• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the change of environmental capacity in Yong-in City, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea through calculation of ecological footprint indices and analysis of their changes, and to suggest implications for urban development and planning. In this study, we analyzed ecological footprints of 1993, 2003, and 2013 to understand the patterns of land use changes and development in Yong-in City. We also compared the GIS land cover maps and ecological footprint indices to figure out land cover changes associated with resource consumption in Yong-in City. As a result, we found the following three lessons. First, the ecological footprint indices of Yong-in City are 3.20(gha) in 1993, 6.50(gha) in 2003, and 11.15(gha) in 2013. This implies that the ecological footprint of Yong-in City is much larger than 1.80(gha), the globally required ecological footprint per capita and 3.56(gha), the average ecological footprint of South Korea. Second, the forest ecological footprint of Yong-in City was calculated as the largest, followed by the ecological footprints of energy, food, and built environment. In particular, the forest ecological footprint was the most rapidly increased from 0.002(gha) in 1993 to 7.32(gha) in 2013, followed by energy ecological footprint from 0.87(gha) to 2.38(gha). This implies that the provision and consumption of timber are seriously unbalanced, and energy consumption is unsustainable because of the rapid increase of residential and commercial land development in the city. Third, our analysis of the rapid increase of forest ecological footprint indicates that the disturbed forest areas are concentrated in the increased built environment areas. We also observed that the increase of energy ecological footprint indices was caused largely by the increase of the commercial and road areas. This implies that Yong-in City should minimize forest disturbance and expand green areas for future in the city. In addition, this may provide a reasonable ground that the city should reduce the use of fossil fuels and facilitate the use of renewable energy.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.751-762
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• 2010

In order to understand the influence that the plant cover condition of the high-rise building outer space causes to the temperature change, we selected 12 high-rise building constructed in Seoul City. The land cover type of the outside was classified into six type(outer road, paved surface, shrub/grassland, single-layer tree planting-site, multi-layer planting-site, and waterscape facilities) and the temperature was measured at the representative point for each type in order to analyze the land cover temperature differential for each type of the high-rise building outer space. The study area showing the temperature tendency to be similar based upon one way analysis of variance after selecting the central part of the outer road for a control and measuring a temperature in order to consider the neighboring environmental difference of the dozen building was classified into 4 groups. As to the one-way layout result of variance analysis with the land cover type of the classified group and outer space temperature, the single-layer tree planting-site, waterscape facilities, and multi-layer planting-site belonged mainly to the low temperature section. The shrub/grassland, paved surface, and outer road belonged to the high temperature region. The temperature difference between low temperature region and high temperature region is about $1.06{\sim}6.17^{\circ}C$. However, the temperature in the Outer Space of the Super-High-Rise Building was variously appeared by the influence such as the cramped of the created planting-site and waterscape facilities area, the increase of amount of solar radiation and the reduction of reflection amount of light due to building etc.. Thus, the composition all produced the area of the green quantity required for each space and water space in advance. It was determined that there were the minimum area displaying an effect and the necessity to it secures the green quantity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.169-182
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to assess the urban amenity on physical environmental factors, and to verify the effectiveness of the amenity map using correlation analysis of the environmental quality. The physical environmental factors were set to 4 items of green space, landscape, water environment and land use, and the items were composed of 11 detail factors. Based on the factors, GIS maps were constructed and the amenity map was produced using overlay analysis. The results of this study are as follow; the proportion of 1~2 ranks was 40.8% of total area around Dalseong-gun, Dong-gu, Suseong-gu. The lower 6~7 ranks in the amenity assessment was 5.7% of total area around Jung-gu, Seo-gu, Dalseo-gu. According to the results of correlation analysis between the amenity and environmental observed data, $SO_2$ among the air pollution material had a negative correlation with amenity(r=-0.649, p<0.05). In case of water pollution, TN and TP had the negative correlations with amenity (r=-0.643, P<0.01; r=0.642, p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.253-258
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• 1998

It is common in foreign countries to make a compensative plan for environmental destruction which is caused by development action even in where development is permitted. But, in Korea, environmental plan was regarded as just meeting the legal standard of green area in site development. This study focused on the case of university project, LG village plan, is to evaluate the environment of the site using Hemeroby and suggested restoration plan in compensation for the destructive. The site was a huge development area of apartment located in Suwon. First of all, we evaluated the site using Hemeroby and compared this with LG village plan. Then, we made a compensative plan for the environmental destruction which was not compensated in LG village plan. The results were as follows; $\beta$-/$\alpha$-euhemeroby of the Site was 80.1% before the development and, after the development, $\beta$-/$\alpha$-euhemeroby of the site dropped to 43.7％ and meta-hemeroby increased from 56.3% to 17％. Therefore, we could accept the buildings of LG village development plan and suggested a compensative plan with which we could raise $\beta$-/$\alpha$-euhemeroby like restoring the river, greening parking-lots and rooftops, revegetating cut slope.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.68-80
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• 2016

This study analyzed the influence of the perception of physical environment on user satisfaction and park use when people use the park to improve their health. The study is focused on neighborhood parks in Suseong-gu, Daegu city. Statistical analyses were employed to data collected from 143 visitors on site. First of all, in the perception evaluation of the physical environment of the park, accessibility and pedestrian environment are the highest at 4.04, while water space and attractions in the park as the lowest parts are at 2.32 and 2.66. After conduct factor analysis to type 22 physical environmental awareness components, five main factors--Comfort, Availability, Amenity, Facilities convenience and Visuality--were classified. Then, satisfaction and influence on park use were analyzed. As a result, the factors affecting user satisfaction were comfort, availability, amenity and facility convenience. Among them, the category of amenity was the most influential factor at 0.315. The factors affecting the park use were availability and amenity. Availability factor had a higher influence at 0.396 than amenity at 0.293. Therefore, in order to improve satisfaction and park use for health improvement, it is necessary to secure sufficient green areas and create a pleasant environment. Also, it is necessary to improve the quality of walkability from homes to parks, trail improvement and other improvements.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.238-250
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• 2020

This study investigated the long-term measures to minimize flood damage in the event of flooding in urban areas. The relationship between urban spatial factors and the impact of flood damage was analyzed, focusing on non-structural measures. The urban spatial factors were categorized into three parts: open space, disaster prevention facilities, and urbanization sectors. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate how urban spatial factors influence flood damage. As a result of the analysis, the crucial factors, such as the reduced green areas and parks included in the open space sectors, resulted in an increased flood damage potential. The posterior factors, such as the population density and GRDP included in the urbanization sector concurrently led to an increase in the flood damage potential. Therefore, to better adapt to climate change, it is necessary to establish urban spatial plans strategically, such as green areas and parks. Meanwhile, the population density and GRDP are also the main factors causing flood damage. Therefore, when used appropriately in terms of resilience, it will serve as adaptations and recovery.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.305-316
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• 2018

As the urbanization ratio increases, the heat environment in cities is becoming more important due to the urban heat island. In this study, the heat island spatial analysis was calculated and conducted for analysis of urban thermal environment of Sejong city, which was launched in 2012 and has been developed rapidly. To analyze the ratio and change rate of urban area, a multi temporal land cover map (2013 to 2015 and 2017) of study area is generated based on Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS (Operational Land Imager / Thermal Infrared Sensor) satellite imagery. Then, we select an TIR (Thermal Infrared) band from the two TIR bands provided by the Landsat-8, which is used for calculating the heat island potential, through the accuracy evaluation of the brightness temperature and AWS (Automatic Weathering Station) data. Based on the selected band and surface emissivity, land surface temperature is calculated and the estimated heat island potential change is analyzed. As a result, the land surface temperature of the high ratio and change rate of urban area was significantly higher than the surrounding area around $3^{\circ}C$ to $4^{\circ}C$, and the heat island potential was also higher around $4^{\circ}C$ to $5^{\circ}C$. However, the heat island phenomenon was alleviated in urban areas with high rate of change that also show high green area ratio. Therefore, we demonstrated that dense urban area increases the possibility of inducing heat island, but it can mitigate the heat island through green areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.109-120
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• 2016

This study aims to assess vulnerability in urban thermal environments of Seoul by using indicators frequently used in previous studies as well as effective indicators for spatial planning like urban and environmental planning. For this purpose, fifteen indicators that influence urban thermal environments such as heat waves, urban heat island effects, and urban micro-climates were identified based on literature reviews. Indicators for presenting urban structure and spatial properties were included; for example, building volume as 'exposure to climate', buildings completed before 1980 as 'sensitivity', and green space areas as 'adaptive capacity'. Among them, twelve indicators were applied to assess vulnerability in urban thermal environments of Seoul by using a GIS spatial analysis combined with fuzzy logic. The results show that the Gangnam area is identified as more vulnerable to a heat environment as compared to the Gangbuk area. In the Gangnam area, Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu, Dongjak-gu, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Gangseo-gu were relatively high in vulnerability, while Dongdaemun-gu, Gangbuk-gu, Gwangjin-gu, Jungrang-gu were relatively high in the Gangbuk area. Gwanak-gu, Dobong-gu, Eunpyeong-gu, and Nowon-gu, which include forested areas, have low vulnerability in the sectors of 'exposure to climate' and 'sensitivity' due to the impact of Gwanaksan and Bukhansan. However, some areas with high vulnerability like Seocho-gu and Gangnam-gu may have lower vulnerability if the indicator 'status of air conditioning' from the sector of 'adaptive capacity' is used. This study could support the establishment of a practicable thermal environment policy and spatial planning to reduce heat-related risks in the field of urban and environmental planning.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.318-337
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• 2023

This study utilizes system dynamics to examine the effects of fine dust reduction policies on PM10 concentration and health. System dynamics has the advantage of modeling the dynamic and circular relationship between PM₁₀ emission sources, reduction policies, PM₁₀ concentration, and health effect. The study created policy scenarios for Korea's representative fine dust reduction policies - industrial PM₁₀ emission control, diesel vehicle regulation, expansion of electric vehicles, and expansion of parks and green areas - and compared the results with the 2030 baseline if the current trend is maintained. The analysis showed that the policy of supporting electric vehicles reduced PM₁₀ concentration by 0.21 ㎍/m³ and reduced the number of people with circulatory diseases by 494, and the effect was evenly distributed across the country. The industrial emissions regulation scenario resulted in the highest PM₁₀ concentration reduction of 0.22 ㎍/m³, but had a lower reduction in the number of people affected (358) than the EV support strategy, which could be attributed to the fact that this policy had a particularly high PM₁₀ reduction effect in industrial areas such as Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, and Sahagu, Busan. As a policy implication, this study suggests that it is necessary to apply fine dust policies tailored to the characteristics of local emission sources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.126-133
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• 2009

This study aimed to propose the base data to promote the green belt(thereafter GB) regulations and management in Korea. The research took the methods of analysis of citizen's official petitions to the once, of interviews and questionnaire to the of officials of Seoul Metropolitan City who is under the job of managing the GB. The conclusions were as follows. The officials did understand function and necessity of GB well. They especially, put the importance of the purpose of GB on the prevention of the environment of the city and prevention of concentration of population, They recognized that they suffered from the overloaded job on the management of GB in quantity and quality. The seriousness of illegal action of the change of land use, piling-up of materials and productions on the forbidden land, using exclusively of warehouses for agriculture as for commerce and enlarging the area of warehouse with application of leased land for agriculture instead of the agricultural land in law were detected in the officials' cognition. The officials proposed some ideas to prevent above mentioned illegal actions including forcing a person who did illegal actions to punish money to restore environment etc..