• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2004

As a part of our study on the improvement of anticonvulsant, here we report the synthesis of N-acyl-$\alpha$-aminosuc-cinimides 1 and N-acyl-$\alpha$-aminoglutarimides 2. (R)-Benzoic acid 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-ylester 6a, (R)-4-nifro-benzoic acid 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2- oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester 6b, (R) -4-nitro-benzoic acid 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester 6c, and (R)-propionic acid 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester 6d were synthesized from (R)-2-benzyloxy carbonylamino-succinic acid 3 as a starting meterial. (R)-(3- Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2,6-dioxo-piperidin-1-yloxy)-acetic acid methyl ester 10a, (R)-(3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2,6-dioxo-piperidin-1-yloxy)-acetic acid ethy1 ester 10b, an d (R)-2-(3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2,6- diox o-piperidin-1-yl oxy)-propionic acid methyl ester l0c were synthesized from (R)- 3-carbobenzyloxy-amino-glutarmic acid 7 as a starting meterial. The yield, mp, IR, $^1H-NMR,\; and^{13}C$- NMR spectra of the products 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 10a, l0b, l0c are summarized in footnote. The biological studies of these compounds are in progress and will be reported in future.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2004

The present study examined the effects of Taekunyukmijiwhang-tang (TV) on blood pressure and renal function in nitric oxide (NO)-dependent hypertensive rats. A phamacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for 4-6 weeks produces renal vasoconstriction, renal dysfunction, and progressive severe hypertension. Treatment of rats with NG-Nitro-L-arginie methylester (L-NAME) (100 mg/L, 6 weeks), which is a nonspecific NOS inhibitor, cause a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), along with the decrease in expression of ecNOS in the kidney and thoracic aorta. The expression of Na, K-ATPase α1 subunit in the kidney was also reduced in the L-NAME induced hypertensive rats group. The renal functional parameters including urine osmolality (Uosm), creatinine clearance (Ccr), which is an index of glomerular filtration (GFR) were decreased in rat with L-NAME induced hypertension. while solute-free water reabsoption (TcH₂O) was unchanged in all experimental group. However, the group combined treated with TV and L-NAME did not develop hypertension and expression of ecNOS in the aorta was restored. The expression of Na/sup +/, K/sup +/-ATpase α1 subunit in the kidney was markedly restored in L-NAME-induced hypertension rats by administration of TV along with the restoration of urinary volume (UV) and sodium excretion (UNaV), whlie Na/sup +/, K/sup +/-ATPase /β1 subunit was not altered. These results suggest that TV attenuates an increase in SSP in the L-NAME induced hypertension and restores partially renal function, which seems to be caused by up-regulation of expression of Na/sup +/, K/sup +/-ATPase α1 subunit in the kidney and ecNOS in thoracic aorta.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1999

Torymus sinensis was found to be a solitary ectoparasitoid attacking the larvae ofDryocosmus kuriphilus. The sex ratio of Torymus sinensis was close to 1 : 1 in foreign chestnut varieties.Under constant temperatures of 15"C, 20$^{\circ}$C, and 25"C, the preoviposition period and longevity of theadult was longer at lower temperatures when fed on honey. Most of the Torymus sinensis female havemature eggs in their ovaries just after emergence. The number of mature eggs reached to average 22.5individuals per female in four days, which was the highest value, after the emergence and then decreasedgradually. Eggs were laid on the larvae of the host or attached on inner surface of the gall chamber. Theeggs were oval in shape, measuring 0.49 mm length and 0.13 mm width and the color of the justoviposited egg was milky white. The larvae appeared in one day after being deposited at 20$^{\circ}$C. Thepupae, 2.25 mm length for female and 1.89 mm length for male, was milky white in color just afterpupation but became black later. In Kangwon Province, development period of chestnut galls formated byDryocosmus kuriphilus were mid April to late May and its primary parasitoid, Torymus sinensis adult,emerged from withered previous year galls in early April to early May. This species has one generation ina year, and hibernated with the matured larvae. hibernated with the matured larvae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.287-293
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• 2014

Matsumuraeses phaseoli is one of the main pests that attack the flowers and pods of red bean (Vigna angularis) and mungbean (Vigna radiata) in Korea. To elucidate the developmental characteristics and over-wintering stage of M. phaseoli, several stages of the insect were observed through artificial rearing under outdoor conditions in Suwon ($37^{\circ}$16'N $126^{\circ}$59'E 35ASL), Korea. In colonies in which neonate larvae were reared at about 2-week intervals for more than a year, the developmental period from larva to adult emergence became longer from spring to summer, but shorter from summer to autumn; aestivation was not observed during the summer season. The colony in which rearing started on Oct 8, 2008 over-wintered as pupae and emerged in late April next year with a survival rate of 6%. However, the colony in which the rearing started on Oct 23, 2008 over-wintered as mature larvae, pupated in late April, and emerged in early and mid-May with a survival rate of 2%. When the fifth instar larvae were transferred outside from the laboratory ($25^{\circ}C$, 15L:9D) between November and February, no larvae could survive during the winter season. Some newly laid eggs and newly emerged adults could not hatch and could not survive, respectively, in outdoor conditions in November and December. These results suggest that neonate larvae of M. phaseoli that hatch in October can over-winter as late larvae or pupae in Suwon, Korea.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.397-406
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze women's consumption and preferences of the Korean traditional drinks. For this purpose, 205 women aged between teens and 60s living in Seoul were sampled randomly for a questionnaire survey conducted from August 21 to 27, 2003. The results of this study were summarized as follows: The percentile of age groups accounted for 15.6% of the subjects in their teens, 19.5% in 20s, 18.0% in 30s, 20.5% in 40s, 13.7% in 50s, and 12.7% in 60s, respectively. On the other hand, those who graduated from colleges accounted for most (49.8%) of the subjects, those employed by companies for most (23.9%) and those earning 2 million wons or more for most (40.5%). Subjects' preferences about the traditional drinks were as follows: The most popular traditional drink across all age groups was Sikhe (29.8%: fermented rice drink), followed by Sujonggwa (10.7%: dried persimmons punch) and green tea (8.8%). Most of those in their teens and 60s consumed the drinks to relieve from the thirst, while those between 20s and 50s to be healthy. The majority (31.7%) of the subjects were consuming the traditional drinks once or twice per week. Those in their teens and 40s consumed the drinks between 3 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon, while those in their 20s, 30s and 50s as they want, and those in their 60s after exercise and as they pleased. 63.4% of the subjects across all age groups bought the drinks at supermarkets, and 60.5% of them were consuming 200ml each time. The reasons of subjects' preferences of the traditional drinks were as follows: The most important factor perceived by all age groups was taste (61.0%), followed by nutrition (15.6%). The most preferred point of taste was 'light' (51.7%). Those in their teens preferred the drinks without grains, while the other age groups preferred the drinks with some grains. Those in their teens preferred canned drinks, while the other age groups preferred the bottled drinks. Consumers' desire for improvement of traditional drinks were as follows: Those in their teens and 20s were satisfied with the current prices of the drinks, while the other age groups hoped for lower prices. On the other hand, those in their 50s answered that the drinks should not be sweet, while the other age groups hoped that the tastes of the drinks would be improved in diverse ways. 53.2% of the consumers hoped that the flavors of the traditional drinks would be diversified. 67.3% of them hoped that the traditional drinks would be improved to be functional drinks, while 54.6% of them hoped that the drinks would be processed in a more hygienic way.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.2 s.51
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• pp.78-86
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• 1982

The ecological studies were conducted to identify some bark-beetles on apricot and plum trees in Jeonnam province. Harmful bark-beetles caught from apricot and plum trees were identified as Scolytus seulensis. Xyleborus atratus., X. germanus, X. rubricollis and X. saxeseni. The seoul barkbeetle emerged during the period from early May to late October $1980\~1981$, it happens twice in a year, with the peak July 10 and August 25 in 1950, July 15 and August 20 in 1981. A daily peak emerged for adults was at 11 AM to 1 PM. Distribution of holes on the apricot stems varied; more than 100 holes per meter in Henderson (Apricot) and Y-49057 (Apricot), 12 holes per meter in Derbyroyal (Apricot). Comparatively more holes were found in the European variety, and the cardinal distribution was in the order of east, south, west and north. The longer the longth of the mother-gallery, the greater number of egg-gallery found. Optimum temperature for mating was $27^{\circ}C$. The time for mating was longer during May-June than July-August. The fruit weight of damaged plum tree reached 12.25g around four weeks after flowering; where as that of normal tree increased up to 63.5g at harvest time. The natural enemy of the seoul bark beetle was Eurytoma sp. They were found as mature larva or pupa and they emerged from early May to the middle of June. Adult longevity was about a week.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.302-314
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate nutrient intake, indices of anemia, serum lipids, and their correlations in 40 Korean female college students aged 21 to 25 years. Fasting blood samples were collected in October. 1997 Nutrient intake was investigated by 24-hour recall method for three days. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, iron status and serum lipids of the subjects were determined. The mean values for age. height, weight, BMI and blood pressure of the subjects were 22.1 years, 160.6cm, 54.4kg and 109.1/66.9mmHg, respectively. According to the body composition analysis, total body water, % body fat, lean body mass and WHR were 26.7L. 29.5%, 36.5kg and 0.8, respectively. Average daily intake of energy was 1,858.4kcal. Protein, phosphorus, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin and vitamin C intakes were higher than the Korean recommended dietary allowence(RDA), whereas calcium, iron, vitamin A intakes were tower than that. Hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(SI) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) were measured and transferrin saturation (TS%) was calculated from serum. The mean values for Hb, Hct, SI, TIBC and TS were 13.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, 41.6%,97.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, 319.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ and 31.9%, respectively. The Prevalence rates of iron deficiency assessed by Hb and Hct were found to be 10% and 2.5%, respectively. However, when assessed with TIBC, the prevalence rate of iron deficiency was increased to 32.5%. The mean values for serum triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), HDL-Chol, LDL-Chol concentrations and atherogenic index(AI) were 154.7mg/㎗, 80.0mg/㎗, 47.4mg/㎗, 91.3mg/㎗ and 2.6, respectively. Correlations among indices of anemia. there were positive correlations between Hb and Hct, between SI and TS : negative correlations between TIBC and TS or SI. Correlations among serum lipids, there were positive correlations between TC and TG or LDL-cholesterol. Energy intakes were correlated positively with TIBC(p＜0.05), and vitamin C intakes negatively correlated with Hb(P＜0.05). And vitamin A intakes were negatively correlated with TG(p＜0.01). TC(p＜0.05) and LDL-Chol(p＜0.01). Hb negatively correlated with TG(P＜0.05). Body weights(p＜0.05), lean body mass(p＜0.05) and total body water(p＜0.01) werenegatively correlated with Hb. BMI and WHR correlated with TG and TC(p＜0.01). These results indicated that subjects with higher energy intake and overweight had a tendency to have iron deficiency. Increases in BMI and WHR were related to increases in serum lipids levels and decreases in TIBC. The results also showed that serum lipids were decreased when vitamin A and iron intakes were sufficient.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.289-303
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• 2007

This report includes basic data on nutrition education for Chinese adolescents living in Korea. A total of 183 Chinese adolescents living in Incheon participated in the survey. Body composition was analyzed by the Inbody 4.0., and questionnaires on personal dietary behavior were administrated. When compared with the body measure indices of Korean adolescents, we found that height was similar, but weight greater ($5{\sim}12 kg$) among the participants. Regarding obesity, 30.0% of all students were obese (BMI>25), especially the high school boys (42.0%). But in the case of middle school boys, the rates of obesity and under weight (BMI<18.5) were the same (both of them at 22.9%). The average WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) of the female high school group (0.9) was over the normal range. The average percent body fat for each group was also over the normal range. The percentage of students having breakfast everyday was 52.2%, and the rate of skipping breakfast was 25.0%. In the obesity group, the rate of skipping breakfast was remarkably high (P<0.05). Because lunch service was not available at the schools, a lunch box from home was the most popular pattern (43.1 %), but eating out was also popular at 36.6%. For the male high school students, the eating out rate was 62.8%. Since many have-lived in Korea for a few generations, the students' eating practices were much closer to the Korean pattern. For their ordinary meal pattern, 96.0% of the students included Korean foods. however, for New Years Day, the rate of having Gyo-Ja was 75.2%, and having Wol-Byung at Choo-seok was 78.6%, showing that the Chinese tradition still remains. In the case of food preferences, the percentage having Kimchi everyday was 62.1 %, but those drinking green tea was 13.1 %. For cold drinks, the rate for drinking them more than twice per week was 71.6%. The most preferred cooking method was frying with oil (50.6%). Among the students who had visited China (or Taiwan), the rate for 'bad food familiarity' was 37.0%, and the rate for 'did not know Chinese traditional course menus' was 71.3%. As a result of combining eating practices from both China and Korea, and the absence of lunch service in Chinese schools, students are showing bad dietary behaviors. therefore, it is necessary to provide proper nutrition education and a system for lunch service in Chinese schools.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.368-375
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• 2008

This study examined the physico-chemical properties of omija extracts that were manufactured using various water temperatures($0^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$) and immersion times(12 hrs, 18 hrs, 24 hrs). The results were as follows: The pH levels of the extracts ranged from 2.86 to 2.95: however, there were no significant differences between the samples according to the various water temperatures and immersion times. The total organic acid contents of the samples ranged from 1.87 to 2.57%, and included citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid at levels of $1.11{\sim}1.54%$, 0.49{\sim}0.66%$, and $0.25{\sim}0.38%$, respectively. As the immersion time and water temp. is erature increased the level of total organic acid significantly increased(p<0.01). The sugar contents of samples ranged from 3.01 to 3.90% brix, and did not show significant differences according to the immersion times at the different water temperatures(0, 23, $70^{\circ}C$). The Omija extract that was immersed in water for 24 hrs. at $70^{\circ}C$ had a significantly higher(p<0.05) sugar content than the other samples. The total free sugar contents of samples ranged from 0.714 to 0.833%, and included glucose, fructose, and sucrose at levels of $0.37{\sim}0.42%$, 0.34{\sim}0.41%$, and $0.003{\sim}0.004%$, respectively. The Omija extract that was immersed in water for 18 hrs. at $70^{\circ}C$ water had a significantly higher(p<0.05) total free sugar content than the other samples. The lightness, redness, and yellowness values of the samples were in ranges of $49.09{\sim}58.25$, 62.37{\sim}67.34$, and $19.76{\sim}24.57$, respectively; therefore, red was the predominant color of the extracts. Overall, as the immersion time and water temperatures increased is, lightness significantly decreased and redness significantly increased(p<0.001).

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.159-167
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• 2022

At the present time, no systematic review has been conducted to report the project's outcomes or trends. This study systematically reviewed existing evidence related with community care pilot project. A total of 61 articles, including 18 original literatures and 43 review literatures were finally selected. For original literatures, the most frequent literatures focused on demand surveys (n=4) and model proposals (n=4), the utilization of touchpoint (n=3), space design and architectural model (n=3), manpower training and role establishment (n=2), followed by prioritizing objectives (n=1) and research trend study (n=1). For review literatures, the most frequent literature focused on the elderly (n=12) and relatively few literature on the disabled and mental illness (n=2). Since the pilot project for community care has been implemented for only about one year, the present study indicates that more future research is needed to the disabled, mental illness, and homeless should be conducted as well as elderly.