• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 1998

Energy consumption statistics have been surveyed for 50 large commercial buildings with high energy consumption records in Seoul City. The buildings were classified into three different groups for data analysis: hospitals, hotels, and department stores/office buildings. The analysis was focused on identifying installed boiler and refrigerator data, energy consumption rates, and energy load distribution throughout the year. Refrigerating electricity was confirmed again to affect most on the formation of the summer electricity load peak as expected. Replacing the refrigerator electricity peak in the summer with co-generation in large commercial buildings. However, overall heat load distribution in a single building is still considered not large enough for economically feasible co-generation and thus joint co-generation for multiple neighboring buildings are preferred and the Electric Power Law and LNG pricing policy should be revised favorably for co-generation in advance.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

The present study identified the restrictions on the use of sous-vide products in the Korean HMR market for small and medium-sized manufacturing companies. A detailed literature review revealed that the HMR market in Korea is close to saturation. Notably, the technologically advanced products produced using sous-vide seem to display significant potential to overcome market saturation. The sous-vide method differs from conventional cooking techniques and is characterized by maintenance of food texture along with flavor enhancement. However, due to the unfamiliarity of the manufacturers with this method and the unclear food safety regulations, mass food manufacturing companies do not agree on using this method; hence, sous-vide production is usually undertaken by small/medium sized companies catering primarily through online marketing portals. This study highlights the various restrictions to the implementation of sous-vide production, and discusses several practical implications of sous-vide production that would help users of this technique enter the HMR market.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.397-405
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• 2003

The cleanness of Korean(n=292), Chinese(n=46), Japanese(n=114) and Western(n=74) styles restaurants in 25 districts in Seoul was evaluated in terms of kitchen area(6 criteria), handling of raw materials(3 criteria), hygiene practice for cook(1 criteria), treatment of wastes(2 criteria) and hall(2 criteria). The western-style restaurants were scored the highest points in all criteria. The other three restaurants were poorly evaluated compared with western-style ones in kitchen area, including cleanness of inside of the kitchen, hygiene practice, ventilation and working environment, drainage, and storage of utensils. The most critical criterion which represents the overall evaluation was the ventilation and working environment of the kitchen for Chinese, Japanese and Western-style restaurants, and was the cleanness of inside the kitchen for Korean-style restaurants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.365-372
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to implement HACCP system to foodservice of W and D elementary schools with joint-lunch management system in Kyungsan area. Steamed rice with squid was selected and Control Action, Monitoring Procedure and Control measure were identified based on HACCP flowchart to produce safe and healthy food. It was suggested that frozen squid must be thawed under the cold running city water and kept temperature below 1$0^{\circ}C$ and receiving/thawing procedure has to be done within 30 min. Raw vegetables must be washed under three-tube wash stand and whole prepreparation procedures should be done in 20 minutes. Clean and sanitize all the equipment and utensils before and after handling squid. Knives and cutting boards for vegetable and squid should be classified. Sauce for steamed rice with squid should be heated about 21 minutes to reach the temperature of 94$^{\circ}C$ before serving and internal temperature of food must be kept above 84.4$^{\circ}C$ during serving. The ideal temperature of kitchen should be remained 15∼18$^{\circ}C$. The underground water has to be excluded to minimize the risk of contamination in the foodservice facility and the prepreparation place must be separated with cooking place. Also, Personal hygiene Practice should be check in each stage. Further, additional research needs to be conducted to determine models for HACCP implementation for different menu.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.45-72
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• 2005

쌀을 주식으로 하는 우리의 식생활과 일치하고 전통적으로 나누어 함께 먹는 식품으로 자리 잡고 있는 떡을 현대화하기 위해서는 인식의 전환과 상품화 및 유통기간연장을 위한 연구가 이루어 져야한다. 영양학적으로 우수한 전통 떡류가 있지만 현대에 이르러서 생활양식과 식문화 등의 급격한 변화로 일반화 및 다소비 되지 못함은 소비자의 변화에 맞추지 못하기 때문이나 떡에 대한 인식은 매우 긍정적이라고 한다. 떡은 언제 어디서나 먹을 수 있는 간편한 생활 음식이며, 우수한 전통음식이라고 인식시킴으로써 떡에 대한 긍정적인 이미지를 확대해 나갈 필요가 있다. 전통의 맛을 유지하면서 기능성과 영양상의 균형을 갖춘 새로운 맛의 떡으로 소비층을 확대하여야 한다. 유통기간이 짧아 떡집에 자주 가서 구매해야 한다는 인식에 탈피 할 수 있도록 제품개발이 되어야 한다. 떡집은 영세하고, 비위생적이며 포장이 깨끗하지 못하다는 인식이 전환이 되도록 작업환경, 시설 및 제품포장을 현대화 하여야 한다. 새로운 형태의 매장을 운영하는 것도 필요하다. 새로운 형태의 카페 형 또는 베이커리형의 떡집이 선보임으로써 다양한 종류의 떡이 개발되어 편의성과 고급화되면 소비층이 점차 확대되고 있는 점은 떡의 상품화와 관련하여 매우 의미 있는 변화이다. 또한 떡 공장에서 위생적으로 생산, 소규모 포장, 급속 동결, 냉동 유통, 소비자에게 전달되는 냉동제품이 활성화 되어야 한다. 노화억제에 의한 저장성 향상은 상품화 떡의 품질향상이다. 품질과 관련된 인자는 원료 쌀의 품질, 분쇄 정도, 수분함량, 제조공정, 전분분해 효소처리, 당류, 유화제, 콜로이드 물질 등의 첨가제에 의한 연구가 지속되고 있다.학적 특성에는 영향을 미치지 않고 혈중 IGF-I 농도를 증가시켰다. 또한 이들 측정항목에서 Revalor H implant는 제한사양, 저에너지 사료, 혹은 Compudose 이상의 효과를 나타내었고, 증체를 억제하였으나 사료효율은 증진시켰으며, 후자(사양, 사료)와의 상호작용은 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 거세비육돈에서 1) androgen과 estrogen은 공히 자발적인 사료섭취와 등지방 침적을 억제하고 IGF-I 분비를 증가시키며, 2) 성선스테로이드호르몬의 이 같은 성장에 미치는 효과의 일부는 IGF-I을 통해 매개될 수도 있을을 시사한다. 약 $70 {\~} 90\%$의 phenoxyethanol이 유상에 존재하였다. 또한, 미생물에 대한 항균력도 phenoxyethanol이 수상에 많이 존재할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서, 제형 내 oil tomposition을 변화시킴으로써 phenoxyethanol의 사용량을 줄일 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 피부 투과를 감소시켜 보다 피부 자극이 적은 저자극 방부시스템 개발이 가능하리라 보여 진다. 첨가하여 제조한 curd yoghurt는 저장성과 관능적인 면에서 우수한 상품적 가치가 인정되는 새로운 기능성 신제품의 개발에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다. 여자의 경우 0.8이상이 되어서 심혈관계 질환의 위험 범위에 속하는 수준이었다. 삼두근의 두겹 두께는 남녀 각각 $20.2\pm8.58cm,\;22.2\pm4.40mm$으로 남녀간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 조사대상자의 식습관 상태는 전체 대상자의 $84.4\%$가 대부분이 하루 세끼

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1475-1485
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• 2012

This study was conducted in order to understand nutrition teachers (dietitians)' perceptions of barriers to implementation of HACCP system in school foodservices in Gyeongnam, Korea. Questionnaires were distributed to 350 nutrition teachers (dietitians) from November to December of 2009, and 214 were collected and analyzed. The results of this study were as follows. First, nutrition teachers (dietitians) recognized the following as barriers in implementing the HACCP system: 'the status of facilities and utilities'> 'monitoring'> 'work satisfaction'> 'foodservice employees'> 'cooperation of HACCP team'> 'cooperation of persons concerned besides foodservice employees'> 'understanding the HACCP system'. Second, total working experience was found to be the factor most affecting 'cooperation of HACCP team (p<0.01)', 'cooperation of persons concerned besides foodservice employees (p<0.01)', 'foodservice employees (p<0.05)', and 'work satisfaction (p<0.05)'. Further, 'the status of facilities and utilities' was significantly affected by 'construction/reconstruction of kitchen (p<0.01)', 'division of kitchen area (p<0.01)', 'existence of preliminary preparation room (p<0.01)', and 'existence of dishwashing room (p<0.01)'. Third, dietitians perceived the following concerning hindrance factors of the HACCP system according to CCP stage: 'CCP 1'> 'CCP 3'> 'CCP 2, 'CCP 6'> 'CCP 4'> 'CCP 8'> 'CCP 7'> 'CCP 5'. In conclusion, this study showed that nutrition teachers (dietitians) in the Gyeongnam area recognized 'the status of facilities and utilities' from HACCP areas and 'CCP 1 (menu planning)' from CCP stages as the greatest barriers to implementing the HACCP system in school foodservices. To implement the HACCP system successfully in school foodservices, facilities and utilities should be properly equipped, and menu planning training for nutrition teachers (dietitian) should be conducted.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.250-255
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• 2004

To analyze delay, Seoul - Daegu line of Korea High Speed Railway was divided into three sections and analyzed independently by the business characteristics. The analysis on the project delay reasons was performed on macro and micro scales. This analytic method was named as 'Macro-Micro Delay Analysis Method (MMDAM)'. The macro scale analysis has three approaches, which are (1) scheduling, (3) structural characteristic, (3) and responsibility of project administrative works. Micro analysis also has three, methodologies which are (1) As Planned Method, (2) As Built method, (3) Modified Time Impact Analysis for analyzing the most influential section which the largest delay occurred. Using elicited project delay reasons from above analysis, the questionnaire was carried out for analyzing the influence of project delay reason. The reasons of the delay were driven from two different aspects (1) structural characteristic and (2) responsibility of the people involved in the project. The reasons that were identified from aforementioned three sections are the factors of the delay of the large-scale government driven projects. Finally, the author suggested the methodology of identifying the project delaying factors. The author also analyzed delay reasons in both the overseas and domestic cases of high rapid railway construction and has elicited some benchmarks for the future projects.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.669-674
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• 2012

D-Cube City is a recently completed multi purpose building consisting of four types of facilities; offices, a department store, a hotel, and congregation spaces. A community energy supply system(CES) has been installed to supply this building with electricity, steam, heat, and cold water. The BEMS, building energy management system, is currently being designed to reduce building energy consumption through the efficient operation of the various pieces of building service equipment. In this study the optimal methods for operating the CES of D-Cube City were considered. This system includes three combined heat and power systems, seven steam boilers, two hot water boilers, two absorption chillers, and four turbo chillers, and various other pieces of equipment. In result, the optimal methods of operating the CES for various energy demand levels were obtained along with the seasonal effects on the economic efficiency of the operation. The effect of the amount of energy demanded by the various facility areas on the total energy consumption was also analyzed.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2006

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice toward sanitary administration of the new restaurateurs, to carry out the sanitary management of business for improvement of sanitary level, and to provide basic data which were necessary for sanitary education of the restaurateurs. Methods: The self-recording survey on the attitude and the knowledge toward the sanitation, the sanitary administration, and its education was conducted against new 393 restaurateurs by the administrative division of Gwangju city in charge of the food industry which put in the regular sanitary education annually for the new restaurateurs. Results: In regard to food sanitation, some 87.9% to 94.4% got the right knowledge about the reason and precaution of food poisoning, storage methods of frozen or cold food, and the disposal of product after expiration of validity term. But it was about 56.0% to 63.0% who knew right about the cause and the major precaution of food poisoning, storage temperature in the refrigerator. 30.6% of the subject placed an emphasis on personal sanitation of the workers as the most important thing in the sanitary management. 83.6% replied that it was necessary to improve the sanitary level. Concerning the health examination, 78.3% replied it was needed. 76.4% pointed the need for education, but respondents with higher educational level less emphasized its needs. It was most frequently pointed out by 71.6% restaurateur's poor awareness about it. 36.7% indicated the environmental sanitation like facilities in the restaurants as the first thing to be improved. The rate of personal sanitation was 43.7%. Conclusions: To improve the poor sanitary conditions of the food service business, it was recommended to offer institutional backing and financial aid from administrative office, to encourage restaurateurs to take pride in their job, and to conduct the sanitary education effectively by the technical education institution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.602-612
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the state of hygiene education aimed for by bakers, and the evaluations of the importance and the performance concerning sanitary characteristics by the bakers. The questionnaires were administered to 186 bakers in Busan and the data evaluated by 5 scales method of Likert were statistically analyzed. 20.4% of bakers have not received hygiene education. Only 32.8% of bakers have experienced hygiene education regularly. The more the bakers were educated, the more they practiced the contents of hygiene education. The major reason of education unfulfilment was due to insufficient equipments and facilities. The scores of the hygienic performance of educated bakers were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of uneducated bakers in food sanitation, especially for sanitary characteristics on inspection, pre-preparation and distribution. The mean scores of the importance and the performance evaluated by bakers were 4.05/5.00 and 3.76/5.00, respectively. The bakers assessed the highest scores on the importance and the performance of personal hygiene. The gap score was -0.30 between the importance and the performance for sanitary characteristics. The baker recognized that sanitary management was not performed as much as they recognized its importance. The importance and the performance grid of bakers revealed that the items of checking the certification for the origin of new food ingredient, inspecting deliveries as quickly as possible, separation between preparing and breading time, thawing frozen food under running tap water/in refrigerator, separating disposal gloves and utensils by the purpose, putting products in cleaned and sterilized utensils, letting consumes know the expiration date of products, preventing a rubber hose from being left on the kitchen floor, checking insect nets frequently and so on showed lower scores compared to the mean scores of the importance and the performance. The levels of the hygienic performance by bakers were positively correlated (p<0.01) with the recognitions of the importance on sanitary characteristics. These results might provide basic data for hygienic training and play a role on the improvement of the sanitary management in bakery.