• Journal of Labour Economics
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.1-28
• /
• 2011

This paper empirically tests the theory that labor demand elasticity of unionized firms would be smaller than that of nonunionized firms, using the Korean firms' panel data for 1990-2009. The major findings are the following: First, the estimates of labor demand elasticity of unionized firms are in the range of 0.34-0.49, less than a half of those of nonunionized firms, hence supporting the theory. Second, the unionized firms are more rigid in dynamic adjustment of employment than nonunionized firms. Finally, there are no significant differences between unionized and nonunionized firms in the elasticity of substitution.

• Journal of Labour Economics
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.1-44
• /
• 2013

This paper surveys the existing literatures on labor demand of Korea. It has been found that labor and capital are substitutes in Korea and the result holds even if labor is decomposed into white collar and blue collar workers. The elasticity of substitution lies between 0 and 1. It is yet unclear if employment and work hours are substitutes. The reduction of legal work week did not increase employment although decreased work hours. The labor demand elasticity is below 0.5 in the short run. Since mid 1990s, the technological change has shown skill bias and therefore increased demand for skilled labor.

• Journal of Labour Economics
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.29-64
• /
• 2013

This paper documents the recent changes in wage density and decomposes them. Middle group is found to have shrunk, one-third of which reflects the changes in worker composition. The rest mostly reflects insufficient supply response to the rising skill demand within jobs. The pattern is more pronounced among manufacturing, large and unionized firms, and production workers.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.101-118
• /
• 2008

In this study, we estimate the labor demand function of environmental industry with environmental industry survey of Ministry of Environment. To do this, we apply the panel estimation technique. We follow the widely accepted estimation methods: panel generalized least square, panel generalized least square with heteroskedasticity/auto-correlation, random effect model and random effect model with auto-correlation. On the average, each industry is estimated at the elasticity of sales on labor demand from 0.193 to 0.259. It means that the increase of sales by 214billion won can create around $1,600{\sim}2,300$ jobs, and this is merely a direct effect. So when we consider the whole effect of labor demand increase including indirect derived job creation, the labor demand increase will be higher than this. So it is desirable for the government to support the development of environmental industry for sustainable development.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.893-921
• /
• 2005

In this study, we try to find out the effect of private companies' environmental protection activities on the labor demand of companies in Korea manufacturing industries with empirical practice from 1992 to 2002. One of the main difficulties in this empirical work is to identify the effect of environmental protection activities on the labor demand, because the effect can be mixed with the effect of traditional production technologies on the labor demand. We follow the suggestion of Morgenstern et al. (2002) to identify the effect but which is not enough because of endogeneity between the production technology improvement and pollution reduction. So we propose a Fixed-effect Instrumental Variable estimation method as an estimation strategy. The estimation results support the positive relationship between the labor demand increase and the increase in pollution abatement costs. Therefore, we can conclude that the environmental protection activites of Korea manufacturing industries from 1992 to 2002 can help job creation without making a big burden for business activities when we consider the share of pollution abatement costs among total production costs is around 1% during that time.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.43-67
• /
• 1987

산업구조(産業構造)의 고도화과정(高度化過程)에서는 고용흡수력(雇傭吸收力)이 감소(減少)하는 양적측면(量的側面)의 과제(課題)와 기술인력(技術人力)의 수요(需要)가 상대적으로 증가(增加)하는 질적측면(質的側面)의 인력정책과제(人力政策課題)가 동시에 야기(惹起)된다. 본(本) 논문(論文)에서는 이러한 여건변화(與件變化)에 대응(對應)하는 정책과제(政策課題)를 도출(導出)하기 위하여 인력수요(人力需要)의 결정요인(決定要因)을 실증분석(實證分析)하였다. 거시분석(巨視分析)에서는 1970~84년(年) 기간(期間)의 연간(年間) 시계열자료(時系列資料)를 이용(利用)하여 노동수요함수(勞動需要函數)를 추정(推定)하여 산업별(産業別) 결정요인(決定要因)을 비교분석(比較分析)하였으며, 미시분석(微視分析)에서는 섬유(纖維) 자동차(自動車) 전자산업(電子産業)에서 임의추출(任意抽出)한 200개(個) 표본기업(標本企業)에 대한 횡단면자료(橫斷面資料)를 이용(利用)하여 기업(企業)의 인력수요행태(人力需要行態)를 분석(分析)하였다. 산업별(産業別) 노동수요(勞動需要) 분석결과(分析結果)를 보면, 자본비용(資本費用)에 대한 노동비용(勞動費用)의 상대적상승(相對的上昇)이 노동수요(勞動需要)를 감소(減少)시켜 왔으나, 고용(雇傭)은 기본적으로 자본투자(資本投資)로부터 더 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 또한 자본(資本)의 고용창출효과가(雇傭創出效果), 특히 제조업부문(製造業部門)에서, 시간(時間)의 경과(經過)에 따라 감소(減少)하는 것으로 분석(分析)되었다. 미시분석결과(微視分析結果)를 보면, 전문대졸(專門大卒) 및 고졸학력(高卒學力) 근로자(勤勞者)에 대한 수요(需要)는 중소기업(中小企業)에서, 대졸(大卒) 및 중졸이하학력(中卒以下學歷) 근로자(勤勞者)는 대기업(大企業)에서 흡수(吸收)하려는 것으로 나타났으며, 생산요소중(生産要素中) 노동(勞動)에 대한 투자우선순위(投資優先順位)는 자동차산업(自動車産業)에서 높게 나타났으며, 숙련기능인격(熟練技能人格)에 대한 수요(需要)는 세 산업(産業) 모두 높게 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.5843-5849
• /
• 2015

This study analyzes the factor demand structure of sweet persimmon as a part of finding out cost cutting measures. Income and cost data from 2001~2013 Agricultural Income Survey are used for placing the translog cost function and estimating price elasticies and cross elasticities of labor, capital and intermediate input. The result shows that own price elasticities of all factors are small in absolute terms. Additionally the result indicates capital and intermediate input cannot be a substitution for labor, which is a top-line cost-share. It means that the demand for labor cconstitutionally can't be reduced in a short time. This implies that cost reduction should be done focusing on intermediate input, particularly on fertilizer and materials which have higher price elasticity of demand.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.633-658
• /
• 2010

In this paper, we estimate the Translog cost function in Korean manufacturing, using capital (K), labor (L), material (M), electricity (E), fuel (F) data over the period from 1970 to 2005. Especially, this paper investigates the impact of imposing concavity in the estimation of a Translog cost function. Although the value of log-likelihood is somewhat reduced in a concavity imposed function rather than a function which is not, a concavity imposed function satisfies regularity conditions (monotonicity, positivity, concavity) at all data points. We also calculate price elasticities using a concavity imposed Translog cost function. Electricity complements capital so electricity demand increases as capital demand increases. Meanwhile, electricity substitutes labor, fuel, and material. These results show that Korean manufacturing experienced a structural change of increase in electricity demand.

• Journal of Labour Economics
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.29-60
• /
• 2005

This paper investigates how firms adjust wages, employment and hours in response to demand shifts. It focuses on rigidities and asymmetries in such adjustments. Major findings are as follows. First, wage adjustments are fairly small compared with worker adjustments. Second, wage adjustments are asymmetric with respect to sales growth: there is no responsiveness of wage growth when sales are declining, while adjustments are significantly positive when sales are rising. On the contrary, worker adjustments are symmetric with respect to demand shifts. Third, while workers are linearly adjusted to the sales growth, some nonlinearity is observed in the wage adjustment. Fourth, hours are generally nonresponsive to demand shocks. Finally, union firms cut wages rather than workers in the face of negative demand shocks.

• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.3-22
• /
• 2016

This paper uses Dynamic OLS(DOLS) approach to estimate the long-run energy demand functions. The results are compared with those of standard cointegration approach. Cointegration tests verify that there is a cointegration among energy consumption, real GDP, and energy price in China. Johansen approach and DOLS approach are more appropriate to estimate for the long-run energy demand function than Engle-Granger Cointegration approach. DOLS provided significant negative sign of price while Engle-Granger did not. Based on the DOLS results, the elasticities of real GDP and energy price on energy consumption are 0.83 and -0.45 respectively, and their statistical significances are high.