• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.335-346
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary rosemary on performance, microflora population in cecum and noxious gas emission from litter of broiler. A total of 216 broiler chicks at 7 days old were fed the commercial diet (control), added 0.5% level of dried rosemary leaves (5 g/kg diet, T1) and 1.0% level of dried rosemary leaves (10 g/kg diet, T2) for 4 weeks. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved by feeding rosemary at 7 to 35 days of age (P<0.05), but there was no difference between T1 and T2. Amount of feed intake and mortality were not different among the three group. There was an increase in the microflora population of Lactobacillus (P<0.05) and decreased in E. coli and salmonella (P<0.05) in the cecum contents at 21 and 35 days of age. Emission of ammonia gas from litter was significantly decreased by supplementary rosemary at 21 to 35 days of age (P<0.05), but there was no difference between T1 and T2. These results indicated that feeding 0.5 to 1.0% level of dried rosemary leaves during broiler production improved in the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio because of increasing nutrient digestibility from feed, also increase in intestinal beneficial bacteria and decrease in harmful bacteria in the cecum contents, and decreasing emission of ammonia gas from litter.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.388-394
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• 2020

This study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the status of animal welfare, environmental level, and sow behavior, by including two farmhouses with sow group housing but having different floor types, viz., litter floor and slat floor. Animal welfare level was evaluated for body and vulval wounds of sows. The environmental level was measured for a total of 4 months, assessing the concentrations of H2S, NH3 and CO2 inside the pig house, once a month. Results of this study indicate that the level of animal welfare, with respect to body and vulval wounds, was better in the concrete slat floor farmhouse (H) than in the litter floor farmhouse (K). Environmental levels obtained (in ppm) were: H2S (H, 1.0; K, 0.0), NH3 (H, 45.4; K, 1.3), and CO2 (H, 1102.3; K, 258.8), indicating higher levels in the H than in K farmhouse. Aggressive behavior was mainly encountered in the H farmhouse. These results indicate that the same group housing system, but with different flooring, results in changes pertaining to aggressive behavior and environmental levels. It is therefore necessary to study the behavior changes, welfare, and environmental levels while deliberating different floor types.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.209-221
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to obtain basic data on housing facilities and management of broiler welfare certified farms in Korea. We investigated breeds, flock sizes, stocking density, perches, litter, plumage condition, and other diseases. In addition, we measured temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, ammonia, and carbon dioxide concentration in the barn. As result, criteria were met in all cases that we investigated. However, farmers commonly demanded relaxation of perch and litter. Perch usage of broiler was impractical due to low usage of it. Also, litter was increased, resulting in farmers' economic burden by the imbalance between supply and demand. This situation makes farmers reuse the litter. Unfortunately, there are no clear certification standards. During re-inspection, the animal welfare certification of farms was canceled due to the reuse of litter. It is difficult to modify the standard of perch due to the strong declarative meaning of animal welfare rather than the necessity of perch usage, however, the reuse of litter should be improved. It is important to think and solve any problems faced by all farms. Especially, animal welfare standards need to be improved in more clarity and rationality.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.249-253
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• 2021

Litter and manure were obtained at a cow house of a livestock farm in Andondg city. We examined the change of formation of nitrogen and phosphorous from these samples and tried to suggest a more useful and realistic way for removing them. Constituent and its content of sample were identified by XRF. NO₂^-, NO₃^-, and PO₄^3- ions and NH₄⁺, T-P and T-N released from sample were analyzed using ion chromatograph and UV/Vis spectrometry, respectively. As the results of this study, the ammonia nitrogen in the early stage of cow excretion is a need to make an ammonia gas state that can be immediately volatile by increasing the pH. Nitrogen and phosphorous, the main source of nutrition in green algal bloom can be removed by transforming insoluble salts such as calcium phosphate (CaHPO₄·3H₂O) and struvite (NH₄MgPO₄·6H₂O), respectively, with addition of Ca and Mg after stimulating fermentation of manure.

• Monthly Korean Chicken
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• v.4 no.5 s.35
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• pp.2-8
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• 1998

소비기반 확충 ${\cdot}$ 수출산업 육성되야 - GSM-102자금 보증수수료율 인하 - 습도 관리에 초점을 맞추자! - 육계 깔짚 연속이용법 개발 - 98년 세계 브로일러 생산 증가 예상 - 작지만 선진양계 추구하는 뉴질랜드 - 호주, 수출식육 검사제도 개혁추진 - 중국, 육류 유통 ${\cdot}$ 판매 체제 개선 요구 - 필리핀 양계산업 감산 추세 - 계열사육농가 유류대 현수준 유지키로 - IMF체제이후, 저단가 메뉴 선보여 - 사료원료사용 대두박은 감소 채종박은 증가 - 닭고기, 건강한 식생활 유지에 효과 만점 - 미 농무부, IBP사 쇠고기 회수조치

• Monthly Korean Chicken
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.84-91
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• 2009

우리나라는 사계절이 있어 여름과 겨울은 계사의 단열 수준에 따라 환기량과 습도 공급의 균형을 어떻게 유지해 주느냐가 가장 큰 사양관리의 주요한 점이다. 특히 겨울철은 개방계사라도 온도유지를 위해서 계사를 완전히 밀폐된 상태에서 사육을 하기 때문에 형식은 모든 농장이 무창계사와 동일한 상태에서 관리가 이루어진다. 그런데 무창계사의 형태이긴 하지만 단열수준이 충분히 확보되지 않는 농장이 많기 때문에 여러 가지 문제점이 발생한다. 가장 문제되는 것은 호흡기 질병에 노출되는 것인데 이에 대한 대책도 함께 점검해보자. 계사단열보강 문제, 충분한 환기를 위한 열원확보와 홴 설비, 그리고 인원적으로 공급해야 하는 습도관리, 바닥 깔짚온도, 일령에 따라 적절하게 늘려주는 문제, 환기방법, 겨울철 육추관리, 마지막으로 호흡기 질병에 대한 대책도 알아보고자 한다.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.233-237
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• 2008

The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of poultry litter amendments on pH and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in poultry litter. Two laboratory studies were conducted for 42 d in Exp. 1 and for 10 d in Exp. 2, respectively. The poultry litter was treated with various amendments which included 4 g fly ash and 4 g $AlCl_3\;(AlCl_36H_2O)/100g$ litter in Exp. 1 and 4 g alum$(Al_2(SO_4){_3}\;14H_2O)$, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, and 17.3 g liquid alum/100 g litter in Exp. 2; untreated litter served as controls. There were no differences in pH between control and T1(4 g fly ash) and SRP contents between T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) in Exp. 1. A significant difference in pH and SRP contents in Exp. 2 was observed among all treatments(P< 0.05). In experiment 1, T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) at 42 d decreased SRP in litter by 47.1% and 62.6% of that from litter alone, respectively. In experiment 2, T1(4 g alum), T2(8.66 g liquid alum), T3(8 g alum), and T4(17.3 g liquid alum) treatments at 10 days reduced SRP contents by up to 36.2%, 62.9%, 87.0%, and 83.9%, respectively, when compared with the controls. Decrease in SRP contents was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH. These results indicate that use of various litter amendments to limit P solubility has potential and should be pursued as a means of reducing soluble reative phosphorus during short term.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mineral extract from granite on the performance, ammonia production from the litter, components of blood, Newcastle Disease (ND) titer and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. Nine hundred sixty one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross) were assigned to five treatments: C; control, Zeolite; control + zeolite 1$\%$, AM10: control + active mineral water $10\%$ adsorbed zeolite $1\%$, AM20; control + active mineral water $20\%$ adsorbed zeolite $1\%$ and AM30; control + active mineral water $30\%$ adsorbed zeolite $1\%$. Each treatment consisted of four replicates with 48 broiler chicks for feeding trial. In order to test the effect of ND vaccine on the components of blood, ND titer and intestinal microflora, a separate group of 48 broiler chicks were assigned to the same 5 treatment as the feeding trial plus one negative control (No ND vaccine). Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality were not significantly affected by dietary treatments but AM30 tended to be higher than other treatments in weight gain and feed intake, especially during later period (4 to 5 weeks of age). Ammonia production from the litter of AM30 treatment was significantly (P<0.01) lower than the control. Components of blood and ND titer in serum of broiler chickens were not significantly affected by treatments but MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) of blood was significantly lower (P<0.05) in Zeolite treatment compared to others. The colony forming unit (CFU) of Clostridium perfringens in the small intestinal content of all zeolite and AM treated groups was significantly (P<0.01) lower than the control while the CFU of Escherichia coli was not significantly affected. The CFU of Lactobacilli in AM30 treatment was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control. In conclusion, dietary supplement of active mineral water adsorbed to zeolite at $30\%$ level (AM30) tended to improve growth performance of broiler chickens and significantly reduced ammonia production from the litter. It also significantly increased CFU of intestinal Lactobacilli.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.119-122
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• 2020

The effects of liquid potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) on the litter quality of poultry were investigated. Two-hundred-forty 0-day-old broiler chickens (Arbor Acres) were randomly assigned to two treatments with four replicated pens of 30 chickens each. Treatment liquid KMnO₄ at a rate of 50 g of liquid KMnO₄/kg of poultry litter was sprayed onto the litter surface using a small hand pump; others served as a control that was applied without liquid KMnO₄ additions. Compared with controls, the treatment liquid KMnO₄ showed no differences in pH, total nitrogen and ammonia concentration. It was concluded that liquid KMnO₄ did not significantly increase poultry litter quality. Mechanisms relating to increasing litter pH and ammonia using liquid KMnO₄ are an oxidant agent (not acid-foaming agents).

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2000

This study was carried out to determine a suitable mixing rate to utilize the PDF as a bedding materials at the pigpens and investigate the effect of substitute processed dustproof fly-ash(PDF) on the odor. In proportion to the increase of substitute rate of the PDF, the utilizable period was extended, and there was a little change of the moisture in the bedding materials. At all the treatment of PDF, there was the significant effect on the maggots and parasites but it didn\`t hinder in the biodegradation. According to highly mixing rate, PDF decreased in the noxious gas ($NH_3$ and $H_2$S) emission. In conclusion, the mixing rate of 30% or above this substituted level will increase replacement terms, and reduce the sawdust cost and the pollutions of breed pigs.