• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.220-227
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• 2016

In this paper, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in surface sediments collected three times (June, October, December, 2013), inside Jeju Harbor as major harbors of Jeju Island. The concentration of PCBs inside Jeju Harbor was in the range of 1.62~4.45 (mean) ng/g on a dry weight basis and the levels were very low. In the analysis of PCBS homologue patterns, high-chlorinated PCB congeners were dominant in surface sediments inside Jeju Harbor, indicating that their sources were originated from shipping activity. In the relationships between PCBs concentrations and particle size (mud, sand and gravel) in surface sediments, PCBs concentrations were higher in the sediments with higher mud content, indicating that higher PCBs were distributed with increasing sediments of fine gradules. The PCBs concentrations in surface sediments in this study were very low, compared with ER-L (effect range-low) and TEL (threshold effects level) among sediment quality guideleines (SQGs) applied in foreign countries, such as USA, Canada, and Australia, etc), indicating that their biological effects on the bottom organisms in marine environment were expected to be very low.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 1991

Characteristics of suspended sediment concentration of equilibrium and non-equilibrium state caused by waves and currents are investigated by conducting a movable bed experiments in wave tanks. In the region where a downward flux of suspended sediment is larger than a upward flux, time-averaged vertical distribution of suspended sediment does not indicate logarithmic distribution. A new numerical procedure for predicting time-averaged suspended sediment concentration is also proposed based on two-dimensional advective diffusion equation by applying a split-operator approach. It is found that the unposed procedure can predict measured distribution of suspended sediment satisfactorily.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.58.2-58.2
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• 2009

금속 와이어를 전기폭발법에 의해 증기 상태로 만든 후 응축시킬 때 제조되는 금속나노분말의 크기특성을 파악하기 위하여 제조장치에 샘플링 포트를 삽입하여 실시간 입자 측정기(Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer; SMPS) 로 14~615 nm 범위의 크기분포를 측정하였다. SMPS는 입자의 크기에 따라 전기적 이동도가 달라지는 원리를 이용하여 공기 중에 부유된 나노입자의 크기분포를 수 분내에 측정하는 실시간 입자 측정기이다. 금속나노분말 제조장치 내부는 약 0.5 bar 수준으로 불활성가스로 채워져 있어서 대기압보다 높은 고압조건이므로 SMPS 전단에 작은 노즐이 삽입된 pressure reducer를 부착하여 적정한 압력 수준으로 낮춘 후 SMPS로 나노분말의 크기분포를 실시간으로 측정하였다. 제조공정이 진행되면서 전기폭발이 주기적으로 발생하는 동안에 SMPS로 측정한 14~615 nm 범위 입자의 총 수농도는 약 $10^7$ 개/$cm^3$ 수준으로 매우 높았고, 약 100 nm와 200 nm에서 고농도 피크를 나타내는 bimodal 분포를 나타냈다. 반면 전기폭발이 잠시 중단되는 경우 입자의 총 수 농도는 약 $10^4$ 개/$cm^3$ 수준으로 낮아지고, 약 20 nm 이하의 입자가 대부분을 차지하면서 입자의 크기가 커질수록 농도가 낮아지는 형태의 크기분포로 바뀌었다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 제조장치 내부의 나노분말 크기분포 자료는 고품질 제품을 생산하기 위해 나노분말의 크기분포를 제어하는 분급장치 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.406-415
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• 2002

Heavy metal concentrations (Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II)) at field and upland soils were investigated with two extraction methods, 0.1mole L$^{-1}$ HCI extraction and HNO$_3$-HCIO$_4$ digestion, in order to estimate soil pollution and to understand their distribution and accumulation characteristics. Through an application of 0.1mole L$^{-1}$ HCI extraction method, the surface horizons of field soils were found to have higher concentrations of heavy metals (except Pb(II)) than those of upland soil. It was also seen that Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) were enriched in surface horizon of field soils, whereas upland soils did not show much difference across depth. When the method of HNO$_3$-HCIO$_4$ digestion was used, upland soils showed higher concentrations than those of other soils, and the distribution of heavy metals did not show much difference between horizons of all soils. From these results, it was recognized that, although total natural contents of heavy metals were the largest in upland soil, surface horizons of field soils became gradually polluted with heavy metals. Especially, Cd(II) is considered as a potential metallic pollutant in field soils because of its weak adsorption strength. Concentrations of heavy metals also seemed to be influenced by their adsorption characteristics. When we computed 0.1HCl$_{ext}$HNCL$_{dig}$ ratios to estimate the adsorption strengths of soil heavy metals, their adsorption strengths decreased on the order of Cu(II) > Zn(II)> Pb(II) > Cd(II). The distribution characteristics of heavy metals in field soil, especially Cd(II),are required more detail study because of its importance of land use and complicated mobilization characteristic.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.717-721
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• 2012

유속(혹은 난류강도) 증감에 따른 floc 특성의 변화를 파악하기 위하여, 현재 연안 개발이 활발히 수행되고 있는 목포해역을 대상으로 ADCP를 이용한 층별 유속 및 부유사 농도의 연속관측이 수행되었다. 목포해역 내 대표정점에서 층별로 유속 유향 및 음파 intensity와 함께 전체 수심데이터가 5분 간격으로 측정되었으며, ADCP 음파의 intensity와 부유사 농도의 상관관계 분석을 위하여 동일 시간동안 채수기를 이용하여 water sampling(30분 간격) 또한 동시에 수행되었다. 관측시간 동안의 목포해역은 낙조류의 흐름특성을 가지며, 표층에서의 최강유속은 24.5cm/s, 유향은 대체적으로 NW~N향 사이에 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 층별 부유사 농도는 그 차이가 매우 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 관측된 자료들은 퇴적물의 제반 이송특성 연구를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 향후 퇴적물 이송 및 수질 예측/평가를 위한 수치모형 적용시 입력자료로 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.258-258
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 다양한 크기로 구성되어 있는 부유사의 연직방향 농도 분포와 흐름 특성을 동시에 모의할 수 있는 1차원 유사이동 모형을 제시하였다. 하상재료와 부유사의 입도분포를 고려하기 위해 유사입자의 크기범위를 여러 계급구간으로 분할하였으며, 각 계급구간에서 입경별 한계소류력은 Shields의 무차원 관계식을 바탕으로 산정하였다. 수치모형의 검증은 실험실 실험자료와의 비교를 통해 수행하였다. 수집한 실험실 실험자료에서는 연직방향으로의 유속분포와 농도의 분포, 부유사의 입도분포가 모두 제공된다. 수치모의 결과로부터 부유사 계산 과정에서 대표입경을 가정하여 적용하는 경우에 비해 여러 계급구간을 분할하는 경우 수치모의 결과의 정확도가 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 모의 결과는 이전의 연구사례에서 확인된 바 있다. 또한 하상으로부터의 거리가 멀어질수록 부유사의 입도분포가 양으로 왜곡되는 현상 또한 계산결과에서 확인되었다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.447-453
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• 2009

Vegetation distribution and soil salinity were surveyed on the conservation plot in the Daeho reclaimed tidal land, in where the plants species distribution was more various than a periodically inundated tidal flat and the early stage of reclamation. According to the soil salinity where the vegetation patches were occurred, the mono patches of Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, and Suaeda glauca were distributed in the average range of 31.05 dS/m in soil salinity, the mixed patches of them were distributed in the average range of 42.75 dS/m. Therefore, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, and Suaeda glauca showed strong salt tolerance. The mono patches of Aster tripolium, Sonchus brachyotus, and Scirpus planiculm were distributed in the range of 11.73 dS/m in soil salinity, and the mixed patches were distributed in the average range of 9.43 dS/m. Therefore Aster tripolium, Sonchus brachyotus, and Scirpus planiculmis showed moderate salt tolerance. The mono patches of Imperata cylindrica, Trifolium pratense, Miscanthus sinensis, Setaria viridis, and Trisetum bifidum were distributed in the range of 2.42 dS/m in soil salinity. These species showed characteristics of glycophytes with weak salt tolerance. The distribution of vegetation patches was influenced by the soil salinity as pioneer halophytes patches occurred at higher soil salinity zone than facultative halophytes patches, glycophytes patches occurred at lower soil salinity zone than facultative halophytes. These results suggested that occurrence of plant species and plant distribution type might be useful index to evaluate the soil salinity and desalinization in the reclaimed land of the midwest coastal area of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.237-247
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• 2001

The concentrations of gaseous mercury (Hg) determined between two different time periods of the late 1980s and the late 1990s were compared to account for the effects of changes between source/sink relationships of atmospheric Hg in an urban area. The Hg concentration levels were different remarkably between the two time periods due possibly to changes in source/sink relationships. The results showed that the Hg levels in the former period were measured to be 14.4${\pm}$9.56ngm$^{-3}$ (N = 2714), whereas those of the latter period were characterized by approximately three-fold decreased values of 5.34${\pm}$3.92 ngm$^{-3}$ (N=2576). Using two independent measurement data sets, we examined the patterns of Hg distribution at different time scales. When analyzed over 24 hour scale, these data sets exhibited two distinctive distribution patterns. The former period showed enhanced concentration levels during daytime, while the latter period showed relative depletion during daytime. The patterns of the two data sets were also examined over seasonal scale. The results of two different time periods consistently showed the occurrences of maximum seasonal values during winter. The former period was characterized by seasonal patterns of fuel consumption with excessive Hg levels during winter. Conversely, no distinctive trend was apparent for the latter period with slight changes in concentration levels across seasons. In order to analyze the factors affecting Hg distributions between two different periods, we conducted both correlation and factor analysis on both all data sets and on seasonally divided data groups. The results of these analyses consistently indicate that the Hg concentration levels for two different time periods are regulated by distinctive source processes that are characteristic of each period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.133-135
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• 2006

산림 canopy 내 외에서 대기환경은 광화학적 반응 속도나 기상 요인들의 영향에 의해 다소 달라질 수 있기 때문에 이에 대한 연구로서 monoterpene의 대표 성분인 ${\alpha}-pinene$ 및 ${\beta}-pinene$를 이용하여 산림 고도별 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 침엽수림과 활엽수림 모두에서 ${\alpha}-pinene$ 및 ${\beta}-pinene$ 성분의 높이별 농도는 canopy영역보다 canopy아래 산림 내부에서 상대적으로 높게 측정되었으며, 고도별로 농도 차이가 있지만 고도에 관계없이 ${\alpha}-pinene$이 ${\beta}-pinene$보다 $1.3{\sim}1.5$배정도 농도가 높았다.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.162-169
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• 2016

When we construct a road near an apartment complex, we consider a soundproof wall. To make residential places quieter, we may consider a soundproof road tunnel. Such a tunnel, however, would become highly concentrated with soot from vehicles whenever a traffic jam might occur. To create an optimum design, this study utilizes the PHOENICS-VR software. The work considers three cases: (1) no openings (2) openings at 30m intervals, and (3) openings at 60m intervals on the upper side of the tunnel. The study finds that in the second case shows CO concentration distributions were 15% less than those without openings. And the CO concentration distributions of the second and third cases are almost the same. The findings suggest that we should make the soundproof tunnel to reduce construction fees.