• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

The research was aimed to verify the feasibility of the model of Park-Based Mixed-Use Districts(PBMUD) around urban large park to secure private-based urban parks through the revision of the urban zoning system. The PBMUD is a type of urban zoning district in which park-oriented land use is mixed with the urban land uses of residents, advertising, business, culture, education and research. The PBMUD, delineated from and based on a new paradigm of landscape urbanism, is a new urban strategy to secure urban parks and to cultivate urban regeneration around parks and green spaces to enhance the quality of the urban landscape and to ameliorate urban environmental disasters like climate change. This study performed a questionnaire survey and analysis after a review of literature related to PBMUD. The study looked for specialists in the fields of urban planning and landscape architecture such as officials, researchers and engineers to respond to the questionnaire, which asked about degree of preference. The conclusions of this study were as follows. Firstly, specialists prefer the PBMUD at 79.3% for to 20.7% against ratio, indicating the feasibility of the model of PBMUD. The second, the most preferable reasons for the model, were the possibility of securing park space around urban parks and green spaces that assures access to park and communication with each area. The third, the main reason for non-preference for the model, was a lack of understanding of PBMUD added to the problems of unprofitable laws and regulations related to urban planning and development. These proposed a revision of the related laws and regulations such as the laws for planning and use of national land, laws for architecture etc. The fourth, the most preferred type of PBMUD, was cultural use mixed with park use in every kind of mix of land use. The degree of preference was lower in the order of use of commercial, residential, business, and education(research) when mixed with park use. The number of mixed-use amenities with in the park was found to be an indicator determining preference. The greater the number, the lower was preference frequencies, especially when related to research and business use. The fifth, the preference frequencies of the more than 70% among the respondents to the mixed-use ratio between park use and the others, was in a ratio of 60% park use and 40% other urban use. These research results will help to launch new future research subjects on the revision of zoning regulations in the laws for the planning and uses of national land and architectural law as well as criteria and indicators of subdivision planning as related to a PBMUD model.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.160-168
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• 2012

This study generated regression models to estimate the carbon storage and uptake from the urban deciduous landscape trees through a direct harvesting method, and established essential information to quantify carbon reduction from urban greenspace. Tree species for the study included Acer palmatum, Zelkova serrata, Prunus yedoensis, and Ginkgo biloba, which are usually planted as urban landscape trees. Tree individuals for each species were sampled reflecting various diameter sizes at a given interval. The study measured biomass for each part including the roots of sample trees to compute the total carbon storage per tree. Annual carbon uptake per tree was quantified by analyzing radial growth rates of stem samples at breast height. The study then derived a regression model easily applicable in estimating carbon storage and uptake per tree for the 4 species by using diameter at breast height(dbh) as an independent variable. All the regression models showed high fitness with $r^2$ values of 0.94~0.99. Carbon storage and uptake per tree and their differences between diameter classes increased as the diameter sizes got larger. The carbon storage and uptake tended to be greatest with Zelkova serrata in the same diameter sizes, followed by Prunus yedoensis and Ginkgo biloba in order. A Zelkova serrata tree with 15cm in dbh stored about 54kg of carbon and annually sequestered 7 kg, based on a regression model for the species. The study has broken new grounds to overcome limitations of the past studies which substituted, due to a difficulty in direct cutting and root digging of urban landscape trees, coefficients from the forest trees such as biomass expansion factors, ratios of below ground/above ground biomass, and diameter growth rates. Study results can be useful as a tool or skill to evaluate carbon reduction by landscape trees in urban greenspace projects of the government.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.256-264
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• 2021

Rapid urbanization around the world has negatively affected wildlife habitats, including birds. Wild birds settled in the city are adapting to the changed surroundings, and are typically known to make nests using materials that are easy to find around the city. This study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the nesting materials on the Paridae using artificial bird nests installed in cities. In this study, the researchers established a total of 33 artificial bird nests in urban parks (22) and forests (11) in Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do. Then we collected 4 artificial bird nests in urban parks (18.19%) and 5 in urban forests (45.46%) to compare the characteristics of bird nest materials by the nest, species, and urban green area types. Eight nests, excluding a nest abandoned by a pair of Paridae, were used for the material analysis. The collected nests were dried, and classified into natural materials (vegetable materials, animal materials, moss, and soil) and artificial materials (cotton, paper pieces, plastics, vinyl, and synthetic fibers), and then each nest was weighed. The classification result shows that the portion of moss (50.65%) was the highest in all nests, followed by soil (21.43%), artificial material (13.95%), vegetable material (5.78%), animal material (4.57%), and others (3.59%) in that order. Artificial materials were used in all nests in urban green areas. Moreover, although the Paridae used about 5.16% more vegetable material than the Parus varius, it was not significant (t=2.17, p=0.07). Plant materials and soil were most preferred in urban forests, and moss, animal, and artificial materials were widely used in that order in urban parks. There was a significant difference in the use of vegetable materials between urban parks and urban forests (t=3.07, p<0.05^*). In the habitats like urbanized and dry areas, where artificial materials are highly accessible, artificial materials replaced some roles of natural materials. This study is a basic study for the analysis of the types of materials used in artificial bird nests to understand the habitat system of urban ecosystems. It can be used as the basic data for ecological studies and conservation of the Paridae species.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.397-397
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• 2012

에너지갭이 큰 SnO2 반도체는 빛 투과율이 우수하여 투명성이 좋으며 화학적으로 안정된 구조를 가지고 있어 전자소자 및 광소자 응용에 대단히 유용하다. SnO2 박막을 증착하는 방법은 Physical Vapor Deposition과 Chemical Vapor Deposition이 있으나 나노 구조를 가진 SnO2를 형성하기 어렵다. 전기 화학적 증착 (Electrochemical Deposition: ECD)은 낮은 온도에서 진공 공정이 필요하지 않기 때문에 경제적이며 빠른 성장 속도를 가지고 있기 때문에 SnO2 나노 구조를 효과적으로 형성 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) 기판 위에 SnO2 나노 구조를 형성시켜 전기적 및 구조적 특성을 관찰하였다. 0.015 M의 Tin chloride pentahydrate(SnCl4 5H2O)를 타켓 물질로 사용하고 0.1 M의 KCl을 완충물질로 사용하여 SnO2 나노구조를 성장하였다. 타겟 물질이 잘 녹지 않으므로 DI water와 ethanol을 7：3의 비율로 용매 사용하였다. 전류-전압 곡선을 분석하여 최적의 성장조건을 확보하고, $65^{\circ}C$ 1기압 하에서 -2.5 V 부터 -1.0 V까지 0.5 V 간격으로 나누어서 SnO2 나노구조를 성장하였다. X-선 회절 분석결과에서 SnO2의 피크의 크기가 큰 전기화적적 성장 전압구간과, 주사전자현미경 분석 결과에서 나노 구조가 가장 잘 나타난 성장 전압구간을 다시 0.1 V 간격으로 세분화하여 최적화 조건을 분석하였다. X-선 회절 실험으로 형성한 SnO2 나노구조의 피크가 (110) (101) (200) (211) (310)로 나타났다. X-선 회절 분석의 intensity의 값이 (101)방향이 가장 크게 나타났으므로 우선적으로 (101) 방향으로 SnO2 나노구조가 성장됨을 알 수 있었다. 주사전자현미경상은 grain size가 50~100 nm 사이의 SnO2 나노구조가 형성되며, grain size가 전기화학적 증착 장치의 성장전압이 저 전압 구간에서 커지는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.485-491
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• 2008

The present study examined the relation between land cover condition and temperature in various types of urban green spaces. The diagram of temperature distribution showed that high-temperature zones are formed around paved areas, and low temperature zone around planted areas and grassy areas. Even in planted areas where low-temperature zones were formed, temperature was different according to hierarchical structure. That is, temperature was relatively low in areas covered with arbor + sub-arbor. With regard to land cover ratio, the increase of planted areas and grassy areas had an effect on the fall of temperature and the effect was higher in order of planted areas and grassy areas. On the contrary, paved areas and bare areas had an effect on the rise of temperature. According to the results of factor analysis, in case of the highest temperature, planted area and grassy area were put together into a factor lowering temperature, paved area and temperature into a factor raising temperature, and bare area alone into a factor of low significance. In case of the lowest temperature, grassy area and bare area were put together into a factor, and the validity of the factor analysis was proved by the analysis of urban heat islands. An increase in the number of trees by height was effective in lowering temperature, and the effect was high in order to arbor and sub-arbor, and the source of coldness in planted area was tall trees.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.91-105
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• 2001

This study aimed to develop an effective decision support system for the locational decision of urban parks through integrating decision analysis techniques with spatial analysis functions of GIS, and by doing so, to improve the efficiency and quality of the decision-making process. The system provides an efficient management process by integrating analysis, alternative generation and evaluation procedures into a coherent system environment. Evaluation criteria used in the system includes Equity, Efficiency, Service population, Land cost, Park ratio buildings, and Connectivity of greenery. The system also improves the efficiency and rationality of the decision-making process by incorporating various decision analysis techniques such as MAUT, AHP, and ELECTRE into a decision-making process. The analysis and decision support methods used in the system can be utilized for the locational decisions of other urban public facilities, and the system can also be expanded to a comprehensive park management system by incorporating general management functions for urban parks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2012

This study was accomplished by analyzing the change of land cover pattern in high-rise buildings in Korea. For this study, we selected 15 locations of high-rise buildings. The ratio of average building coverage and paved area was 79.7%, and both green and water area were low, relatively. The biotope area factor of the site showed low percentage by 15.90% due to the underground space development. As a result of correlation analysis between the time of construction and land-cover type, building coverage has been decreased according to the stream of time. However, biotope area factor has been increased And, the paved area has m correlation. It was identified that reducing paved area is effective to enhance the ecological functions of a high-rise building outdoor.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.457-457
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• 2011

저영향개발(LID, Low Impact Development)은 물순환체계 개선을 위해 녹색 공간의 확보, 자연형 공간 조성, 자연상태의 수문순환 기능의 유지 기법 등을 활용한 개발 대상지에서의 강우유출 및 비점오염원의 영향을 최소화할 수 있는 새로운 방법이다. LID는 강우 유출수의 지하침투, 강우 종료시 증발산량의 확보, 강우 유출수의 재이용 등을 통한 강우 유출량을 최소화하는 것에 그 목적이 있다. LID 방법은 우수저류 공원, 생태저류지, 지붕층 저류공원, 보도 저류공간, 인공습지, 완충녹지대, 수목 보존지대, 지붕층 배수관, 강우 저장조, 투수성 포장, 토양 개량, 불투수층 최소화, 비점오염원 저감 등으로 효율성, 경제성, 유연성, 합리성, 토지 가치증대 등의 장점이 있다. 영산강 수계의 BOD 배출부하량이 점오염원(21,019kg/일)과 비점오염원(50,047kg/일)의 비율이 3:7 로 비점오염원 배출부하량이 훨씬 큰 상태이다. 특히, 광주광역시, 농업용 토지, 축산계 등의 비점오염원이 영산강 수질에 크게 영향을 미치고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 비점오염원의 영향이 큰 영산강 수계를 대상으로 앞으로 이루어지는 개발계획을 분석하여 LID 기법을 적용하였을 때 영산강 수질에 미치는 영향을 모델링을 통해 예측하고자 한다. 수질개선에 어느 정도의 효과가 있는지 검증하기 위해 국내 실정에 맞고 QUAL2E 모델을 근간으로 WASP5 모형의 장점들을 접목시켜 Bottle BOD의 반응기작 및 조류의 생산에 의한 유기물 증가, 탈질화 반응 등 정체수역에서 일어날 수 있는 반응기작을 모의할 수 있도록 보완한 QUALKO2 모형을 이용하여 그 효과를 모의하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 LID 기법이 도시화에 영향을 얼마나 덜 주는지, 수계의 비점오염원 효과를 통해 물순환 체계의 개선이 어느 정도로 어루어지는지에 대한 효과를 검증을 할 수 있는 계기가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.157-157
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• 2021

2015년 파리에서 체결된 파리협정은 1850년 대비 2100년까지의 지구 평균기온 상승을 1.5℃ 이내로 제한하기 위해 5년마다 참여국에 상향된 온실가스 배출 감축 목표를 제출하게 하고, 탄소 배출 및 온도상승 저감 목표 달성을 위해 도시 내 그린인프라를 적극적으로 도입하는 등 국제사회 공동의 종합적인 이행을 예정하고 있다. 그린인프라의 유형 중 하나인 옥상녹화(Green Roof)는 기후변화 적응을 위한 도시 인프라 구축 방법의 하나로 국내에서도 많은 각광을 받고 있다. 옥상녹화(Green Roof)는 도시의 불투수층인 지붕 면적을 모두 혹은 일부 식생으로 덮어 표면층에 추가의 투수층을 조성하는 것을 지칭한다. 옥상녹화의 경우 별도의 토지면적 확보가 필요하지 않고 기존의 시설물에 추가적인 설치가 가능해 여분의 토지가 부족한 도심지의 녹지 확보를 위한 친환경적인 그린인프라로 각광받고 있다. 현재까지 옥상녹화(Green Roof) 관련 국내 연구 현황은 '옥상 녹화의 공법'을 다룬 비율이 높고 실증적인 결과를 가진 선행연구가 거의 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 동일한 조건하에 4개의 실험동을 설치하고 동질성 검사를 한 후 옥상에 설치된 재료[일반 콘크리트(Bare Concrete), 고반사 도장(High Reflective Paint), 사사(Short Bamboo), 잔디(Grass)]에 따른 건물 내 온도 변화 저감효과에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 2020년 8월 17일부터 22일까지 측정된 지붕 표면 평균 최고온도 모니터링 결과를 일반 콘크리트 지붕과 비교했을 때. 고반사 도장 지붕의 경우 8.26℃, 옥상녹화(사사, short bamboo) 지붕의 경우 7.21℃, 옥상녹화(잔디, grass)의 경우 10.8℃ 낮은 것으로 측정되었다. 또한 실내 천정 표면 평균 온도의 경우 콘크리트 지붕과 비교하여 고반사 도장 지붕은 6.46℃, 옥상녹화(사사, short bamboo) 지붕은 13.52℃, 옥상녹화(잔디, grass)는 13.3℃ 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 옥상녹화의 온도저감 효과를 정량적으로 제시하고 있어, 향후 기후변화 대응 및 적응 전략적 수립에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.654-661
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• 2007

The goal of this research was to identify the impact of silicate polymerization on the formation of insoluble aluminiumsilicate salts which could be a cause of irreversible fouling in the membrane process by lab-scale test. For this, the amount and characteristics of precipitates that were formed in six samples with different Al and Si concentration were analyzed. And the particles was also observed by SEM-EDS(Scanning Electron Microscope - Electron Dispersion Spectrophotometer) to compare morphology and ratio of Al and Si in each precipitates. Finally the reactive and nonreactive silicate contents in the solution and precipitates were analyzed to calculate silicate form content in each fraction. The amount of precipitates was in proportion to the total concentration of both element in solution. And the amount of insoluble particle that was not dissolved in the acid solution was recorded the highest in the sample 2 of which Si concentration was lower than the saturation concentration, 50 mg/L. The content of reactive silicate in precipitates was also recorded the highest value in sample 2 of which almost silicate form was reactive. When the silicate concentration is same, that value was recorded the highest in the sample with highest Al concentration. The SEM morphology of the precipitates was similar to that of Aluminiumhydroxide and the insoluble precipitates was not dissolved in acidic solution with pH 2.7 was able to observed only in sample 2. The ratio of Al and Si in the precipitates was ranged $0.48\sim3.14$, thai of sample 2 was recorded the highest value, 3.14. It is concluded that the insoluble aluminiumsilicate could be easily formed in the solution of which silicate exist as a reactive form and coexisting Al is sufficient.