• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-41
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• 1999

The perceived stress response inventory(PSRI) was developed to measure 4 types of current stress responses : emotional, somatic, cognitive, and behavioral responses. 242 patients with psychiatric disorders(71 patients with anxiety disorders, 73 patients with depressive disorders, 47 patients with somatoform disorders, 51 patients with psychosomatic disorders) and 215 healthy subjects completed the questionnaire including the PSRI. Global assessment of recent stress(GARS) scale, perceived stress questionnaire(PSQ) and symptom checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R) were also administered at the same time. Factor analysis for each of 4 types of stress responses yielded 8 factors : negative emotional responses, general somatic symptoms, specific somatic symptoms, lowered cognitive function and general negative thinking, self-depreciative thinking, impulsive-aggressive thinking, passive-responsive and careless behavior, and impulsive-aggressive behavior. Both test-restest reliability(r= .83 -.93) and internal consistency(Cronbach's alpha : .79 -.96 for each of 8 subscales and .98 for total items of the scale) were all at statistically significant levels. Total scores of the PSRI significantly correlated with total scores of GARS scale, PSQ, and global indicies of SCL-90-R, respectively. The patient group had significantly higher scores than healthy subjects in each of all the subscales except impulsive-aggressive behavior subscale. These results suggest that the PSRI is a reliable and valid tool stable over time which may be effectively used for the research in stress-related field including psychosomatic medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2002

Childhood psychic trauma appears to be a crucial factor in the development of serious disorders both in childhood and in adulthood. Traumatized children show strong tendency to revisualize or re-feel a traumatic events. Play and behavioral reenactments are frequent manifestations of both the single blow and the long-standing traumas in childhood. Those children who suffer the results of single, intense terror appear to exhibit detailed memory, retrospective reworkings and misperceptions. In long-standing or repetitive trauma, children would show psychic numbing, self-hypnosis, dissociation and rage. Child's brain is undergoing critical and sensitive periods of differentiation. During this time, developing central nervous system is exquisitely sensitive to stress. Stressor-activated neurotransmitters and hormones can play major roles in neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and neurochemical differentiation. Internal opiate system operates in some trauma and causes the victim to fail to respond, to avoid, to shut off feelings. Evidence is also accumulating in traumatology that dysfuntion of locus coeruleus and ventral tegmental neucleus system leads to catecholamine receptors hypersensitivity. This change result in hypervigilance, increased startle, affective lability, and increased autonomic nervous system hyperreactivity. Another site of action of trauma on the brain is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Individuals with PTSD do not have enough cortisol to halt the alarm reaction. When children are exposed to long-standing extreme events, massive attempts to protect the psyche and to preserve the self are put into gear. These developmental traumas mobilize various kinds of defense mechanisms. Massive denial, dissociation, self anesthesia, identification with aggressor and aggression turned against the self often lead to profound character changes in the youngsters.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.381-407
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop scale for the measurement of indirect traumatization occurred by social disaster and test their validity. To achieve this purpose, this study conduct a research through the following procedure. First, to develop the inventory, various responses of indirect traumatization occurred by social disaster were gathered from Korean adults participated in open questionnaire. 41 items were made. Second, exploratory factor analysis were performed and 21 items were selected in this step. The Indirect Trauma Scale of Social Disaster(ITSSD) consisted of 4 factors, each with 4-to-8 items, respectively. Four factors include ① private coping responses ② symptom responses ③ distrust responses of world ④ moral emotion cause of social perpetrators. Appropriate levels of reliability were established for the ITSSD. Third, Indirect Trauma Scale of Social Disaster was validated by confirmatory factor analysis, and 21 items were fixed. To 300 participants differed from development step, confirmatory factor analysis was performed. 4 factors structure derived from the exploratory analysis was appropriate. And 4 factors indicated reasonable fit index such as TLI(.913), CFI (.924) and RMSEA(.077). In addition, ITSSD identified a significant positive correlation with Posttrauma Risk Checklist, Korean Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-KYZ and negative with Acceptance-action Questionnaire-2. But that was unrelated to Forgiveness Trait Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale. Also the result showed that Women experienced high level of indirect trauma of social disaster than men.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.83-110
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• 2010

Dissatisfied customers may express their dissatisfaction behaviorally. These behavioral responses may impact the firms' profitability. How do we model the impact of self regulatory orientation on emotions and subsequent customer behaviors? Obviously, the positive and negative emotions experienced in these situations will influence the overall degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the service(Zeelenberg and Pieters 1999). Most likely, these specific emotions will also partly determine the subsequent behavior in relation to the service and service provider, such as the likelihood of complaining, the degree to which customers will switch or repurchase, and the extent of word of mouth communication they will engage in(Zeelenberg and Pieters 2004). This study investigates the antecedents, consequences of negative consumption emotion and the moderate effect of attribution processing in an integrated model(self regulatory mode → specific emotions → behavioral responses). We focused on the fact that regret and disappointment have effects on consumer behavior. Especially, There are essentially two approaches in this research: the valence based approach and the specific emotions approach. The authors indicate theoretically and show empirically that it matters to distinguish these approaches in services research. and The present studies examined the influence of two regulatory mode concerns(Locomotion orientation and Assessment orientation) with making comparisons on experiencing post decisional regret and disappointment(Pierro, Kruglanski, and Higgins 2006; Pierro et al. 2008). When contemplating a decision with a negative outcome, it was predicted that high (vs low) locomotion would induce more disappointment than regret, whereas high (vs low) assessment would induce more regret than disappointment. The validity of the measurement scales was also confirmed by evaluations provided by the participating respondents and an independent advisory panel; samples provided recommendations throughout the primary, exploratory phases of the study. The resulting goodness of fit statistics were RMR or RMSEA of 0.05, GFI and AGFI greater than 0.9, and a chi-square with a 175.11. The indicators of the each constructs were very good measures of variables and had high convergent validity as evidenced by the reliability with a more than 0.9. Some items were deleted leaving those that reflected the cognitive dimension of importance rather than the dimension. The indicators were very good measures and had convergent validity as evidenced by the reliability of 0.9. These results for all constructs indicate the measurement fits the sample data well and is adequate for use. The scale for each factor was set by fixing the factor loading to one of its indicator variables and then applying the maximum likelihood estimation method. The results of the analysis showed that directions of the effects in the model are ultimately supported by the theory underpinning the causal linkages of the model. This research proposed 6 hypotheses on 6 latent variables and tested through structural equation modeling. 6 alternative measurements were compared through statistical significance test of the paths of research model and the overall fitting level of structural equation model and the result was successful. Also, Locomotion orientation more positively influences disappointment when internal attribution is high than low and Assessment orientation more positively influences regret when external attribution is high than low. In sum, The results of our studies suggest that assessment and locomotion concerns, both as chronic individual predispositions and as situationally induced states, influence the amount of people's experienced regret and disappointment. These findings contribute to our understanding of regulatory mode, regret, and disappointment. In previous studies of regulatory mode, relatively little attention has been paid to the post actional evaluative phase of self regulation. The present findings indicate that assessment concerns and locomotion concerns are clearly distinct in this phase, with individuals higher in assessment delving more into possible alternatives to past actions and individuals higher in locomotion engaging less in such reflective thought. What this suggests is that, separate from decreasing the amount of counterfactual thinking per se, individuals with locomotion concerns want to move on, to get on with it. Regret is about the past and not the future. Thus, individuals with locomotion concerns are less likely to experience regret. The results supported our predictions. We discuss the implications of these findings for the nature of regret and disappointment from the perspective of their relation to regulatory mode. Also, self regulatory mode and the specific emotions(disappointment and regret) were assessed and their influence on customers' behavioral responses(inaction, word of mouth) was examined, using a sample of 275 customers. It was found that emotions have a direct impact on behavior over and above the effects of negative emotions and customer behavior. Hence, We argue against incorporating emotions such as regret and disappointment into a specific response measure and in favor of a specific emotions approach on self regulation. Implications for services marketing practice and theory are discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.491-504
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• 2000

Recent research has shown that students' interest in learning physics is not a simple one. In this study the dimensions of students' interest in learning physics have been identified. These are the topic being taught, the activity in which the students are involved, and the motive of the students for learning physics. A Likert-style pilot questionnaire was constructed for identifying these dimensions and given to 13 year-old 162 students. A factor analysis of the results indicates that there are meaningful sub-dimensions in interest. In other words, while there were no specific sub-dimensions in topic dimension, motive dimension could be divided into intrinsic motive and extrinsic motive, and activity dimension could also be divided into receptive, experiential, high cognitive, and interactive activity.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.150-159
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• 2003

This study suggests methods of assessing scientific creativity and developing items, which can be achieved when both earth science knowledge and general creativity are applied at the same time. According to the results of this study, the cognitive ability gaps between creativity and scientific creativity were clearly defined by the terms' operational definition. Four factors in the Subcategory Of Scientific Creativity-fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and originality-were selected, and the possibility of developing items out of these factors was discovered. The operational definitions of the four factors were given and the criteria for assessment and scoring were set. The validity, reliability, discrimination, and difficulty, which were the conditions required for the assessment instruments, were verified through three field trials of inputting the assessment instruments for scientific creativity. The assessment instruments were composed of 8 items with 2items for each factor. The average item fitness index obtained was 0.99, Cronbach , the item inter-consistency was 0.79,the inter-rater reliability of each item was 0.78, the inter-rater reliability of each factor was 0.75, the item discrimination power was 0.19, and the item difficulty was 0.00. Because the results were within the permitted limit of the conditions required for assessment instruments, the assessment instruments developed for scientific creativity in this study can be said to be very favorable.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.145-164
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• 2020

This study aims to validate the Korean Student Career Construction Inventory, a translated measure of career adaptation responses, with Korean college students. In order to do so, this study examines the relevant factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion-related validity and measurement invariance between Korean undergraduate and graduate students. An online survey was completed by 294 participants, including the questions from the translated Korean Student Career Construction Inventory, in addition to measures of career adaptability and vocational identity. One hundred twenty five among the initial participants were tested again in three months for the examination of test-retest reliability. The results supported the four-factor structure of 18 items suggested by the original measure, as well as measurement invariance. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were adequate. The Korean Student Career Construction Inventory was positively correlated with career adaptability, unidimensional vocational identity, and the dimensions of exploration and commitment of multidimensional vocational identity, but negatively with the dimension of reconsideration. The findings indicate that the Korean Student Career Construction Inventory has psychometric properties similar to the original form and can be used for both undergraduate and graduate students.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.79-91
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• 2019

In the entertainment industry, risk management is crucial for securing competitiveness due to the risk of investment. The competitiveness of contents is reinforced when external factors such as industrial environment and internal factors centering on involving mechanism are simultaneously provided. The involving mechanism is a form of cognitive response behavior of the audience and occurs through signal processing of the brain when watching the image contents. The signal processing of the brain related to the contents watching is mainly performed in the working memory area, and in the case of the captivating movie, the information other than the contents transmitted to the audience is blocked to generate a temporary dissociation state. A dissociation state similar to a symptom such as hypnosis or amnesia occurs when the audience's level of involving is high. On the other hand, contents information in which the audience is concentrating his attention is used intensively for constructing future thinking through an episodic buffer while the inflow of external information is relatively blocked or delayed. The spectator's future thinking configuration takes the form of a hypothesis-forming activity and is based on the predictability of the brain. When these hypothesized behaviors correspond to the problem solving simulation of story and predictability which is an evolutionary function of the brain, the audience' s brain is involved in the contents at a high level. In order for the act to be effective, the factors such as the background of the hypothesis, the subject of the hypothesis, the internal information of the person, the type and position and quantity of the hypothesis information, and the hypothesis relevance and type of information are important. Based on these factors, analysis of the Kim Eun Sook Drama 'Goblin' shows that the above elements are operated in a very organic and meaningful way.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.439-452
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to encourage continuous participation in sports and to provide basic data for the promotion of participation in leisure sports. To achieve the purpose, this study conducted factor scaling analysis on participation motives for leisure sports and subdivided them to analyze psychological reactions of participants. As for study methods, this study collected master and doctor's degree theses and academic journals on motives for sports participation that were conducted from 1997 to 2012 from Korean major search engines. On the search engines, a keyword 'motive' was searched first and then studies on participation motive for leisure sports were collected. Key words that appeared when searching 'motive' were combined with other key words and word spacing between them were checked before conducting a literature analysis. The study results showed that participation motives for leisure sports were divided into a participation motive, an internal motive, an external motive, a leisure motive and other motives. It was identified that there were 23 factors for the participation motive, 17 factors each for the internal motive and the external motive, 8 factors for the leisure motive and 57 factors for other motives. It was found out that 76 factors were used to study a participation motive for leisure sports, excluding the factors that have similar or overlapping meaning based on each factor.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.347-368
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine whether there was a difference in the recognition and teaching strategies for the young child's behavioral problems according to teachers' socio-demographic variables and ego-resiliency level by analyzing survey responses from 238 teachers of 3, 4, and 5-year-old children. This study found that the group of teachers with the education level of junior college graduation or higher showed higher degree of recognition of children's behavioral problems than the group of teachers with a lower level of education. And the group of teachers at kindergartens showed a higher degree of recognition of children's behavioral problems than the group of teachers at day care centers. Regarding the difference according to the level of ego-resiliency, the group of higher ego-resiliency showed higher degree of recognition of children's behavioral problems than the group of lower ego-resiliency. In terms of teachers' teaching strategies for the behavioral problems, differences were recognized at sub-categories. To explain, differences were recognized in accordance with the teachers' age and career as well as their education level and work place; the higher the teachers' age, career, and education the more often they used the positive prevention strategy I. And teachers at kindergartens resorted to the negative response strategies more often than those at day care centers. Finally, the teaching strategies for the behavioral problems according to the teachers' ego-resiliency, group differences were seen in all the sub categories. The result of this study suggested that the need to develop and apply such programs for pre-service teachers and for teacher reeducation reflect those variables.