg/kg, respectively. The contents of $F^-$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ were in range of 21.2~63.2, 126.4~257.9, 108.5~185.9, 1,270~1.819, and $954{\sim}1,670mg/kg$, respectively. The leaf size of native tea plant grown widlly in Shunchun Changchun-ri, Hwasun Ssangbongsa, Kuryoi Chonunsa, Bosong Daewonsa and Namhae Boriam was as large as those of Yabukita. Japan cultiver, grown at Kangjin Jangwon tea field.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.329-333
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• 2006

Most of volcanic ash soils in South Korea are distributed in Jeju province which is an island placed on southern part of Korea and has steep slope mountain area. There are many soils containing high contents of organic matter (OM) derived from volcanic ash in Jejudo, also. Therefore, irrigation and drainage in volcanic ash soil different with general soil which has low OM content have to be applied with another management way, but studies searching appropriate methods for them are set on insufficient situation because the area of volcanic ash soil in South Korea is only 1.3% (130,000ha). This study was conducted for analysis of soil water content and irrigation quantity appropriate for crops cultivated in volcanic ash soil with high OM content. Although soils with different soil color have the same soil texture, soil water characteristics curve by soil color showed the difference of water retention capability by OM content. But, this characteristics classified with soil color could be unified by scaling technique with similitude analysis method which get dimensionless water content using a present water content, a residual water content and saturated water content (or water content at 10kPa). A relation of gravimetric soil water content (GSWC) and dimensionless water content by the results showed a form of power function. The dimensionless water content (DWC) express a relative saturation degree of present water content. This was also expressed by van Genuchten model which describe the relation between relative saturation degrees and matric potentials. These results on soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) of volcanic ash soil will be the basic of irrigation plan in area having high organic contents into soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.425-433
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• 2011

In order to obtain optimum pre-treatment methods and improve T-N and T-P removal efficiencies, removal rates of pollutants in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus with water plant filtration bed or activated sludge tank were investigated. Based on the results from the optimum pre-treatment in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus, removal efficiencies of pollutants in livestock wastewater treatment plant with water plant filtration and activated sludge beds. The removal rates of COD, SS, T-N, and T-P in effluent were 83, 89, 63 and 87% in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus with water plant filtration bed, respectively. The removal rates of COD, SS, T-N, and T-P in effluent were 96, 95, 86 and 92% in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus with activated sludge tank, respectively. For increasing the COD, SS, T-N, and T-P removals in small-scale livestock wastewater treatment apparatus, the water plant filtration and activated sludge beds are recommended. In livestock wastewater treatment plant with water plant filtration ($1^{st}$ treatment) and activated sludge ($2^{nd}$ treatment) beds, the concentrations of COD, SS, T-N, and T-P in effluent were 39, 15, 42 and $1mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. It was shown that the concentrations of COD, SS, T-N, and T-P met acceptable effluent quality standard for livestock wastewater. Based on the above results, the removal rates of COD, SS, T-N, and T-P in effluent were over 99.8, 99.9, 99.2, and 99.9% in livestock wastewater treatment plant, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.502-509
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• 2011

It is important to determine optimum soil covering depths for tree survival and growth because soil covering depths for establishing tree planting bases in coastal reclaimed lands are related to the costs for soil collection, transportation and land reclamation. The objectives of this study were carried out to determine optimum soil covering depths for the normal growth of planted trees in a coastal reclaimed land. The study sites were located in Asan National Industrial Complex in Pyeongtaek City, Gyeonggi-do. Four tree species (Pinus thunbergii, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Zelkova serrata, Quercus acutissima) with one hundred eighty trees of each species were planted in various depths of soil covering (no soil covering, 0.5 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m soil covering treatments) on April 1998, and the tree growth patterns were measured on September 2000. The change of soil properties, tree mortality rate, root collar diameter and height growth were measured from each soil covering depth treatment on September 2000. Soil pH, EC, exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$), anion $Cl^-$, and base saturation increased with decreased soil covering depths. The mortality rates of tree species showed decreased with increased soil covering depths. The height growth of tree species increased with increased soil covering depths. Height growth of Pinus thunbergii was significantly different between the soil covering depth below 0.5m and other three covering depths, while the growth of other species (C. pisifera, Z. serrata, Q. acutissima) was significantly higher in soil covering depths below 1.5 m than in other soil covering depth treatments. The root collar diameter growth of all tree species showed increasing trends with increased soil covering depths. It is recommended to cover the soil depths above 1.5 m to decrease mortality and to stimulate the tree growth of C. pisifera, Z. serrata and Q. acutissima, while P. thunbergii which is a salt tolerate species could be planted in the 1.0 m soil covering depth.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.465-472
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• 2011

To investigate the effect of inorganic ($GeO_2$) and organic (Ge-132) germanium treatment on Brasica juncea C. plant, growth characteristics and Ge contents were examined with various inorganic or organic germanium treatments (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and $100mg\;L^{-1}$), respectively. Brasica juncea C. growth did not much inhibited until Ge $10mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration under both Ge-132 and $GeO_2$ treatments as compared to control. On the other hand, at Ge concentration higher than $25mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration, Brasica juncea C. growth was inhibited under both Ge-132 and $GeO_2$ treatments. Under treatment of $GeO_2$, length of root and shoot slightly increased until $5mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration and dry weight slightly increased until $10mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration. Under treatment of Ge-132, length of root and shoot slightly increased until $10mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration and dry weight slightly increased until $25mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration. Total Ge contents in Brasica juncea C. early seedlings with $GeO_2$ treatment were a bit higher than those with Ge-132 treatment. Germanium was primarily accumulated in the roots (77%) with organic Ge (Ge-132) treatments, whereas Ge was primarily accumulated in the leaf (70%, respectively) with $GeO_2$ treatments. The Ge uptake rates in inorganic Ge treatments were slightly high than those in organic Ge treatments. Under inorganic Ge treatment with $2.5mg\;L^{-1}$, about 3% of Ge was accumulated into plant and distribution in leaf and root was 84.8% and 15.2%, respectively. Under organic Ge treatment with $2.5mg\;L^{-1}$, about 2.6% of Ge was accumulated into plant and distribution in leaf and root was 66.4% and 33.6%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.824-829
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• 2011

In recent years, there has been an increasing public concern about fecal contamination of water, air and agricultural produce by pathogens residing in organic fertilizers such as manure, compost and agricultural by-products. Efforts are now being made to control or eliminate the pathogen populations at on-farm level. Development of efficient on-farm strategies to mitigate the potential risk posed by the pathogens requires data about how the pathogens prevail in livestock manure composts and organic fertilizers. Microbiological analysis of livestock manure composts and organic fertilizers obtained from 32 and 28 companies, respectively, were conducted to determine the total aerobic bacteria count, coliforms, Escherichia coli count and the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Cronobacter sakazakii. The total aerobic bacteria counts in the livestock manure composts and organic fertilizers were in the range of 7 to $9log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ and 4 to $6log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$, respectively. In the livestock manure composts, coliforms and E. coli were detected in samples obtained from 4 and 2 companies, respectively, in the range of 2 to $5log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ and $2log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$. In the organic fertilizers, coliforms and E. coli were detected in samples obtained from 4 and 1 companies, respectively, in the range of 1 to $3log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ and $2log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$. In 3 out 32 compost samples, B. cereus was detected, while other pathogens were not detected. In 28 organic fertilizers, no pathogens were detected. The complete composting process can result in the elimination of pathogens in livestock manure compost and organic fertilizer. The results of this study could help to formulate microbiological guidelines for the use of compost in environmental-friendly agriculture. This research provides information regarding microbiological quality of livestock manure compost and organic fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1130-1136
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• 2011

This study was carried out to determine the effects of pig slurry on growth of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Dejima), soil chemistry properties and infiltration water quality in volcanic ash soil and non-volcanic ash soil of Jeju. Fertilization of liquid pig manure was based on nitrogen. In volcanic ash soil and non-volcanic ash soil, there was no difference in the height and diameter of stems in chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure application treatments. Also yields of potatoes were no significantly difference in chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure application treatments. pH in all soil was increased by application of liquid pig manure compared to the chemical fertilizer plot. Contents of exchangeable K in all soil were accumulated excessively by fertilization of pig manure 100% compared to the chemical fertilizer 100%. But there was no difference between the chemical fertilizer 50%+liquid pig manure 50% and chemical fertilizer 100%. No difference between the chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure was observed in available phosphate, exchangeable Ca and Mg. $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water sample collected at 70cm of soil depth was lower non-fertilizer than chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure application treatments. In volcanic ash soil, the $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water was decreased from early, except liquid manure 100%. In non volcanic ash soil, the $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water increased until October 8, but then was reduced. In all soils, $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water was higher in the liquid manure 100% than those in the chemical fertilizer 100% and chemical fertilizer 50%+liquid pig manure 50%, but there were no differences. In conclusion, the growth of potato, fertilization of soil and $NO_3$-N content of infiltration water were not different between chemical 50%+liquid pig manure 50% and chemical 100% plot. So, liquid pig manure could be substituted for some amount of chemical fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.434-441
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• 2011

To improve T-N and T-P removal efficiencies, removal efficiencies of pollutants in full-scale livestock wastewater treatment plant by natural purification method with water plant filtration and activated sludge beds were investigated under different re-injection rates and injection methods of livestock wastewater. The removal rates of COD, SS, T-N, and T-P in effluent in full-scale livestock wastewater treatment plant were in the order of 30% < 70% ${\leq}$ 100 % at different re-injection rates. The removal rates of pollutants in effluent in full-scale livestock wastewater treatment plant were higher as re-injection rate of livestock wastewater increased. Removal rates of COD, SS, T-N, and T-P by continuous injection were slightly higher than those by intermittent injection method in full-scale livestock wastewater treatment plant. Removal rates of COD, SS, T-N, and T-P by continuous injection method in full-scale livestock wastewater treatment plant with water plant filtration and activated sludge beds were 99.5, 99.8, 99.0 and 99.8%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.954-961
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• 2010

Ground-based remote sensing can be used as one of the non-destructive, fast, and real-time diagnostic tools for quantifying yield, biomass, and nitrogen (N) stress during growing season. This study was conducted to assess biomass and nitrogen (N) status of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants under N stress using passive and active ground-based remote sensors. Nitrogen application rates were 0, 70, 100, and 130 kg N $ha^{-1}$. At each growth stage, reflectance indices measured with active sensor showed higher correlation with DW, N uptake and N concentration than those with the passive sensor. NIR/Red and NIR/Amber indices measured with Crop Circle active sensors generally had a better correlation with dry weight (DW), N uptake and N content than vegetation indices from Crop Circle passive sensor and NDVIs from active sensors. Especially NIR/Red and NIR/amber ratios at the panicle initiation stage were most closely correlated with DW, N content, and N uptake. Rice grain yield, DW, N content and N uptake at harvest were highly positively correlated with canopy reflectance indices measured with active sensors at all sampling dates. N application rate explains about 91~92% of the variability in the SI calculated from NIR/Red or NIR/Amber indices measured with Crop Circle active sensors on 12 July. Therefore, the in-season sufficiency index (SI) by NIR/Red or NIR/Amber index from Crop Circle active sensors can be used for determination of N application rate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

Understanding the net nutrient balance in a farming system is crucial in assessing the system's sustainability. We quantified N, P and K balances under vegetable organic farming in a Eutric Haplud and in West Java, Indonesia in five planting seasons from 2005 to 2007. The ten treatments and three replications, arranged in a completely randomized block design, included single or combined sources of organic fertilizers: barnyard manure, compos ts or green manures. The organic matter rates were adjusted every planting season depending on the previous crop responses. The result sshowed that the application of ${\geq}20$ t $ha^{-1}$ barnyard manure per crop resulted in positive balances of N, P, and K, except in the second crops of 2006 where potassium balance were -25 to -11 kg $ha^{-1}$ under the treatments involving cattle barnyard manure, because of low K content of these treatments and high K uptake by Chinese cabbage. Application of 20 to 25 t $ha^{-1}$ of plant residue or 5 t $ha^{-1}$ of Tithonia compost also resulted in a negative K balance. Soil available P increased significantly under ${\geq}25$ t $ha^{-1}$ barnyard manure and that under chicken manure had the highest available P. Accordingly, chicken barnyard manure gave the highest crop yield because of relatively higher N, P, and K contents. Plant residues gave the lowest yield due to the lowest nutrient content among all sources. Reducing the use of barnyard manure to 12.5 t $ha^{-1}$ and substituting it with Tithonia compost, Tithonia green manure or vegetable plant residue compost gave insignificantly different yield compared to the application of 25 t $ha^{-1}$ barnyard manure singly. In the long run, application of 25 t ha-1 cattle, goat, and horse manure or about 20 t $ha^{-1}$ chicken manure is recommendable for sustaining the fertility of this Andisol for vegetable production.