• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.8165-8175
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• 2015

In Korea, summer is hot and humid, and air-conditioners consume lots of electricity. In such case, simultaneous usage of indirect evaporative cooler may reduce the sensible heat and save the electricity. In this study, heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of indirect evaporative cooler made of aluminum, plastic, plastic/paper are investigated both under dry or wet condition. Results show that indirect evaporation efficiencies of the plastic/paper sample (38.5% ~ 51.4%) are approximately the same as those of the aluminum sample (41.9% ~ 47.5%), and are larger than those of the plastic sample (29.0% ~ 37.4%). This suggests that the plastic/paper sample could be a good substitute to the aluminum sample. However, the pressure drops across the paper channel are 92% ~ 106% larger than those across the aluminum channel. The heat transfer coefficients of the paper channel under dry condition are 15% ~ 44% larger than those of the plastic channel. The increases are 185% ~ 203% for the aluminum channel. The pressure drops of the paper channel are 34% ~ 48% larger than those of the plastic channel and 93% ~ 106% larger than those of the aluminum channel. Rigorous heat transfer analysis reveals that, for the plastic sample, 30% ~ 37% of the wet channels remain dry, whereas all the channels are wet for plastic/paper sample. For aluminum sample, the ratio is 17% ~ 23%.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2017

This research was planned to evaluate the structural performance of post tensioned(PT) concrete member subjected to fire. Prime objective was to suggest some techniques to evaluate the performance of post tensioned concrete beam and slab exposed to high temperature through experiment. To accomplish this objective, the following two scopes have been proceeded to verify the strength reducing ratio of strands and find out the difference of resisting force at the PT concrete members exposed to high temperature through the fire test. The properties of prestressing steel(tendon) in PT concrete beam and slab under variable temperatures were reviewed. The test of this study was shown that stress relaxation occurred at high temperature, and some restoration of tensional force appeared as it got cooling down. The residual tension of the post tensioned beams at 4 hours after reaching the target temperature were 70% at $400^{\circ}C$, 10% at $600^{\circ}C$ and 2% at $800^{\circ}C$. The post tensioned slabs were 94% at $400^{\circ}C$, 84.5% at $600^{\circ}C$ and 62% at $800^{\circ}C$. The reason why the residual tension loss of the post tensioned slab was relatively small was considered to be that the slab was exposed just one side to high temperature and the strength of the strand was restored larger than that of beam. Also, it was confirmed that the post tensioned member inevitably experienced the loss of strength by fire damage, and restoration design of the member should be required to compensate for the value as much as lost strength.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.29-29
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• 2001

열전재료는 열전현상을 가지고 있어 열전발전과 열선냉각이 가능하기 때분에 해저용, 우주용, 군사용의 특수 전원으로 이미 실용화되어있고, 반도체, 레이저 다이오드, 적외선 검출소자 등의 냉각기로 쓰여지고 있어 많은 연구자들이 이들 재료에 대한 연구에 관을 갖고 열전특성을 향상시키기 위하여 많은 연구를 진행하고 있다 이들 열전재료는 사용 온도구역에 따라 3종류로 구분하고 있으며, 실온부근의 저온 영역(20$0^{\circ}C$)이하에서는 $Bi_2Te_3$계 재료, 중온영역(20$0^{\circ}C$~50$0^{\circ}C$)에서sms (Pb,Ge) Te계 재료, 고온영역(50$0^{\circ}C$~lOoo$^{\circ}C$)에서는 Si-Ge계 Fe Si계 재료가 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 실온에서 성능지수가 높은 Bi_2(Te,Se)_3$에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. Bi_2(Te,Se)_3$계 열전재료는 기존의 공법인 Zone melting법을 이용하는 경우 성능지수가 높으나, 단위정이 Rhombohedral 구조파 기저면(basal plane)에 벽개성이 있는 관계로 재료의 적지 않은 손실과 가공상의 어려움이 있다. 또한 사료전체에 걸쳐 화학적으로 균질한 고용체를 얻는 것도 어려운 문제점으보 부각되고 있디 따라서 이와같은 문제점을 보완하기 위하여 용질원자의 편석감소, 고용도의 증가, 균일 고용체 형성, 결정립의 미세화등의 장점이 있는 급속응고법을 본 연구에 응용하였다. 본 연구에서는 위에서와 같은 급속응고의 장점과 대량 가공이 능늪한 연간압출공정을 이용하여 제조된 분말을 성형화 하였다. 특히 열간압출 가공에 있어서 압축다이 각 변화는 재료의 소성유동에 매우 중요한 역하을 하게되며, 이와 갇은 소성유동은 본 재료의 열전특성에 중요한 영향을 미치는 C 면 배양에 중요한 역할을 한 것으 로 기대된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 압출다이 각도 변화에 따른 미세조직변화와 이들 조직이 강도와 열전특성에 미치는 영향을 석하고자 한다. 압출재의 미세조직은 XRD(X Ray Diffraction), SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy)으로 분석하였으며, 열전특성인 Seebeck계수($\alpha$)와 전기비저항( $\rho$ )은 열전측정장치로, 기계적 강도는 MTS장비를 이용하여 이루어졌다. 또한 압축다이각도 변화에 따른 결정방위 해석은 모노크로미터가 장착된 X RD장비감 이용하여 분석되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2018

Using hydrogen fuel is expected to be suitable as a reciprocating internal combustion engine with heightened interest in HALE(High Altitude Long Endurance) UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). Hydrogen is hightest energy density per mass so it can continue to charge for long periods of time and have positive part of the environmental effects. However, it is estimated that there is less research on hydrogen fuel engine currently applied, and many studies need to be done. Depending on the operation, there are factors that result in supercooling due to reduced radiation or reduce cooling performance due to low air density. Therefore, the experiment was to change the temperature of the cooling water and investigate the effect on engine combustions. The limitation of the stable operation range due to backfire is dominated by the excess air ratio rather than the effect of the cooling water temperature change. When the cooling water temperature increases, the volumetric efficiency decreases and the torque decreases. As the cooling water temperature decreases, the heat loss was increased and consequently the thermal efficiency was decreased.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.702-708
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• 2017

The heat generation rate in a telecommunications cabinet keeps increasing due to the increased usage of mobile devices. Insufficient removal of the heat increases the cabinet temperature, which results in the malfunction of the electronic devices. In this study, tests were conducted on aluminum and plastic heat exchangers for cooling a telecommunications cabinet, and the results were compared with theoretical predictions. The aluminum heat exchanger comprised counter flow parallel channels with 4.5-mm pitch, and the plastic heat exchangers comprised cross or cross-counter flow triangular channels with 2.0-mm pitch. The volume of the cross flow heat exchanger was the same as that of the aluminum heat exchanger, and the volume of the cross-counter heat exchanger was 33% larger than that of the aluminum heat exchanger. The results show that the heat transfer rate is the highest for the cross-counter heat exchanger and lowest for the aluminum one. The temperature efficiency of the cross-counter heat exchanger was 56% higher than that of the aluminum one and 20% higher than that of the cross flow heat exchanger. The pressure drop of the cross-counter heat exchanger was approximately the same as that of the aluminum one. The heat exchange efficiency was the highest for the cross-counter heat exchanger and lowest for the cross flow heat exchanger. The theoretical analysis somewhat overestimated or underestimated the data.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.686-690
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• 2006

Quality properties of legumes (Seoritae and red bean) with soaking of 3% NaCl solution and microwave dying were evaluated. The samples were soaking with 3% NaCl at $25^{\circ}C$ for 6 hr(Seoritae) and 12 hr(red bean). Moisture content of Seoritae and red bean after soaking are 35.8%, and 35.1% respectively. The samples were dried with microwave treatment and cooling with microwave treatment combination secondly to $12{\sim}14%$ for moisture content Hardness of Seoritae was decreased from $12,863g_f$ to $3,309g_f$. There was a difference between varieties on color value. Hardness of cooked rice with ratio of milled rice and legumes(7:3) was $3,165g_f$ which is lower value compared to regular cooked mixed rice. Sensory evaluation of cooked mixed rice showed that treated samples have higher scores on color, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptability values than those of control.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.273-273
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• 2010

고열부하 환경에 노출되는 핵융합로의 플라즈마 대향부품은 주로 낮은 원자번호 물질-열전도가 좋은 물질-구조체의 순으로 다층 구조를 이루고 있으며, 이들 간의 우수한 접합성은 부품의 성능을 좌우하는 핵심 요소이다. 이러한 플라즈마 대향부품의 건전성을 평가하기 위해서는 고열속의 열부하를 반복적으로 인가하는 시험이 요구되며, 이를 위해 본 연구원에서는 KoHLT-1, 2의 시험시설을 운용하고 있다. 본 시설에서는 열부하원으로서 그라파이터 히터를 사용하며, 히터는 두 개의 시험 대상부품 사이에 설치되고, 히터에 고전류를 인가하여 복사열에 의해 시험 부품에 열부하를 가하게 된다. 고열부하 환경에서 열피로 시험을 위해 히터에 인가되는 전류를 시간에 따라 일정한 패턴으로 반복적으로 ON-OFF 하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 고열부하시험을 수행함에 있어 고려해야 할 여러 가지 요소에 대해 논의하였다. 우선 인가하는 열유속(heat flux) 값은 일차적으로 시험시설의 최대 출력에 의해 좌우되며, 시험대상물의 운전조건 및 열부하 반복횟수에 의해 결정된다. 열부하 반복횟수는 주어진 열유속 값에 대해 total strain이 파단에 이르는 수준에 의해 결정된다. 열부하를 인가하는 시간은 히터에 전류를 인가했을 때 요구되는 온도로 상승하는 데 걸리는 시간과 시험대상물의 온도가 더 이상 증가하지 않는데 걸리는 시간에 의해 좌우된다. 냉각시간은 길수록 시험대상물의 온도가 냉각수의 온도에 접근하게 되나 너무 길어지면 시험시간이 급격히 증가하게 되므로, 온도 감소 곡선을 검토하여 적절한 시간을 정하게 된다. 열유속 측정은 냉각수의 온도 상승값과 유량으로부터 계산하게 되며, 정확한 측정을 위해서는 열부하를 인가하는 시간이 충분히 길어야 한다. 또한 시험대상 부품에서 열부하가 인가되는 면적을 정확히 정의해야 하며, 냉각관로에 열부하가 인가되어서는 않된다. 또한 시험대상부품을 지지하는 지지구조체를 통한 열손실을 최소화해야 정확한 열유속을 측정할 수 있다. 시험대상부품을 설치할 때 히터와의 간격 또한 결정해야 할 중요한 요소이며, 간격이 좁을수록 최대 열유속 값을 증가시킬 수 있으나, 너무 가까운 경우 히터의 열변형에 의한 접촉 및 아크 방전의 가능성이 있으며, 이 경우 히터와 시험대상부품의 손상을 가져오게 된다. 시험대상물이 국제열핵융합로(ITER)의 일차벽과 같이 베릴륨이 포함되어 있는 경우 방전에 의한 손상은 인체에 유해한 오염의 원인이 될 수 있다. 또한 순간적인 방전은 고가의 고전류전원의 고장을 유발할 수도 있다. 열부하 시험 중 시험대상물의 온도를 정확히 측정하는 것은 필수적이며, 온도 변화 곡선으로부터 시험대상물의 건전성 여부를 판단할 수 있다. 이를 위해 변화를 가장 잘 탐지 할 수 있는 위치에 온도 센서를 설치하는 것이 관건이며, 이는 사전 분석을 통해 알 수 있다.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.549-556
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• 2005

Effects of the dimensionless variables on the heat transport phenomena in the extrusion process of a single screw extruder have been studied numerically. Based on the understanding of the solids conveying related to the geometrical structure and characteristics of the screw, the heat balance equation for the solids conveying zone was established and normalized. The finite volume method and power-law scheme were applied to derive a discretized equation and the equation was solved using the alternating direction iterative method with relaxation. Effects of the dimensionless parameters, Biot and Peclet numbers, that define the heat transfer characteristics of the solids conveying zone have been investigated with respect to the temperature of the feeding zone and the length of the solids conveying zone. As the Biot number is increased, the heat loss by cooling dominates to decrease the temperature of the barrel but it has little effects on the temperature of the solids bed and the length of the solids conveying zone. On the other hand, if the Peclet number is increased, the convection term dominates to decrease the temperature of the solids bed and it results in an increase in the length of the solids conveying zone.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.75-82
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• 2017

In this study, a new cleaning method using carbon dioxide pellet in the part of underground pipe cleaning method was proposed and verified. First of all, the commentary of The Society for Protective Coatings was examined in detail to determine the quantitative cleaning effects. Also, field tests were carried out to confirm the application of the new method. In the test, the surface condition of inner pipe after the application of the new method was investigated and two types of nozzles were compared in the tests. Also, the tests to measure the final impact pressure of air and carbon dioxide pellet mixtures were performed to investigate the losses of air pressure were investigated. Through this verification on the new method, it was found that the new method is very efficient for the removal of the rust in the pipe cleaning works. Also, the nozzle with excellent cleaning effect was also selected. As a result, this method will be able to largely contribute to the recycling of $CO_2$ which is limited to the use as a cooling agent or the storage of waste.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.737-743
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• 2004

A fixed-tuned SIS(Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor) mixer across 120∼180 GHz band has been developed. This mixer employs an SIS chip fabricated by Nobeyama radio observatory which consists of a series array of 6 Nb/Al-Al$_2$O$_3$/Nb junctions in a microstrip line on a fused quartz substrate. The SIS chip is placed at the center of the half-height waveguide mixer mount to have a good incoming signal coupling over the whole frequency band. No mechanical tuner was used in the SIS mixer and the RF signal and local oscillator power are injected to the mixer via a cooled cross-guide coupler. In order to prevent the IF signal loss, the If output impedance of the SIS mixer was matched to the 50 $\Omega$ input impedance of the IF chain. Measured double sideband noise temperatures of a receiver using the SIS mixer are 32∼131 K over 120∼180 GHz band. The developed SIS mixer is now in use for radio astronomical observations on the TRAO 14 m radio telescope.