• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.999-1004
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• 2008

The effects of Bulnesia sarmienti water extract on lipid metabolism were investigated in type-2 diabetes rats. The rats were fed a basal diet and B. sarmienti water extract for 8 weeks. The rats were randomly assigned to each treatment group : normal, control, two kinds of treatment group (BW1: 0.9 mg/ml, BW2: 1.8 mg/ml). After 8 weeks of experimental diets consumption, the body weights and food efficiency ratio of B. sarmienti water extract fed groups were not different from those in the control group. The concentrations of total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride in blood plasma were significantly decreased in the B. sarmienti water extract groups comparison to the control group. Although blood glucose control effects were not observed, the B. sarmienti water extract feeds were highly effective in lowering the levels of blood lipid substances such as triglycerides, total-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2005

Response surface methodology(RSM) was applied to monitor the elimination rate of heavy metals(Pb, Cd) and soluble solids depending on the steaming and roasting conditions of Polygonatum odoratum roots. Experiments of 16 different steaming and roasting conditions based on a central composite design for steaming time($60{\sim}180$ min), roasting temperature($110{\sim}150^{\circ}C$), and roasting time($10{\sim}50$ min) were conducted, thereby predicting the steaming and roasting conditions for the maximal responses; soluble solids($71.47\%$) at 65.24 min, $126.93^{\circ}C$ and 37.58 min; Pb removal rate($18.87\%$) at 71.23 min, $119.81^{\circ}C$ and 24.35 min; Cd removal rate($50,85\%$) at 160.89 min, $126.43^{\circ}C$ and 15.81 min, respectively. The optimum conditions estimated by RSM for the maximized values of soluble solids and heavy metal elimination rates were $165{\sim}180$ min of steaming time, $120{\sim}135^{\circ}C$ of roasting temperature, and $30{\sim}45$ min of roasting time, respectively. These estimated values were in agreement with those measured by real experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 2004

Effect of mulberry tree powders on the antioxidant activity of submerged -liquid culture of mushrooms was investigated. Agaricus blazei (AB), Hericicum erinacium (HE), Pleurotus ostreatus (PO), Phellinus linteu (PL) and Paecilomyces japonicus (PJ) were cultured in a shaking incubator (200 rpm, $25^{\circ}C$) for 7 days in culture media: 1) basal medium (BM) and 2) BM+1% mulberry tree powders (BMM). Hot water extracts from the submerged-liquid cultures of mushrooms and BMM were freeze-dried for the measurement of antioxidant activity, of which reaction mixture (25 mL: 10 mL of 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0; 4.5 mL distilled water; and 10.5 mL ethanol) contained 275 $\mu$mol linoleic acid and one mg test sample. The reaction mixture was incubated in a shaking incubator (200 rpm, 4$0^{\circ}C$) for 16 days. Peroxide value (POV) was measured for a period of over 16 days, and malonaldehyde (MA) was determined only for samples from the day 16 of incubation. Mycelial weight of mushroom strains cultured in BMM was greater than BM. The antioxidant activities of AB-cultured in BW (AB-BMM) and HE-cultured in BMM (HE-BMM) were superior to those of other mushroom strains-cultured in BMM or BM and of BMM. These results suggest that mulberry tree powders enhance the antioxidant activity of submerged-liquid culture of mushroom strains. The AB-BMM and HE-BMM were the most active cultures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1537-1543
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• 2011

We investigated the anti-diabetic effects of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (sea urchin, SU) shells on non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. We measured body weight, blood glucose, and plasma insulin levels and conducted an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The SU shells (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the blood glucose of GK rats from 203.8${\pm}$29.8 mg/dL to 138.5${\pm}$21.2 mg/dL at after 4 weeks of daily oral administration. However, plasma insulin levels at the same time were not changed by treatment with SU. During the OGTT, the SU-treated GK rats maintained a lower blood glucose level than the control group for 15 to 120 min. Based on these results, SU shells are considered to be effective in improving glucose tolerance. These results suggest that SU shells have unique properties to lower blood glucose, raise insulin sensitivity, and improve insulin resistance in GK rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.965-973
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• 2017

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid with conjugated double bonds at C9,C11 and C10,C12 positions. Of possible CLA isomers, a naturally occurring CLA isomer is c9,t11-CLA which is produced from linoleic acid by linoleate isomerase from various rumen and lactic bacteria, and mushroom mycelia. Meanwhile, synthetically prepared CLA contained an equal amount of c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA isomers, and other isomers as minor constituents. CLA was firstly mentioned in 1939 during the elaidinization reaction of linoleic acid. Thereafter, CLA was not an attractant to scientists because it was not scientifically interested any more. However, since the anticarcinogenic action was driven from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis in 1987, CLA-related researches were drastically elevated, resulting in approximately 6,100 research papers in literature, so far. CLA exhibited the significant biological activities: anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic, body-fat reducing, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, testosterone producing and other activities. Interestingly, two major CLA isomers, c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA, exhibited different biological activities. Meanwhile, t,t-CLA isomers which is minor constituent of chemically synthesized CLA from linoleic acid exhibited more potent anticarcinogenic activity in carcinogen-induced animal models and cancer cell lines than other CLA isomrs. In the present review, the significant biological activities of CLA were discussed along with historical studies of CLA since 1939.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.31 no.6_1
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• pp.483-491
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• 2013

By a development of car navigation systems and mobile or positioning technology, it increases interest in location based services, especially pedestrian navigation systems. Updating of digital maps is important because digital maps are mass data and required to short updating cycle. In this paper, we proposed change detection for different network data-sets based on areal feature matching. Prior to change detection, we defined type of updating between different network data-sets. Next, we transformed road lines into areal features(block) that are surrounded by them and calculated a shape similarity between blocks in different data-sets. Blocks that a shape similarity is more than 0.6 are selected candidate block pairs. Secondly, we detected changed-block pairs by bipartite graph clustering or properties of a concave polygon according to types of updating, and calculated Fr$\acute{e}$chet distance between segments within the block or forming it. At this time, road segments of KAIS map that Fr$\acute{e}$chet distance is more than 50 are extracted as updating road features. As a result of accuracy evaluation, a value of detection rate appears high at 0.965. We could thus identify that a proposed method is able to apply to change detection between different network data-sets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 1979

Chemical compositions of Flue - cured and Burley tobacco leaf and smoke were analyzed to find out simple correlation between compositions. Based on the simple correlation ( $r$ ) data, four regression equations were obtained for dry condensate and nicotine in smoke as follows, $Y_{FT}=\;0.816+4.638X_1+0.346X_2$......................................(1) $Y_{BT}=\;0.235+0.884X_3-0.088X_4$......................................(2) $Y_{FN}=\;0.015+0.090X_5+0.476X_1$......................................(3) $Y_{BN}=-0.026+0.101X_3-0.006X_4$.........................................(4) where, $Y_{FT}$ : dry condensate (mg/cig.) in cigarette smoke of Flue-cured $Y_{BT}$ : dry condensate (mg /cig. ) in cigarette smoke of Burley $Y_{FN}$ : nicotine contents (mg/cig.)in cigarette smoke of Flue-cured $Y_{BN}$ : nicotine contorts (mg/cig. ) in cigarette smoke of Burley $X_1$ : total alkaloid contents (%) of Flue-cured $X_2$ : curde ash contents (%)of Flue -cured $X_3$ : alcohol -benzene extract contents (%) of Burley $X_4$ : curde ash contents (%) of Burley $X_5$ : hexane extract content (%) of Flue -cured Standard deviation for regressions equations were obtained respectively. equation(1),$\pm$3.16 : equation (2),$\pm$1.94 : equation (3),$\pm$0.35 , equation (4) $\pm$ 0.33. Regression equations between dry condensate and nicotine contorts in cigarette smoke were also obtained in the forms of equation(5) and(6) $Y_{FN}$= 0.274 $Y_{FT}$- 3.259............................(5) $Y_{BN}$= 0.249 $Y_{BT}$ - 2.093.............................(6) Standard deviations, $\pm$ 0.061 and $\pm$ 0.152, were obtained for regression equation(5) and (6) respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 1979

Boring the process of curing of the tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. clicks) leaf, the and other fundamental components of the tobacco leaf was observed The amount of total chlorophyll was reduced from 2902$\mu\textrm{g}$/gr to 1, 131$\mu\textrm{g}$/gr as a function of curing time. In the case of total carotene, the concentration was increased from 373-712$\mu\textrm{g}$/gr. to 3, 003~2, 215$\mu\textrm{g}$/gr. up to 70 hours of curing period. However, after 70 hours of curing, the concentration of total carotene stared to be decreased up to 1, 050~1, 039$\mu\textrm{g}$/gr. Simultaneously, the greenish yellow color becomes to be close an intermediate color between yellow and orange. The amount of total nicotine and nitrogen (2~2%) in the green harvested leaf was essentially identical after the curing process. However, the amount of total sugar was enhanced from 17%, in the green harvested leaf, to 35% at the time of 70 hours curing. At the end of the curing, the amount of total sugar was again reduced up to 16%. The correlation coefficient (r) between the axis of the color coordinate and the ratio of chlorophyll/carotene was estimated to be r=-0.96. This result indicates a linear relationship between those two parameters and the following linear equation is obtained as y=28.87-68.38 x. From the above equation, x=0.442 could be estimated when chlorophyll was completely decomposed (ylongrightarrowO). As a consequence of this result, we can suggest the tobacco leaf of Hicks belongs to the high quality level.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.272-277
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• 1993

Chemical composition was determined to evaluate the quality of traditional Ewhaju during brewing. The content of moisture, total sugar, reducing sugar, crude protein and crude ash of Ewhaju after the lapse of 20 days from brewing were 47.01%, 47.57%, 29.45%, 4.81% and 0.09%, respectively and free sugar composed with 28.07% of glucose and 1.30% of maltose compared with 17.43% of glucose in one year aged Ewhaju. Contents of minerals were Ca 4.8mg%, Mg 9.2mg%, K 33.0mg%, Na 16.0mg%, Mn 0.76 ppm, Fe 35.0 ppm, Zn 1.1 ppm, Cu 0.12 ppm, Cr 0.20 ppm and Pb 0.22 ppm and rarely changed during fermentation. Total amino acids were 4.23% immediately after brewing 4.54% after the lapse of 100 days. In change of amino acids, methionine and tyrosine slightly increased during fermentation. Total acid contents of Ewhaju at immediately after brewing, in the lapse of 100 days and aged one year were 0.25%, 2.16%, 3.70%, respectively and 0.05%, 0.72% and 1.04%, in volatile acid. The pH in Swhaju remarkably decreased during fermentation; 6.1 at immediatly after brewing, about 3.9 at 100 days and 365 days fermentation.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.339-349
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• 2020

Objectives : Wiryeong-tang (WRT) is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat kidney-related diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory and anti-gastritis effect of Wiryeong-tang was not well known. Therefore, we experimented to confirmed the anti-inflammatory and anti-gastritis effects of Wiryeong-tang. Methods : The RAW 264.7 cells were pre treated with Wiryeong-tang mix soft extract (WRT-mse; 50, 100 and 200 ㎍/mL) for 1 hrs, and then incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 500 ng/mL). Cell viability was measured by the MTT method, and nitric oxide (NO) was measured with griess reagent. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For anti-gastritis effect in vivo, acute gastritis was induced using 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol used ICR mice. WRT-mse (133 mg/kg) was pre treated for 3 days and then treated with 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol 1 hrs later. Then gastritis was observed and inflammatory cytokines in the gastric tissue was measured. Results : The 8 marker components of the WRT-mse were determined by simultaneous analysis using HPLC. WRT-mse was not toxic and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α at NO production, protein and mRNA levels. Also, it was confirmed that WRT-mse improved bleeding and edema in gastritis, and suppresses inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion : In summary, our results suggest that the treatment of the WRT-mse reduced and improved the 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol induced acute gastritis and the inflammation caused by LPS stimulation in RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, this study may provide useful drug or clinical evidence for WRT-mse to prevent inflammation.