• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.796-803
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• 1999

Solution copolymerization of styrene(St.) with methyl methacrylate(MMA), ethyl methacrylate(EMA) and n-butyl methacrylate(BMA) was carried out with benzoylperoxide(BPO) as an initiator in toluene at $80^{\circ}C$ in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Reaction volume and residence time were 0.6 liters and 3hours, respectively. The monomer reactivity ratios, $r_1(St.)$ and $r_2(RMA)$ determined by both the Kelen-Tudos method and the Fineman-Ross method were $r_1(St.)=0.60(0.61),\;r_2(MMA)=0.59(0.60);\;r_1(St.)=0.65(0.62),\;r_2(EMA)=0.55(0.52);\;r_1(St.)=0.75(0.67),\;r_2(BMA)=0.63(0.56)$. The cross-termination factor $\Phi$ of the copolymer over the entire St. compositions ranged from 0.26 to 0.96. The $\Phi$ factors of St.-RMA copolymer were increased with increasing St. content. The simulated conversions and copolymerization rates were compared with the experimental results. The average time to reach dynamic steady-state was three times and half of the residence time.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.778-790
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• 2008

This experiment investigated the effect of mixed extracts obtained from Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma on hair growth activity of the normal and spontaneous alopecia areata model of C57BL/6N mice for 16 days. First, we examined morphological regrowth of hair in normal and spontaneous alopecia model of C57BL/6N mice. Second, we examined immunoreactive density of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), c-kit and protein kinase $C-{\alpha}(PKC-{\alpha})$ in skin of normal C57BL/6N mice by immunohistochemical methods. Third, we investigated expression of $TGF-{\beta}$, prolactin and placenta lactogen after topical application of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma to skin by RT-PCR. The results were as follows: Hair growth effect from middle and high concentration of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma was observed in 80% of normal mice in whose hair had been clipped in 15th days. Hair growth effect of all concentrations of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma was observed in 100% of spontaneous alopecia model of C57BL/6N mice in 15th days. Immunoreactive density of VEGF, c-kit and $PKC-{\alpha}$ in skin of all concentrations of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma were strongly stained in epidermis, bulge, secondary hair germ cells and cutaneous trunci m. compare to control group in 10th day. In experimental III group, Immunoreactive density of VEGF, c-kit and $PKC-{\alpha}$ in skin were strongly stained in inner and outer root sheath of skin. The treatment of mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma increased the expression of $TGF-{\beta}$, placenta lactogen and prolactin in the skin of normal C57BL/6N mice compared to control group. These experiments suggest that mixed extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. and Drynariae Rhizoma may stimulate the topical hair growth activity and it can be useful for treatment of alopecia areata.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 2018

Background: This present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne (AL). Methods and Results: We measured cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) content, mRNA expression (iNOS, IL-1${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$), protein expression (iNOS, COX-2, and $I{\kappa}B$) and phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Male BALB/c mice were fed 100 mg/kg AL (Aucklandia lappa Decneon 70% ethanol extract) and 250 mg/kg AL for 4 weeks; thereafter, we observed B/T or $CD4^+/CD8^+$ lymphocyte subpopulation change, and expression patterns of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ lymphocytes by immunohistochemical staining in mouse splenocytes and/or thymocytes. To determine the experimental concentration of AL, cell viability was measured by MTT assay and tested at $12.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ or less. AL inhibited the levels of NO, lymphokine production (IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$), and mRNA (iNOS, IL-1${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$) and protein (iNOS, and COX-2) expression. Additionally, the levels of $I{\kappa}B$, phagocytic activity, and splenic and thymic T lymphocytes, especially $T_H$ and $T_C$ cells were significantly increased in AL administered mice. The immuno-reactive density of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ lymphocytes was stronger in AL groups than in the normal group. AL stimulated NO, iNOS, and COX-2, and regulated IL-1${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and $I{\kappa}B$ in macrophages treated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide). In addition, AL increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages and the immunity of mouse T ($T_H$, and $T_C$) cells. Conclusions: These results suggested that AL might show anti-inflammatory activity via the suppression of various inflammatory markers and immuno-regulatory activity.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 2017

We studied the antioxidant, the anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antiobesity activities of seven different kinds of edible plants. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS radical scavenging activities were determined as a measurement of antioxidant activity. NO production inhibition by the macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7) treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was carried out to assess anti-inflammatory activity. Thrombin inhibitory activity was measured for its antithrombotic function and inhibition of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation was evaluated as a measurement of antiobesity activity. Total phenolic components and total flavonoid contents were measured to determine functional materials in medicinal plants. Common sage, Japanese lady bell, and hairy agrimony showed high antioxidant activity ($IC_{50}$) of less than $100{\mu}g/mL$. All samples used in this study showed anti-inflammatory activity. Common sage, hairy agrimony, and hooker chives showed antithrombotic effects. Hairy agrimony showed the highest antithrombotic effect (98.1%). Common sage, Japanese lady belly, hairy agrimony, and hooker chives showed reduced 3T3-L1 cell differentiation and hooker chives strongly inhibited lipid accumulation in the cells compared to other medicinal plants. Common sage and hairy agrimony contained more than 1 mg GAE/g of phenolic compounds and more than 1 mg CE/g of flavonoids. Functional activities were different by plant part and extraction method from each sample. These results suggest that common sage, Japanese lady belly, hairy agrimony, and hooker chives may be used as healthy food sources with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antiobesity activities, and appropriate extracting methods from each plant need to be developed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.771-781
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the anti-photoaging effects of Persimmon leaf tea(PLT) in hairless mice(SKH-1) exposed to UVB irradiation. The animals were divided into non-treated group (normal, N) and UV-radiated groups. UV-radiated groups were divided into only UV-radiated group(control, C) and UV-radiated and PLT treated experimental groups[first extraction treated group(PLT-I), second extraction treated group(PLT-II), and third extraction treated group(PLT-III)]. Three PLT treated experimental groups of mice were treated with both oral administration(300 mg/Kg B.W./day) and topical application (100 ul of 2% conc./mouse/day) for 4 weeks. Anti-photoaging effects of Persimmon leaf were evaluated by anti oxidative reaction, stereomicroscopic and microscopic observations. The expression of photoaging skin related factors including mast cell tryptase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was examined by immunohistochemical staining. Treatment of PLT-I, -II, -III prevented the wrinkle formation as well as epidermal hyperplasia, inflammatory cells, disruption of collagen in photoaged skin induced by UVB radiation. It also reduced the PCNA and VEGF expression in the UVB irradiated dorsal skin. Furthermore, it significantly decreased the number of mast cells in the UVB irradiated dermis(p<0.05 and p<0.01). On the effects of oxidative stress and antioxidant function on the treatment with water extract from Persimmon leaf tea(PLT), the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) was significantly increased in PLT-III group(p<0.05), and catalase(CAT) was significantly increased in PLT-I and PLT-III groups(p<0.05), and PLT-II group(p<0.001). These extracts showed relatively antioxidant activity and protective effect on UVB-induced oxidative stress in hairless mice(SKH-1). Our results suggest that Persimmon leaf tea may serve as an useful radical scavenging antioxidant and anti-photoaging skin agents in the UVB irradiated skin.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.27-31
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• 2018

Classification of explosion hazard areas is very important in terms of cost and safety in the workplace handling flammable materials. This is because the radius of the hazardous area determines whether or not the explosion-proof equipment is installed in the electrical machinery and apparatus. From November 6, 2017, KS C IEC-60079-10-1: 2015 will be issued and applied as a new standard. It is important to understand and apply the difference between the existing standard and the new standard. Leakage coefficients and compression factors were added to the leakage calculation formula, and the formula of evaporation pool leakage, application of leakage ball size, and shape of explosion hazard area were applied. The range of the safety factor K has also been changed. Also, in the radius of the hazardous area, the existing standard applies the number of ventilation to the virtual volume, but the revised standard is calculated by using the leakage characteristic value. In this study, we investigated the differences from existing standards in terms of ventilation and dilution and examined the effect on the radius of the hazard area. Comparisons and analyzes were carried out by applying revised standards to workplaces where existing explosion hazard locations were selected. The results showed that even if the ventilation and dilution were successful, the risk radius was not substantially affected.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2005

The structure of a carbon monoxide sorption complex of dehydrated fully $Ca^{2+}$-exchanged zeolite X, $|Ca_{46}(CO)_{27}|[Si_{100}Al_{92}O_{384}]$-FAU, has been determined in the cubic space group $Fd\;{\overline{3}}$ at $21^{\circ}C$ (a = 24.970(4) ) by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystal was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream of 0.05 M aqueous ${Ca(NO_3)_2}$ for three days, followed by dehydration at $400^{\circ}C$ and $2{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr for two days, and exposure to 100 Torr of zeolitically dry carbon monoxide gas at $21^{\circ}C$. The structure was determined in this atmosphere and was refined, using the 356 reflections for which $F_o$ > $4{\sigma}(F_o)$, to the final error indices $R_1$ = 0.059 and $wR_2$ = 0.087. In this structure, $Ca^{2+}$ ions occupy three crystallographic sites. Sixteen $Ca^{2+}$ ions fill the octahedral site I at the centers of hexagonal prisms (Ca-O = 2.415(7) ${\AA}$). The remaining 30 $Ca^{2+}$ ions are found at two nonequivalent sites II (in the supercages) with occupancies of 3 and 27 ions. Each of these $Ca^{2+}$ ions coordinates to three framework oxygens, either at 2.276(10) or 2.298(8) ${\AA}$, respectively. Twenty-seven carbon monoxide molecules have been sorbed per unit cell, three per supercage. Each coordinates to one of the latter 16 site-II $Ca^{2+}$ ions: C-Ca = 2.72(8) ${\AA}$. The imprecisely determined N-C bond length, 1.26(14) ${\AA}$, differs insignificantly from that in carbon monoxide(g), 1.13 ${\AA}$.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.4
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• pp.61-90
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• 1977

The historical development of books examination with utilizing science become inevitable to the machanization of library catalogues. With the advance of times, like this, a new- development of $Indention('||'&'||'$ : Kisun) must be sought for which is a kind of descriptive catalogues being used now. This paper is scheduled to grasp problems in the course of using and logical grounds of Indention which hal-e been used disordering. It must be considered that four kinds of Icdention settlement is suitable to the features of Korean letters. 1) TI-e must consider the features of Korean Language and Oriental Language writing(Japan, China). There must be a establishment of floating $Indention('||'&'||'E$ : Kisun), which are suitable for the writting style or hand writting man on the point of most of Koreans are depend upon hand witting, then books catalogues like western language, not left edge of the cards of the $Indention(B$ : Kisun) establishing, from edge to Call Number, from the last of the Call Number to First Indention(%-Bl63). First Indention(%-%%) to a space of Second $indention($\ulcorner^%)$ must be established and then, every catalogue and Indentions are distinguished surely. 2) \Then we consider the developing catalogue making in the future. It is important to establish a fixed $Indention('||'&'||'$ : Kisun) for machinization of typewriter(Korean, Mimeographing) and computer, etc ... not "Cm" unit but "Space" unit, and consider oriental letter, ne make more surplus space as a Indention, we can give anadaptablity of using machines. 3) Considering typography printing and type-setting printing by printing type, we must fit the $Indention(\ulcorner'||'&'||'$ : Kisun) as a "Cm" unit, and there must be a re-adjustment of $Indention(g$$ : Kisun) which considered the complexity of Call Number by a mass of collecting books like this, the establishment of Indention(E'||'&'||'j!: Kisun). We must not use a uilified one as a concrete conception by "Space" or "Cm" unit which has been used now but re-adjusted adaptably which can be fited as a method of making of catalogues. 4) The name of $Indcntion(J, S$ : Kisun) has becll called 7;arious methods until now, but English Indention which has been used without any concrete mexirig must be used as a ours fitable as a our mind. The above mentioned is presented as a Indention and examinational l~letilods by myself style, I wants these r i l l be helpful to the future developments of the machanization of Indention $(sf:$ Ki sun). Concrete studies must be continued in the future for development of $Indention(zj:$ : Kisun). : Kisun).

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.14
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• pp.1-37
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• 1987

The purpose of this research is to expand much more the facilities and collections of public libraries in Korea for performance of its function, for the life-long education institution. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, I looked in to the present conditions of the facilities, collections, service facilities in public libraries and suggested a tentative plan on the basis of every kinds of statistics. The result of this thesis can be summarized as follows : 1. Now, 227, 110 populations of the effective service per library are so many that 181 public libraries in Korea have largely deficient state. To solve, a n.0, pplied for Armstrong's standards (5, 000 populations of the effective service per library, and the number of an elementary school 5, 412 elementary schools in Korea). In the former case should be establish 8, 221 public libraries, in the latter case should be established at least 5, 412 public libraries. 2. The public library in Korea is possessed of building areas of 82, 267 pyong (468 pyong per library). They are very poor state comparing with population. Therefore, the building area should be expand according to population by region. Also, the reading facilities of 88, 455 seats, 465 population of the effective service per seat, are largely insufficient of situation. And consequently they should be secured at least 205, 535 seats with standards of five seats per 1, 000 population. 3. The public libraries in Korea keep collection of 4, 517, 280 volumes. As there are 11 volumes per 100 persons, they are very deficient state in figures. Therefore, in this study, suggested Schenk's standard (1 volume per a person) and IFLA standard (2 volumes per a person). Under the circumstances of our country, however, they should be secure at least 41, 106, 993 volumes with a Schenk's standard of one volume per a person. To meet this kind of necessary conditions, there must not only be a national policy but also be a facility for every residents to utilize for educational place, and to every librarians of public libraries, they have to do their best to open their library to every citizens, when needed, with their self-conceit. Cooperating with policy-makers, users, and librarians, making every endeavors to develope Korean libraries, we can promise the hope that our public library will be progressed towards future.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2016

This study was conducted to verify the potential of Allium hookeri to control blood glucose metabolism in diabetes model. We fed the experimental diets(ALE, ARE) supplemented with the extract of Allium hookeri leaf or root at 1% of diet to the diabetic mice (C57BLKS/J, db/db) for 8 weeks. Hetero and control mice were fed the control diet without any extract of Allium hookeri leaf or root. At 8th week of feeding the diets, we measured body weight, blood glucose, HbA1c, and plasma insulin levels and conducted an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and staining insulin immunoreactive cells in islets of pancreas. ARE group treated with the root of A. hookeri showed significantly lower blood glucose levels than the Cont group at 120 min in the OGTT. However, HbA1c level was significantly reduced in both ALE and ARE groups, and higher serum insulin levels and increased density of insulin immunoreactive cells compared with the Cont group were found in these 2 groups. Based on these results, A. hookeri is considered to be effective in improving glucose tolerance by partially affecting insulin secretion and it may be used to prevent and treat diabetic disease.