• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.394-399
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• 2004

The effects of gamma irradiation to improve the hygienic quality and microbiological shelf stability of whole baked egg were investigated by comparison with autoclaving process. The contamination levels of coliform, total aerobic bacteria and fungal group in a fresh egg were 10$^{5}$ CFU/g, 10$^{2}$ CFU/g and 10$^{1}$ CFU/g, respectively. After baking process, total aerobic bacteria and fungi were not exceeded to 10$^{1}$ CFU/g. Also, coliform was not detected under the aseptic process. However, cell counts of the baked egg after packaging reached to 10$^{4}$ CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria, 10$^{1}$ CFU/g of coliform, and 10$^{2}$ CFU/g of fungi. Therefore, it was assumed that microbial contamination of baked and packaged egg was mainly originated from an environmental uptake during packaging process. Microbiological shelf stability of the non sterilized control was about a week. Whereas, the baked eggs irradiated at more than 5 kGy were stable over 12 weeks at ambient condition as like those being autoclaved. Analytical texture profIle was stable within 10 kGy, but it became hardened in the sample treated with autoclaving. About 67$\%$ of panelists identified a sensory difference between non-irradiated and 10 kGy-irradiated sample. The baked egg irradiated at 10 kGy and autoclaved had lower acceptability than the control or samples irradiated lower than 5 kGy. Therefore, it was considered that optimal irradiation dose for radiation sterilization of baked and packaged egg was 5 kGy. At that point, it was recommended that appropriate microbiological shelf-life was 12 weeks at ambient condition.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.262-274
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• 1999

Several alternatives for increasing the fluoride concentration in the mouth, such as water fluoridation, ingestion of fluoride supplements, fluoride paste, fluoride mouthrinse, application of fluoride gel are available. There is an impressive body of evidence that the topically deliverd fluorides are clinically effective in inhibiting the progression of dental caries. Recent studies on the cariostatic action of fluoride have indicated the importance of fluoride in the fluid environment of the teeth. The fluoride levels in unstimulated whole saliva can be considered indicative of F in the aqueous phase available for interaction with the tooth surface at a given time. The retention of F in the mouth after topical fluoride treatment is considered to be an important factor in the clinical efficacy of F. The aim of this study was to determine the elevation and clearance of fluoride in whole saliv after the following topical flouride treatments using HMDS-diffusion technique and fluoride ion electrode. The obtained results were as follow: 1. Average salivary fluoride concentration in the unstimulated whole saliva was $0.0152ppm{\pm}0.0091ppm$. Unstimulated salivary flow rate was between 0.34-0.36ml/min and there was no statistically significant difference among the groups(p>0.05). 2. Except for the immediate time after treatment, fluoride levels followed as APF gel>neutral gel>F-rinse>F-paste. There was no statistical difference between the salivary F concentration of F-paste group and that of control group after 2 hours. In case of F-rinse group, after 3 hours the concentration had dropped to baseline value. But there was statistically significant difference among the F concentraion of F gel groups and that of control group(p<0.05). 3. The mean $AUC_{0-120min}$ values were followed as neutral gel>APF gel>F-rinse>F-paste, and the values of the two former groups were significantly higher than those of the two latter groups(p<0.05).

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2000

Gonad and blood samples were taken from the cultured female Korean sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus from October to February between 1997 and 1999. Gonadosomatic index began to increase in November and reached the highest value in December (12.8$\pm$1.5) and January (14.8$\pm$3.5), and then decreased sharply in February (2.6$\pm$1.5, p<0.05). The ovarian oocytes developed to tertiary yolk stage and reached fully-Brown stage in December and January, and then underwent atresia without maturation and ovulation in February. The plasma estradio3-17 $\beta$ level increased from November, and reached the highest value in December (1,152.3$\pm$107.2 pg/ml) and January (1,315.4$\pm$99.5 pg/ml), after then decreased in February (P<0.05). The concentration of plasma 17 $\alpha$ ,20 $\beta$-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was not significantly changed at low levels (86.6$\pm$6.5∼93.8$\pm$2.8 pg/ml) during the experimental period (P<0.05). All the fish with fully-grown oocytes in the ovary were matured and ovulated by HCG injection. The number of floating eggs were 325,000$\pm$26,000 at HCG 1,000 luhg and 195,000$\pm$35,000 at 2,000 lUikg. There was no difference in fertilization rate and hatching rate of the eggs (P<0.05). Considering these results, we could infer that the ovarian oocyte of the cultured Korean sea bass were not matured and ovulated because of the lack of gonadotropin surge. Moreover, HCG injection could induce oocyte maturation and ovulation in the cultured fish, and the effective dose was 1,000 IU/kg.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2010

A study was conducted to determine the effects the of cattle manure application on forage yield, quality and soil in orchard grass pasture at the experimental field of Subtropical Animal Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science from 2008 to 2009. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of chemical fertilizer (CF N-200 kg/ha), cattle manure 50% (basis N, CM50%), CM100% (basis N), CM200% (basis N). The dry matter (DM) yield of CM200% was the highest among the other treatments. CF showed the highest average crude protein (CP) content by 12.4% and CM50% showed the lowest content by 11.0%. Average acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were 30.4 and 69.7% respectively. All treatments have narrow range of total digestibility nutrient (TDN) from 64.0% to 69.1%. But there were big difference between treatment in forage nitrate content. Changes of physical and chemical properties of soils for applications of CF 200% and CM 200% was clearly in cattle manure application. Especially, CM application in pasture increased CF application with respect to soil pH, organic matter (OM), and avaliable phosphorous ($P_2O_5$) contents of soils.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2001

It is possible to use hairy vetch as green manure for corn not only in corn single cropping but also in double cropping system of corn and fall oats. Fall oats and hairy vetch were mixed-sown after corn harvest and harvested as forage in the early of November, and then hairy vetch stubble was over-wintered and incorporated into soil at corn planting as green manure without N fertilizer (FO+HV-GM). Other treatments were fall oats without N fertilizer on corn (FO-0N) and with N fertilizer 200kg/ha on corn (FO-200N), hairy vetch green manure without N fertilizer on corn (HV-GM), and fell winter follow without N fertilizer on corn (WF-0N). Soil nitrate content, corn growth and nitrogen uptakes, and yield of corn were measured and compared during 2-year experimental seasons. Dry matter and N amount of hairy vetch at the plot of FO+HV-GM were 60% less than those at the plot of HV-GM. The N effect of hairy vetch green manure on corn at the plot of HV-GM was similar to that at FO-200N plot for two years. Soil nitrate at the plot of FO+HV-GM was below the half of those at plots of HV-GM and FO-200N at 6-leaf stage of corn. N uptake of corn at the plot of FO+HV-GM at silking stage was 30% less than those at plot of HV-GM and FO-200N. However, soil nitrate at 6-leaf stage of corn and the amount of nitrogen uptake of corn at silking stage increased two times and 30-40 kg/ha, respectively, compared with those at the plot of FO-0N. Corn yield at FO+HV-GM decreased about 2 ton/ha due to the decrease of corn grain weight in the first year compared with plot of HV-GM and FO-200N, but its difference was not shown in succeeding second year. Corn N uptake at FO+HV-GM decreased 60 kg/ha and 20 kg/ha in 1999 and 2000, compared with plot of HV-GM and FO-200N, respectively, but increased 30kg/ha and 45kg/ha compared with the plot of FO-0N in 1999, 2000, respectively. Therefore, it is estimated that hairy vetch green manure in fall oats-corn double cropping system can reduce nitrogen chemical fertilizer on corn as much as 50-100 kg/ha although its N effect is much lower than the N effect of hairy vetch green manure in corn single cropping of which N effect is over 200 kg/ha.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.248-254
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the proper application amount of anaerobic digestion waste water and the environmental influence on rice. The waste water collected after methane fermentation process of pig manure was used as a liquid manure. Liquid manure 100%+chemical fertilizer 30%(LM 100%+CF 30) treatment was the most favorable at all growth stages of rice. The LM 100%+CF 30% treatment was applied to 100% amount of liquid manure which was correspond to the same amount of nitrogen for the standard application amount on rice, with adding 30% amount of chemical fertilizer(urea) at tillering stage. The yields of rice in the treatments of 100%(LM 100%) and 150% amount(LM 150%) of liquid manure were similar or a little higher than NPK treatment but LM 100%+CF 30% treatment was less than the NPK treatment due to the increase of straw weight and plant lodging. In periodic changes of the $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents, the LM 70%+CF 30% treatment in paddy soil was the highest in all treatments. The NPK and the LM 100% treatments in irrigation water quality were higher than other treatments. In infiltration water quality, $NH_4-N$ content was leached out much in the LM 150% treatment and $NO_3-N$ content was in the LM 100%+CF 30% treatment. The proper application amount of anaerobic digestion waste water as a liquid manure must be to analyse the nitrogen content of the waste water and to apply the same amount of nitrogen for the standard application amount on rice.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the proper application level of anaerobic digestion waste water on rice. The waste water was from methane fermentation of pig manure to use as a liquid manure. The mixture treatment of 70% liquid manure and 30% chemical fertilizer (LM 70%+CF 30%) and 100% liquid manure (LM 100%) treatment were higher number of tiller than other treatments at the both tillering and heading stages of rice. The yields of LM 70%+CF 30% and LM 100% treatments were a little higher than that of NPK treatment, but the mixture treatment of 50% liquid manure and 50% chemical fertilizer (LM 50%+CF 50%) was a little lower yield than NPK treatment. The periodic changes of the $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents of the NPK and the LM 50%+CF 50% treatments in paddy soil were a little higher than those of other treatments at the early stage of rice. The $NH_4-N$ contents of NPK and the LM 50%+CF 50% treatments in irrigation water quality were higher than those of other treatments, however there was no difference in $NO_3-N$ content among the treatments. The $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents of non fertilizer treatment in infiltration water quality were leached a little higher than those of other treatments. It may be due to poor growth of rice following to reduce the nutrient uptake by rice and to increase relatively the nutrient leaching to the ground water. The proper application level of anaerobic digestion waste water as a liquid manure could be suggested to apply LM 70%+CF 30%. All treatments were the same amount of nitrogen content for the standard application amount on rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2013

Currently, about 35 cyclotrons have been operating in South Korea. Most of them are mainly used for the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals such as $^{18}FDG$, which is a cancer tracer for nuclear medicine. Highly enriched $H_2{^{18}}O$ containing up to 98% of $^{18}O/O$ isotope ratio is used as the target for $^{18}F$ production. The price of the highly enriched $H_2{^{18}}O$ ranges 60~70 USD/g, and all of them have been imported from foreign country in spite of the very expensive price. The target (enriched $H_2{^{18}}O$) is non-radioactive before the proton beam irradiation. But, the post-irradiation target (used $H_2{^{18}}O$) must be managed following the National Radiation Safety Regulations, because it turns into radioactive by the radioactivation of the impurities within the target. Recently, nevertheless of the fast increasing amount of used $H_2{^{18}}O$ in accordance with the increasing number of nuclear medicine cases, any activation analysis on the used $H_2{^{18}}O$ have been conducted yet in Korea. In this research, activation analysis have been conducted to confirm the specific radioactivity(Bq/g) of each radioisotopes within the used $H_2{^{18}}O$. The analysis have been done on the 3 of 20g samples collected from the used $H_2{^{18}}O$ storages at different cyclotron centers. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the "used $H_2{^{18}}O$" contains gamma emitters such as $^{56}Co$, $^{57}Co$, $^{58}Co$, and $^{54}Mn$ as well as the considerable amount of beta emitter $^3H$. It was also confirmed that the only one sample contained over exemption level of gamma emitters while the specific activity of tritium was lower than the exemption level in all samples. The specific activity of radioisotopes were measured different levels in the samples depending on the elapsed time after irradiation. Further study on the activation of the "used $H_2{^{18}}O$" is definitely necessary, nevertheless the as-is results of this research must be useful in establishing a rational "used $H_2{^{18}}O$" management protocol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1212-1217
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate Quality characteristics of Pleurospermum kamtschaticum to increase the value of functional food resources. To examine Quality characteristics of Pleurospermum kamtschaticum, various factors such as color, texture, fiber, minerals, tannin, crude proteins, crude lipids and sensory quality, were determined using physicochemical methods. The contents of dietary fiber were 0.57％ and 0.54％ in each 100 g of leaf and stem parts (freeze drying base). In mineral content, potassium was the highest value in both of leaf and stem parts (freeze drying base). The contents of tannin were 108.1 $\mu$g/mL and 20.9 $\mu$g/mL in leaf and stem parts (fresh base) respectively. Blanching stems showed significant difference in hardness from freeze-drying leaves. The antioxidative activity in ethanol extracts of Pleurospermum kamtschaticum was investigated using peroxide value and free radical scavenging activity. Free radical scavenging activity in ethanol extracts of Pleurospermum kamtschaticum was 43.5％ in a 100 $\mu$g/mL level, and the antioxidative index was 1.09 in a 500 $\mu$g/mL level. For functional food using Pleurospermum kamtschaticum the contents of crude proteins and lipids were about 9％ and 26％, respectively. The results from sensory evaluation of each treatment older age showed a better acceptability.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.21
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• pp.77-110
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• 2004

This study is an exploration of a Korean-American writer, Hong-Eun's Mong-yu siga. Hong-Eun immigrated to the United States during the colonial rule of the Japanese government. He was a publisher of The New Korea Times, and contributed various literary works to it. The purpose of this study is to analyze his two Mong-yu sigas published in 1935 and 1947 and elucidate their meanings. Using dream as a primary motif, the intention of Mong-yu mode is to achieve desire which is impossible to reach in reality. While his staying in the United States, Hong-Eun could not return his home country for two reasons, that is, political and financial ones. To return Korea desperately, he wrote sigas by adopting Mong-yu mode. His first attempt was reflected as eight pieces of consecutive poetries titled This Mountain In My Dream, I am Home. This Mountain was published on the 25th of April, 1935 and In My Dream, I am Home was contributed from May the 9th of 1935 to July the fourth of the same year. These works were published in the The New Korea Times' poetry column under the pen name of Donghae-soboo , Representing gasa of the enlightenment era, this poetry depicts historical identity of Chosun dynasty, especially focusing on before and after the 1900s. As a result of it, the poetry sketches the ideology of the Middle Ages. His second attempt was A Country and Hometown written as a form of prelude on the 25th of September, 1947. In addition, A Country in My Dream was published as a form of six pieces of consecutive poetry from October the second to November the sixth of 1947. He chose sijo as a major form of poetry, and the image of the poetry seemed to be the continuation of his first attempt. Confronting the reality of the his own country which is divided, the writer expresses his antagonism toward America and Russia. Although he could eventually return his country later, he rationalized himself by saying that his it is not the ideal place to go. Mong-yu mode is a traditional poetic technique which the intellectuals of the Middle Age used to use as one pattern of allegory. In addition to this, in the period of the enlightenment of Korea, Mong-yu was used to avoid the Japanese censorship and experiment on the diverse ways of writing. In terms of literary history, the significance of Hong-Eun's creation of Mong-yu sigas is that Hong-Eun shares the same intention with Korean intellectuals of the enlightenment period.