• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.81-94
• /
• 2008

Recently, most of countries have been adopting the policies that aim to deal with the Problems of road congestion, environmental problems and the decreasing the volume of rall. A vital important subject is the reform of railways. Actually, the reform of railways has been carried out in various kind of ways, however the most epoch-making policy has been privatization of railways. Historically, Japan made the first step when it carried out regional privatization, unifying the infrastructure and operation. It created a 6 passenger enterprises and 1 freight enterprise. Meanwhile, in the case of the UK, discussion about rail privatization started the middle of 1980 and was implemented in 1994. It was implemented according to a functional division based on a separation of infrastructure and operation, creating a lot of different enterprises. With regard to the UK and Japan, there have been some debates about the methods of privatization, in particular, some scholars suggest that the rail accidents in the UK are a result of division of the infrastructure and operation. In addition to, some insist that the accident which occurred on 27th April 2005 at Hukujiyama in Japan was also attributable to the emphasis on profitable management. This paper examines the process and outcomes of rail privatization between the UK and Japan, especially focusing on different methods of privatization. This paper may provide some lessens for rail privatization policy. First, the rail privatization policy needs a enough time to complete the scheme. Second it is require to participate in the consumer, mass communication and rail of ncers who are involved the operation. Third, it is essential to have a huge investment, high technology and strong organization to drive.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.487-490
• /
• 2011

We used X-ray tomography to carry out an experimental study to visualize the effect of freeze and thaw cycles on the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). A PEMFC has freeze and thaw cycles if the fuel cell is operating at a below-freezing ambient temperature. The cycle permanently deforms the fuel-cell capillary structures and reduces the ability of the cell to generate electric power and also reduces its service life. The GDL is the thickest capillary layer in the fuel cell, so it experiences the most deformation. The X-ray tomography facility at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory was used to observe the structural changes in GDLs induced by a freeze and thaw cycle. We discuss the effects of these structural changes on the power production and service life of PEMFCs.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.109-128
• /
• 2009

This study aimed to investigate students' learning process by examining their perception process of problem structure and mathematization, and further to suggest an effective teaching and learning of mathematics to improve students' problem-solving ability. Using the qualitative research method, the researcher observed the collaborative learning of two middle school students by providing problem-posing activities of five lessons and interviewed the students during their performance. The results indicated the student with a high achievement tended to make a similar problem and a new problem where a problem structure should be found first, had a flexible approach in changing its variability of the problem because he had advanced algebraic thinking of quantitative reasoning and reversibility in dealing with making a formula, which related to developing creativity. In conclusion, it was observed that the process of problem posing required accurate understanding of problem structures, providing students an opportunity to understand elements and principles of the problem to find the relation of the problem. Teachers may use a strategy of simplifying external structure of the problem and analyzing algebraical thinking necessary to internal structure according to students' level so that students are able to recognize the problem.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.31 no.8
• /
• pp.1077-1091
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of argumentation-based general chemistry laboratory on preservice science teachers' chemistry concepts understanding and writing. Five topics about argumentation-based general chemistry laboratory activities were developed using Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) approach. Summary Writing Test, and Chemistry Concepts Test were developed as tools to examine the effects of this approach. Both Argumentation-based general chemistry laboratory activities and traditional general chemistry laboratory activities were implemented for the experimental group (23 students), and traditional general chemistry laboratory activities were implemented for the comparative group (16 students). Results of this study indicated that there were significant differences in both groups' chemistry concepts understanding and summary writing. The experimental group showed significantly higher mean score than comparative group in chemistry concepts understanding and summary writing. In the analysis of the sub-component of Summary Writing, there were no significant difference between both groups in 'Big Idea.' However, the experimental group gained significantly higher mean score in 'argumentation,' 'understanding of science concepts,' and 'rhetoric structure.' The results showed that argumentation-based general chemistry laboratory programs were effective in achieving chemistry concepts understanding and writing in general chemistry laboratory.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.1-17
• /
• 1998

What does mean the statement that scientific reasoning is logical? In this study, we clarify the logical structure of the scientific explanation, prediction and the process of hypothesis testing. To simplify and identify the structure of scientific explanations and prediction more clearly, we used syllogism and presented various concrete examples. Especially, we showed that the logical structure of scientific explanation was well reflected in dynamics. Based on this analysis, it can be said that the deficit of students' understanding of dynamics is because that many scientific activities are focused on prediction rather than explanation. To explain the process of hypothesis testing, we reinterpreted the Wason's selection task as two stages: the process of prediction of experimental phenomena based on the presented hypothesis, and the process of the hypothesis testing based on the predicted experimental phenomena. And we suggested the reason of the logical fallacy of 'affirming the consequent' in science was because that many scientific relationships between the variables is one-to-one relationship, and compared this suggestion with the Lawon's multiple hypothesis theory. To check out the effect of content on the deductive reasoning, we reviewed some researches about psychology and psychology of science. And to understand the role of deductive reasoning in student's scientific activities, we reviewed researches about the analysis of students' responses in the task of conceptual change or evaluation of evidence and so on.

• Korean journal of communication and information
• /
• v.48
• /
• pp.90-108
• /
• 2009

While the term of the institution as social manifestation has been discussed intensively through various theoretical approaches over the last few years in Social Sciences, such a debate has been missing so far in Communication Sciences. This paper attempts a theoretical discussion about the media as an institution in the field of Communication Sciences by applying the theory of organizational sociological neo-institutionalism. This research started out with the question which influence exerts the media on organizations and participants. The media is understood as an institution in the sense of permanent monitoring systems which create a) normative expectations b) which become stronger in order to assert such normative expectations c) the norms are applied by the participants d) in this application process, the participants accept the organizations, look primarily for the chosen paragraphs and exert an influence to change the norms. Organizations orient themselves at the institutional rules, because this way, they want to gain legitimacy and support. The media unfold their influence on organizations through certain obligations in addition to the pressure of the participants who deal with the organization and the media. Thus, media cannot exert influence independent from the organizationbut the participants accept the situation, which is generated by the many conflicting processes within the organization, they analyse them and transfer them.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.420-436
• /
• 2014

Regional communities have recently tried to change themselves in order to cope with rapidly changing circumstances. Giving attention to their strategic responses as well as consequences as a result of their countermeasures, this study attempts to suggest a theoretical framework to analyze the process of locality reconstruction in a dynamic and comprehensive way. To achieve this purpose, after figuring out the previous studies' methodological and theoretical limitations, we suggest that locality should be understood as a outcome of the mutual interactions between local, state, and global scale networks.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.347-354
• /
• 2015

This paper deals with a method for intrablock anlaysis of balanced incomplete block designs on the basis of projections under the assumption of mixed effects model. It shows how to construct a model at each step by the stepwise procedure and discusses how to use projection for the analysis of intrablock. Projections are obtained in vector subspaces orthogonal to each other. So the estimates of the treatment effects are not affected by the block effects. The estimability of a parameter or a function of parameters is discussed and eigenvectors are dealt for the construction of estimable functions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2012.10a
• /
• pp.529-532
• /
• 2012

Building the super broadband network is the key competence for fostering the economy. Over the super broadband network voice services have changed rapidly to be served to VoIP rather than PSTN most incumbents have used. This results in reforming the interconnection regulations. From network structures, technologies, and POI to costing methods there are many concerns to discuss between stakeholder. This paper reviewed the IP-LRIC model over NGN designed by national regulatory angencies (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden). We draw implications for developing IP-LRIC models from other IP-LRIC model studies.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.69-92
• /
• 2005

A brief survey of linguistic studies on the nature of contrastive information in discourse was Presented first, and an attempt was also made to incorporate the Linguistic theories and concepts about contrast in discourse into a psychological framework. A tentative model of processing of contrastive information in discourse was Proposed, and eight experimental studies on the effects of contrastive information on comprehension and memory of short and ions discourses were reviewed. Experimental results showed that contrastive sentences took more time to process at encoding, and yet were recognized faster and cued-recalled in greater amount than noncontrastive sentences. It was also found that levels of contrast in the discourse structure have some effects on encoding time. It was further found that the sentence immediately following the contrastive sentence was processed slowly regardless of whether it does or does not resolve the contrast. The implications of the results of empirical studies were discussed in relation to developing a research framework that integrate coherence studies and contrast studies urns the two disciplines of linguistics and cognitive psychology.