• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.26-32
• /
• 2016

Usually, there are many uncertainties regarding the error of an assumed load, material properties, member size, and structure analysis in a structure, and it may have a direct influence on the qualities of optimal design of structures. Probabilistic analysis has developed rapidly into a desirable process and structural reliability analysis is an increasingly important tool that assists engineers to consider uncertainties during the design, construction and life of a structure to calculate its probability of failure. This study deals with the applications of two optimization techniques to solve the reliability-based optimization problem of structures. The reliability-based optimization problem was formulated as a minimization of the structural volume subject to the constraints on the values of componential reliability index determined by the AFOSM approach. This presented method may be a useful tool for the reliability-based design optimization of structures.

• Information Systems Review
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.69-91
• /
• 2021

Credit Bureaus in Korea commonly use financial transaction information of the past and present time for calculating an individual's credit scores. Compared to other rating factors, the repayment history information accounts for a larger weights on credit scores. Accordingly, despite full redemption of overdue payments, late payment history is reflected negatively for the assessment of credit scores for certain period of the time. An individual with debt delinquency can be classified into two groups; (1) the individuals who have faithfully paid off theirs overdue debts(Normal Repayment), and (2) those who have not and as differences of creditworthiness between these two groups do exist, it needs to grant relatively higher credit scores to the former individuals with normal repayment. This study is designed to analyze the factors of normal repayment of Korean financial debt delinquents based on credit information of personal loan, overdue payments, redemption from Korea Credit Information Services. As a result of the analysis, the number of overdue and the type of personal loan and delinquency were identified as significant variables affecting normal repayment and among applied methodologies, neural network models suggested the highest classification accuracy. The findings of this study are expected to improve the performance of individual credit scoring model by identifying the factors affecting normal repayment of a financial debt delinquent.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.17 no.1 s.85
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 2005

In order to accurately assess the stresses occurring in the early-age concrete, a compliance function which can consider the characteristics of early-age concrete is required. Existing compliance functions, however, have the limit that they have been deduced from the data of hardened concrete and therefore, do not take into account the fast development of material properties in early-age concrete. Furthermore, the distinction between instantaneous compliance and creep compliance is not clear in the existing experimental method. The purpose of present study is to propose a compliance function which can describe the rapid change of hardening processes in early-age concrete. To this end, a test method which can estimate the instantaneous compliance without creep effects in the early-age concrete was suggested first. Based on the suggested experimental method, tests on the instantaneous as well as creep compliance were performed using MTS automatic servo-loop test machine. The test results showed that both instantaneous and aging viscoelastic compliance, which are constants in B3 model, were functions in terms of age of concrete especially at early ages. Therefore, the modified compliance function based on B3 model was proposed to provide more realistic prediction on the behavior of early-age concrete. It is expected that the present model allows more realistic evaluation of varying stresses in concrete structures at early ages.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
• /
• no.59
• /
• pp.371-393
• /
• 2018

Jeong Yak-yong attempted to establish a new philosophical system through the criticism on Neo-Confucianism. The most important area among the ideas of Dasan is on the ethical thoughts. He has a tremendous interest in the ethical education as well as ethical thought. During his exile, he gathered children around and educated them by editing "Jegyeong(弟經)". Dasan regarded "Sohak(小學)" to have some problems in educating children. Thus, he reconstructed the contents of "Sohak" and edited "Jegyeong". "Jegyeong" is more concise than Sohak and is a textbook focusing on children which is mainly composed of practical etiquette in the everyday life. It contains etiquettes to parents, teachers and adults, etiquettes on food in the everyday life and etiquettes between men and women. Although the contents does not exceed the scope of Sohak, he selected reasonable contents and composed with practical contents. Thus, it is practical. Dasan also attempted to make a novel interpretation on Saseo (四書), i.e., Noneo, Maengja, Daehak and Jungyong. His new interpretation on Saseo can be considered as ethical textbooks in a broad sense. Dasan considered the key ethical principle of Saseo (四書) to be Seo (恕). Accordingly, he thought it is very important to understand and practice ethical principle of Seo (恕). Dasan studied and annotated "Simgyeong(心經)" and "Sohak(小學)" for self moral discipline. And, he thought it is utmost important to understand and accept the existence of Sangje (上帝) in order to keep moral mind. He believed it to be important to have Gyesingonggu (戒愼恐懼), which is to aware and respect the existence of Sangje (god) for self discipline and Sindok (愼獨) to be cautious about things that only he was aware of. He thought that if people are aware of Sangje (上帝) and make dialog with Sangje, the will of Sangje could be expressed into Dosim (道心). In the ethical education, it can be said that, ultimately, the awareness on the absolute being is the most important point to Dasan.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
• /
• no.56
• /
• pp.81-117
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to clarify the overall features and its meaning of the Gaebyok(開闢) through the intercomparison of the Gaebyok idea that is the core idea of a newly risen modern religion in Korea. Limitation of most studies so far is that they have stayed in the fragmentary study on the Gaebyok idea of each new religion. In order to overcome this problem, first of all, the Gaebyok idea was studied from a philosophical point encompassing the cosmological view of time in the book of changes. And based on this methodological foundation, with organizing the existing result of study, the process of development and characteristics in the Gaebyok idea of a posteriori Donghak(東學), Right I Ching (正易), Won Buddhism(圓佛敎), and Kangjeungsan(姜甑山) was investigated respectively. And through comparing and analyzing each Gaebyok idea, the similarities and differences between each other were organized. The founders of new religions thought that a great change in the universal and natural luck was made before and after the point of their living. The concept of the frequency of revolution theory is the concept to explain the aspect of transition according to the frequency of revolution(運度) of the cosmological nature that returns to the beginning, and in the idea of the posterior Gaebyok, this content and concepts is contained as it was. This study showed that the concept of the frequency of revolution theory in an apriority and a posterior like those becomes appeared in some preaches of Suun, Ilbu, Sotaesan and Jeungsan. An apriority in the Gaebyok idea of new religion is the world of crisis that represents the limited condition of human being, and a posterity means the religious ideal world realized through the power of the absolute being or a dramatic universal change from that limited circumstances. So the Gaebyok ida is a kind of an universal eschatology and religious view that expects the coming of ideal world in the future. In addition, since the universal eschatology is a kind of a view of time, it inevitably has an issue how long time apriority and a posterity included in it have. And especially, it becomes to premise the content how the social condition and human condition change in an apriority and a posterity. Accordingly, in this study, based on the understanding of the view of time in the cosmological level, the content of answers that each newly risen religion discloses was listed and analyzed with comparison. It can be considered that Suun took charge of a mission to deliver the message through being possessed of a god in heaven who is able to be called a transcendental existence, Ilbu disclosed the coming of the world of a posterity beyond an apriority through the Book of Changes(易學), Jeungsan proclaimed himself as the absolute being who could make such a posterity and bring it, and Sotaesan proposed the Gaebyok of mind in order to meet with the world of a posterity and to live in that era.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.319-326
• /
• 1999

Recently, it is continuously rising to concern about the health risk being induced by microorganisms in food such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Various organizations and regulatory agencies including U.S.FPA, U.S.DA and FAO/WHO are preparing the methodology building to apply microbial quantitative risk assessment to risk-based food safety program. Microbial risks are primarily the result of single exposure and its health impacts are immediate and serious. Therefore, the methodology of risk assessment differs from that of chemical risk assessment. Microbial quantitative risk assessment consists of tow steps; hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment and risk characterization. Hazard identification is accomplished by observing and defining the types of adverse health effects in humans associated with exposure to foodborne agents. Epidemiological evidence which links the various disease with the particular exposure route is an important component of this identification. Exposure assessment includes the quantification of microbial exposure regarding the dynamics of microbial growth in food processing, transport, packaging and specific time-temperature conditions at various points from animal production to consumption. Dose-response assessment is the process characterizing dose-response correlation between microbial exposure and disease incidence. Unlike chemical carcinogens, the dose-response assessment for microbial pathogens has not focused on animal models for extrapolation to humans. Risk characterization links the exposure assessment and dose-response assessment and involve uncertainty analysis. The methodology of microbial dose-response assessment is classified as nonthreshold and thresh-old approach. The nonthreshold model have assumption that one organism is capable of producing an infection if it arrives at an appropriate site and organism have independence. Recently, the Exponential, Beta-poission, Gompertz, and Gamma-weibull models are using as nonthreshold model. The Log-normal and Log-logistic models are using as threshold model. The threshold has the assumption that a toxicant is produce by interaction of organisms. In this study, it was reviewed detailed process including risk value using model parameter and microbial exposure dose. Also this study suggested model application methodology in field of exposure assessment using assumed food microbial data(NaCl, water activity, temperature, pH, etc.) and the commercially used Food MicroModel. We recognized that human volunteer data to the healthy man are preferred rather than epidemiological data fur obtaining exact dose-response data. But, the foreign agencies are studying the characterization of correlation between human and animal. For the comparison of differences to the population sensitivity: it must be executed domestic study such as the establishment of dose-response data to the Korean volunteer by each microbial and microbial exposure assessment in food.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.203-223
• /
• 2012

This study aimed to identify the factors of failure in cases where there was feasibility but was not successful in commercializing technology. For the study, 92 feasibility reports for new technologies were collected, and among these 4 studies that showed definite failure in commercialization of technology were analyzed in depth. Further analysis was based the factors pointed out by previous frameworks such as 1) discussion on success or failure in commercialization of technology, 2) that of venture company, and 3) valuation of technology studies. Previous studies pointed out success and failure factors as lack of funding, uncontrollable accidents, managing ability, inability for mass production and so forth, which had little difference to the pre-feasible evaluation of four cases. However, real reason was the lack of understanding technologies such as composition of technologies, production technologies required by stages, and lack of understanding of floor technologies. The misunderstandings were occurred regardless of CEO's experience and expertise. We did not touch the evaluation model of pre-feasibility studies, although we dealt with the failure of the pre-studies. The reason we do not generalize the results of this study is the fact that we dealt with only small cases.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
• /
• v.145
• /
• pp.195-215
• /
• 2018

Plato said that our cosmos was created from the union of nous and $anank{\bar{e}}$ in Timaeus. In addition to this, 'the third kind', namely $ch{\bar{o}}ra$, exists already with genesis before the birth of the cosmos. Plato explains this $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ with several metaphors. That is, 'receptacle', 'mother', 'gold', 'space', 'place' etc. From Aristotle to contemporary scholars, generally three types of interpretations are presented. First, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ is a kind of a 'void.' Secondly, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ is Aristotle's $prot{\bar{e}}$ $hyl{\bar{e}}$. Thirdly, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ has two aspects of space and matter. I will accept the third opinion. Plato's $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ has both a spatial aspect and material aspect. $Ch{\bar{o}}ra$ is a place that accommodates all sensible things in itself. On the other hand, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ seems to be a mother who nourishes sensible things like a child. In this, Plato lacks a logical consistency. The research of $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ can not deviate from the limits of $eik{\bar{o}}s$ logos.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
• /
• no.28
• /
• pp.61-85
• /
• 2010

This is about studying on the environmental ethics of Taoism mainly based on Taoism's Bioautonomous. Taoism is the most comprehensive thought in the traditional thoughts of East Asia. According to Taoism, every individual bio has its own intrinsic value having nothing to do with the value estimated by human beings since it has Daoxing. Human beings, however, have their own bioautonomous which is different from other individual bio. In Taoism human beings are independent for their lives. They do not depend on nature, but they can control themselves. That is to say, their lives depend not on god but on their own wills. The human beings' bioautonomous includes two different meanings: one is that human beings can use other individual bio as a tool for their eternal youth, and the other is that human beings are the main character of realizing the intrinsic value of universal bio and bringing harmony into each individual bio. In Taoism the harmony of universal bio is considered as the top value. Realizing the value of human beings is based on keeping harmonious order of universal bio and realizing the value of other individual bio. the environmental ethics of Taoism is not Biocentrism. Biocentrism argues that each individual bio has teleological center of life, which pursues its own good in its own way, and possesses equal members of Earth's community. As a result, human beings role and responsibility was reduced. But Taoism insists on human beings' bioautonomous. And human beings should be responsible for universal bio's harmony. Therefore the environmental ethics of Taoism is not Biocentrism but Bioautonomous. Bioautonomous environmental ethics of Taoism insists on human beings should be responsible being in relation with other living beings. Because of this point, it can be a theory of biorecovery.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.185-205
• /
• 2010

Climate change vulnerability assessment based on local conditions is a prerequisite for establishment of climate change adaptation policies. While some studies have developed a methodology for vulnerability assessment at the national level using statistical data, few attempts, whether domestic or overseas, have been made to develop methods for local vulnerability assessments that are easily applicable to a single city. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to develop a conceptual framework for climate change vulnerability, and then develop a general methodology for assessment at the regional level applied to a single coastal city, Mokpo, in Jeolla province, Korea. We followed the conceptual framework of climate change vulnerability proposed by the IPCC (1996) which consists of "climate exposure," "systemic sensitivity," and "systemic adaptive capacity." "Climate exposure" was designated as sea level rises of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 meter(s), allowing for a simple scenario for sea level rises. Should more complex forecasts of sea level rises be required later, the methodology developed herein can be easily scaled and transferred to other projects. Mokpo was chosen as a seaside city on the southwest coast of Korea, where all cities have experienced rising sea levels. Mokpo has experienced the largest sea level increases of all, and is a region where abnormal high tide events have become a significant threat; especially subsequent to the construction of an estuary dam and breakwaters. Sensitivity to sea level rises was measured by the percentage of flooded area for each administrative region within Mokpo evaluated via simulations using GIS techniques. Population density, particularly that of senior citizens, was also factored in. Adaptive capacity was considered from both the "hardware" and "software" aspects. "Hardware" adaptive capacity was incorporated by considering the presence (or lack thereof) of breakwaters and seawalls, as well as their height. "Software" adaptive capacity was measured using a survey method. The survey questionnaire included economic status, awareness of climate change impact and adaptation, governance, and policy, and was distributed to 75 governmental officials working for Mokpo. Vulnerability to sea level rises was assessed by subtracting adaptive capacity from the sensitivity index. Application of the methodology to Mokpo indicated vulnerability was high for seven out of 20 administrative districts. The results of our methodology provides significant policy implications for the development of climate change adaptation policy as follows: 1) regions with high priority for climate change adaptation measures can be selected through a correlation diagram between vulnerabilities and records of previous flood damage, and 2) after review of existing short, mid, and long-term plans or projects in high priority areas, appropriate adaptation measures can be taken as per this study. Future studies should focus on expanding analysis of climate change exposure from sea level rises to other adverse climate related events, including heat waves, torrential rain, and drought etc.