• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.4 s.62
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• pp.53-64
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• 2005

The emergence of new communication media, digital, is something of a wonder, as well as a cultural tension. The industrial technologies that dramatically expand human abilities are being developed much faster than the speed of adaptation by humans. Without an exception, it creates new contents and form of the culture by shaking the very foundation of the notion about human beings. Korean broadcasting environment has stepped into the era of multi-media, multi-channel as the digital technology separated the media into network, cable, satellite and internet. In this digital culture, broadcasting, as a medium of information delivering and communication, has bigger influence than ever. Such changes in broadcasting environment turned the TV viewers into new consumers who participate and play the main role in active communication by choosing and using the media. This study is trying to systemize the question about the core identity of broadcasting through brand as the consumers stand in the center of broadcasting with the power to select channel. The story schema theory can be applied as a cognitive psychological tool to approach the active consumers in order to explain the cognitive processes that are related to information processing. It is a design with stories, which comes up as a case of a brand's story telling. The range of this study covers the current issue and educational programs in network TV during the period of May and August of year 2005. The cases of Korean and foreign programs were compared by the station each program is broadcasted. This study concludes that it is important to take the channel identity into the consideration in the brand strategy of each program. Especially, the leading programs of a station must not be treated as a separate program that has nothing to do with the station's identity. They must be treated to include the contents and form that builds the identity of the channel. Also, this study reconfirmed that building a brand of the anchor person can play as an important factor in the identity of the program's brand.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.344-349
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• 2009

Background: The clinical history and physical findings of the patients with spontaneous pneumothorax depend largely on the extent of the collapse of the lung and the presence of pre-existing pulmonary disease. Large primary spontaneous pneumothorax is a possible serious condition and. so more active treatment will be necessary for these patients. The therapeutic guideline for large pneumothorax remains controversial. Therefore, by assessing the clinical results of surgical treatment for large primary pneumothorax, we aim to determine the indicators of treatment. Material and Method: Among 348 patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax and who underwent surgical treatment from August 2004 through December 2007, 58 patients who responded to treatment for a large primary pneumothorax were included in the current study. We then retrospectively evaluated the operative findings and the surgical results. The patients with a pneumothorax of 80% or more, including those patients with tension pneumothorax, were considered to have a "large pneumothorax". Most of these patients Should be treated with a 12F chest tube. Thoracoscopic wedge resection was considered for treating recurrent pneumothorax, continuous air leakage, controlateral pneumothorax and first episode pneumothorax with visible blebs (> 1cm) seen on the computed tomography. Result: There were 50 men and 8 women with a mean age of 28.2 years (range: $14\sim54$ years). The mean length of hospitalization was 5.3 days (range: $2\sim10$ days). Nine patients underwent chest tube drainage only. Forty-nine patients underwent thoracoscopic wedge resection. The mean follow up time was 27.8 months (range: $10\sim58$ months). The actual site of air leakage could be located in 35 patients (71.4%) and this was correlated with pleural adhesion (p=0.005). The initial air leakage tended to be more correlated with intra-operative air leakage, although this was not statistically significant (p=0.066). The recurrence rate was 11.1 % for the patients with chest tube drainage and 2.0% for the patients with thoracoscopic wedge resection. Conclusion: Large primary pneumothorax requires an early diagnosis and early treatment. Thoracoscopic wedge resection may help to prevent recurrence of large primary pneumothorax.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.26-38
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the commemoration culture of Vietnam War Memorials (VWM) in Vietnam. Through site survey, the researcher selected 23 VWM in Vietnam and analyzed 5 categories: memorial type, design concept and narratives, location and spatial form, landscape elements, and content expressed in landscape details. The results are as follows: 1. Because of the long, drawn out Vietnam War, which lasted from 1955 to 1975, VWM were divided into 10 types mainly as soldier cemeteries based on a traditional memorial style, battlefields and places of tragedies considering sense of place, war museums representing victory and atrocity in war, and peace parks promoting reconciliation and peacemaking. 2. The analysis revealed that the main concepts and narratives of VWM were to value the victims of the Vietnam War, remember soldiers' contributions, highlight the victory in war and resistance to the United States, and express a sense of place. Peacemaking applied only to My Lai Peace Park and Han-Viet Hoa Binh Cong Vien, built by international cooperation. 3. Cemeteries and appreciation memorials were designed to follow a traditional memorial space form that highly regard both axis and symmetry. The design concept at battlefields and places where tragedies occurred depended mainly upon a sense of place and used symbolic landscape elements to compensate for the undefined concept. 4. Sculptures and towers were mainly used to highlight war victory and resistance as the representative style of a Socialist country, weapons and pictures exhibited in war museums and battlefield showed the reality and strain of war. Symbolic elements of Buddhism and Confucianism were often introduced as a way to venerate the memory of deceased persons. 5. The state and heroic actions in the Vietnam War were realistically depicted on sculptures and walls. Also, the symbolic phrase, 'TO-QUOC-GUI-CONG' meaning 'our country remember your achievement', were written on the memorial tower and 'Quagmiire' was used to metaphorically represent the difficulties faced by the U.S. military on battlefields during the war and the uncertainly that pervaded U.S. society in those days. 6. In VWM, ideologies like nationalism, patriotism, socialism, capitalism were mixed and traditional cultures like Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism were inherent. Differing from their Confucianism culture, war heroes, particularly including women, were often described by sculpture, monument, and pictures and the conflict in and outside the country regarding the Vietnam War was shown. Further study will be required to analyze design characteristics of VWM in the u.s. and to understand the difference in commemoration cultures between Vietnam and the U.S.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 2007

Anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract and its hydrolyzed fraction. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract (SCE) and its hydrolyzed fraction (SCE-40) on depression and anxiety-related behaviors in mice. Actions of SCE and SCE-40 on serotonin, norepinephrine and GABAergic systems in the rat cerebral cortex membranes were also examined. SCE and SCE-40 significantly reduced the immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension test in mice. Duration time of the open arms in the elevated plus maze test was significantly increased in the SCE and SCE-40-treated groups, compared with the saline-treated control group. SCE and its fraction SCE-40 significantly inhibited serotonin and norepinephrine transporter and GABA receptor binding, compared to the saline-treated group. In addition, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake were significantly suppressed by SCE and SCE-40. These results demonstrate that SCE and SCE-40 produce anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects through enhancing central serotonin, norepinephrine and GABAergic transmissions. These results suggest that SCE and SCE-40 as functional food might prove to be an effective antidepressant and anti-anxiety agent.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 2014

Since the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks in 2001, terror, military attack, or man-made disaster caused impact, explosion, and fire accident have frequently occured on civil infrastructures. However, structural behavior researches on major Prestressed Concrete (PSC) infrastructures such as bridges, tunnels, Prestressed Concrete Containment Vessel (PCCVs), and LNG tanks under extreme loading are significantly lacking. Especially, researches on possible secondary fire scenarios after terror, bombing, collision of vehicles and vessels on concrete structures have not been performed domestically where most of the past researches related to extreme loadings on structures focused on an independent isolated extreme loading scenario. Due to the outcry of public concerns and anxiety of potential terrorist attacks on major infrastructures and structures, a study is urgently needed at this time. Therefore, in this study, the bi-directional prestressed concrete $1400{\times}1000{\times}300mm$ panels applied with 430 kN prestressing force using unbonded prestressing thread bars were experimentally evaluated under impact, fire, and impact-fire combined loadings. Due to test site restrictions, impact tests were performed with 14 kN impactor with drop heights of 10m and 3.5 m to evaluate impact resistance capacity. Also, fire and impact-fire combined loading were tested using RABT fire loading curve. The measured residual strength capacities of PSC and RC specimens applied with impact, fire, impact-fire combined loadings were compared with the residual strength capacity of undamaged PSC and RC specimens for evaluation. The study results can be used as basic research data for related research areas such as protective design and numerical simulation under extreme loading scenarios.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to make a comparison between chronic superficial gastritis and gastric ulcer patients regarding stress responses, anger expression and alexithymia. The subjects included 100 patients with chronic superficial gastritis and 40 patients with gastric ulcer confirmed by gastroscopy. Stress responses were measured by the Stress Response Inventory(SRI) and anxiety, depression, somatization and hostility subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R). Anger expression and anger suppression were assessed by the Anger Expression Scale. The level of alexithymia was assessed by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS). Multiple regression analysis showed that the patients with chronic gastritis scored significantly higher on tension subscale and somatization subscale of the SRI, and anxiety subscale of the SCL-90-R than those with gastric ulcer. However, no significant differences were found in the score of anger expression and anger suppression subscales and total score of TAS between the two groups. In chronic gastritis patients, women scored significantly higher on somatization subscale of the SRI than men, whereas in gastric ulcer patients, men scored significantly higher on somatization subscale of the SRI than women. These results suggest that chronic gastritis patients are more likely to have higher level of stress responses and higher susceptibility to stress than gastric ulcer patients. In addition, in chronic gastritis patients, women are more likely to somatize than men, but in gastric ulcer patients, men are more likely to somatize than women. However, there were no differences between the two groups in anger expression, anger suppression and alexithymia.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2018

Objectives : Firefighters frequently experience traumatic events, high-tension situations and shift work. Therefore, the prevalence of insomnia of firefighters is higher than one of general population. Not only does the quality of sleep affect the satisfaction of personal life, but it also influences their performance for the public's safety. We investigated which factors affect the quality of sleep of firefighters. Methods : After personally delivering 120 questionnaires to 3 fire stations, the survey was conducted when the consents were signed. It inquired about alcohol use, smoking, shift work, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and experience of traumatic events. We then divided the firefighting officers in two groups according to the quality of sleep and compared the variables examined to conduct the logistic regression analyses according to the results. Results : The poor sleeper group reported a higher level of current alcohol consumption, depression, anxiety and experience of traumatic events. Logistic regression analyses showed that the current alcohol intake (Crude odds ratio=3.707, 95% confidence interval=1.288-10.672, p=0.015 ; Adjusted odds ratio=3.288, 95% confidence interval=1.011-10.694, p=0.048) has a significant effect on sleep quality. Conclusions : Current alcohol consumption, depression, anxiety and experience of traumatic events were respectively associated with sleep quality of firefighters. When all significant factors considered, the current alcohol use was the only statistically significant. To improve the quality of sleep for firefighters, it will be necessary to evaluate alcohol intake, educate the poor sleep quality caused by alcohol, and provide specific interventions to reduce consumption.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1994

Inhibition of the nociceptive Tail Flick Reflex (TFR) was observed with electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) in the male Sprague - Dawley rats under light anesthesia, and the involved neurotransmitter (s) were characterized. Electrical stimulation of LC/SC induced the analgesia with the stimulation threshold (intensity of the current, given for 100 usec and in 100 Hz frequency, which caused the TF latency longer than 6.5 sec) around 55 uA. Intrathecal administrations of ${\alpha}_2$ antagonist, yohimbine (30 ug) or opioid antagonist, naloxone (20 ug) increased the stimulation threshold by 147% and 123% respectively (from 55 uA to 135 uA,9 and from 54 uA to 123 uA;P0.01, n=5, each). The basal TF latency without stimulation (3.1 sec) was reduced by the antagonists (to 2.5 sec by yohimbine, p<0.05, n=5; to 2.6 sec by naloxone, p<0.1, n=5), vehicle only did not show any effect. Noradrenaline(NA) in the spinal cord superfusates measured with HPLC was increased by the LC/SC stimulation, from 4.18 ng/ml before to 7.74 ng/ml after stimulation (P<0.05, n=10). The result suggest that analgesia induced by LC/SC stimulation is mediated, at least in part, by the noradrenergic system in which ${\alpha}_2$ receptor is involved, as well as the opioid system.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2008

Purpose : Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder, caused by the deletion of the paternally derived 15q11-13 region or the maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15 (mUPD(15)). In this study, we compared phenotypic differences between those patients whose disease was caused by microdeletion and those caused by mUPD(15). In addition, a comparison of the efficacy of growth hormone (GH) therapy between these two PWS genotypes was analyzed. Methods : Fifty-three patients were diagnosed as having PWS based on molecular and cytogenetic analyses and clinical features. Data that included maternal age, birth weight, a feeding problem in the neonatal period, cryptorchidism, developmental delay or mental retardation, short stature, hypopigmentation, changes in height, weight, and body mass indexes (BMI) before and after GH treatment were obtained by a retrospective review of medical records. The data from the patients with microdeletion were compared with those from the patients with mUPD(15). Results : Of the 53 patients with genetically confirmed PWS, 39 cases had microdeletion and 14 mUPD(15). Maternal ages were significantly higher in the mUPD(15) group, and hypopigmentation and a feeding problem in the neonatal period were more frequent in the microdeletion group. Growth hormone was administered to 20 patients [14 with microdeletion, 6 with mUPD(15)]. There were no differences between the two groups in height velocity, weight and height SDS, and BMI after GH therapy. Conclusion : Phenotype and genotype correlations were observed in Korean PWS patients, such as more advanced maternal ages in the mUPD(15) group and more feeding problems and hypopigmentations in the microdeletion group. Further long-term prospective studies are needed to correlate other aspects of the phenotypes.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the characteristics of smoking behavior and the effects of smoking on clinical symptoms and level of serum prolactin in schizophrenic patients. Methods : 76 male schizophrenic patients answered the questionnaire about the characteristics of smoking patterns. And patients were assessed by brief psychiatric rating scale(BPRS), positive and negative syndrome scle(PANSS), Hamilton rating scale for depression(HAM-D), assessment for involuntary movement scale(AIMS) and symptom checklist 90 R(SCL-90-R). Serum prolactin levels were measured by enzymeimmunoassay. Results: 1) The frequences of drinking coffee were significantly higher in smokers. The reasons for smoking were to relieve tension, to avoid boredom, due to habit and to do with friends. 80.1% of smokers tried quitting, but smoking was relapsed due to craving and withdrawal symptoms. 2) No significant difference was seen in mean neuropeltic doses, scores of PANSS and AIMS. But as for BPRS, scores of anxiety/depression subscale were significanly lower in smokers. Scores of HAM-D and scores of interpersonal sensitivity and phobia among SCL-90-R were significantly lower. 3) Levels of serum prolactin were significanlty lower in smokers. Conclusion : These findings suggest that in schisophrenia smoking relieves anxiety and depression subjectively But decreased prolactin levels may suggest that the possibility of increased dopamine in CNS.