• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.44 no.4 s.141
• /
• pp.317-323
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to survey plant-parasitic nematodes and their damages on Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv at 116 fields of 15 major cultivation areas in Korea. Among the 9 plant-parasitic nematode genera detected in the fields, Ditylenchus citri, Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita, Pratylenchus neglectus, Tylenchorynchus clayton were identified. M. hapla Chitwood showing the highest field infection rate of 61.9% followed by Tylenchus spp. 16.1%, Pratylenchus neglectus 7.8%, Ditylenchus citri 5.1%, and Helicotylenchus sp. 5.1%. Average field infection rate of root-knot nematodes in 2-year-old C. lanceolata was 67.0%, and the average plant infection rate was 60.2%. The average yield decrease rate was 10%. The damage rate by the root-hot nematode increased as the cultivation year extended in Jeonbuk province, and the damage was also higher in flat land than in mountainous areas.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.45 no.2 s.143
• /
• pp.195-200
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to clarify the biologies and morphological characteristics of Rhynchaenus sanguinipes. Also some chemicals were tested to screen the effective insecticide for the control of the species. Up to date, Zelkova serrata has been hewn as host plant of Rhynchaenus sanguinipes, which shows serious damage in this country. In the present study, Ulmus pumila was first found as host plant in this study. Body lengths of larvae, pupa and adult were 4.53$\pm$0.30 mm, 3.30$\pm$0.42 mm and 2.96$\pm$0.12 mm, respectively. The overwintered adult of the species emerged on early April to late April, and adult of nekt generation emerged on early May to late May, Pupal periods were 10, 7.2, 5.1 and 4 days on 16, 20, 24 and 28$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lower developmental threshold temperature was 5.8$^{\circ}C$. Four braconid parasitoids were found as natural enemies, which emerged mainly on late April to early June. Insecticidal activities with treatments of fenitrothion 50% EC, indoxacarb 30% WG, ethofenprox 20% EC and thiacloprid 10% SC was investigated against adult of R. sanguinpes, and they showed >90% mortality.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.58 no.1
• /
• pp.37-47
• /
• 2019

A survey on the geographical distribution of two soybean cyst nematodes, Heterodera glycines and Heterodera sojae, was conducted in soybean cultivation areas in the Gangwon-do and Chungcheongbuk-do provinces. In 67 fields of 10 counties or cities in Gangwon-do province, H. glycines was detected in 13 fields, H. sojae was detected in five fields, and both species were found in two fields. In 84 fields of nine counties or cities in Chungcheongbuk-do province, H. glycines was detected in 27 fields, H. sojae was detected in four fields, and both species were found in five fields. The diversity and dominance of the plant parasitic nematodes in the Gangwon and Chungbuk provinces were not significantly different among the soybean cultivars. The diversity and dominance index of the plant parasitic nematodes according to the presence or absence of soybean cyst nematodes did not show any significant difference between the soybean cultivation areas of both provinces. The relationship between the soybean cyst nematodes and soil chemical properties showed a low coefficient of determination, and the density of soybean cyst nematodes tended to increase as the pH and available phosphate content in soil samples increased. The soil texture of cyst nematode-detected fields was mostly sandy soils, which amounted to about 60% of the total. As the clay and silt content increased, the density of soybean cyst nematodes tended to decrease, and as the sand content increased, the density of cyst nematodes tended to increase.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.38 no.6 s.175
• /
• pp.675-687
• /
• 2005

The rocks of the five storied stone pagoda in the Jeongrimsaji temple site are 149 materials in total with porphyritic biotite granodiorite. They include pegmatite veinlet, basic xenolith and evenly developed plagioclase porphyry. This stone pagoda has comparably small fracture and cracks which are farmed in the times of rock properties, but surface exfoliation and granular decomposition are in process actively since the rocks are generally weakened from the influence of air contaminants and acid rain. Structural instability of constituting rocks in the 4th roof materials are observed to occur from distortion and tilt. Such instability is judged to threat stability of the upper part of the stone pagoda. Also, chemical weathering is operating even more as the contaminants, ferro-manganese hydroxides eluted from water-rock interaction on the rock surface. Most of the rock surface is covered with yellowish brown, dark black and light gray contaminants, and especially occur in the lower part of the roof rocks on each floor. The roof underpinning rocks are severe in surface pigmentation from manganese hydroxides and light gray contaminants. The surface of rocks lives bacteria. algae, lichen, or moss and diverse productions in colors of light gray, dark Bray and dark green. Grayish white crustose lichen grows thick on the surface with darkly discolored by fungi and algae in the first stage on basement rocks, and weeds grows wild on the upper part of each roof rocks. This stone pagoda must closely observe the movements of the upper part rock materials through minute safety diagnosis and long term monitoring for structural stability. Especially since the surface discoloration of rocks and pigmentation of secondary contaminants are severe, establishment of general restoration and scientific conservation treatment are necessary through more detailed study for this stone pagoda.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.4
• /
• pp.39-46
• /
• 1965

The author studied on the bionomics of Oriental moth. Cnidocampa flavescens WALKER, damaging to the persimmon tree n the southern part of Korea from 1964 to 1965. The results can be summarized as follows; 1. Emergence peak period of Oriental moth was mid-June in Taegu district and eggs are deposited on the opposite side of persimmon tree leaf. Specially most of eggs are deposited on the terminal part of opposite side and peak period s also mid-June. 2. Hatched Percentage of eggs was $84.4\%$ in 1964 while $96.1\%$ in 1965 at the rearing room. Mean egg Period was $5.984\pm0.162$ in 1964 while $6.262\pm0.094$ days in 1965. Thus during two years, the egg period was about 6 days. 3. In the growth ratio of Oriental moth fed on various host plants persimmon tree, Acer negund, Hazel-wood and Platanus, the best growth ratio was shown on the leaf of Hazel-wood from 1st till 3rd instar, but, on the contrary, persimmon tree was the best from 4th till the last instar. The growth ratio of head width was also the same tendency as the body length above mentioned. Individuals fed on the leaf of platanus were dead after 20 days. 4. Oriental moth has one generation a year and molts 6 times. The first molting occurred in 5 hours after hatched, and the other moltings were done at f days intervals. After 3 days since the last molting, larvae made the non for over-winter in it. 5. As the bristles on the process of larval body are different from each position and instar, judgement of instars are possible by the counting of bristles on the body according to the Table 8. Specially the bristle of L. 2., D. 2, 3 ,8. 10. and L. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, are perfectly different from each instar. From these bristles, instars can be recognized easily. 6. Pupation of larvae in the over-wintered cocoon on the stem of persimmon tree was done in mid-May and continued will early June when emergence will take place. 7. Mean number of eggs in the ovary was $1325.5\pm2.7182$

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.181-189
• /
• 1986

This nutrition survey was carried out twice(Spring and autumn) in Sam Chung-Ri, Song Kwang Myun, Soong Ju-Gun. The food intakes of 92 family members were measured by weighing method. Also 45 adults were examined for anthropometric, blood content and blood pressure. The results abtained were summarized as follows; In vegetable foods, the intake of rice was high, but that of legumina and other cereals was low. In animal foods, the intake of milk and eggs was low, and that of oils and fats was very low. However, the food intake between spring and autumn showed remarkable difference. The average intake of calorie, protein, Ca, Fe and vitamin $B_2$ except vitamin $B_1$ and niacin was below the RDAs. The percentage of carbohydrate, protein and fat for energy was 82.2, 11.6 and 6.2%, respectively. The results of anthropometry of height, weight and chestcircumference showed that both sexes Were below Korean Standards. The concentration of Hb & Hct was normal in both sexes, and the rate of anemia was low. The concentrations of plasma glucose, protein, lipids, and blood pressure were normal in both sexes. In case of male, the correlation between plasma albumin and nutrients intake was significant, but the case of female showed different tendency. In case of male, the correlation between weight, height and plasma protein was also significant but the case of female showed different tendency. The rate of parasite infection was very low $(2.17%{\ldots}3.26%)$

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.104 no.1
• /
• pp.50-59
• /
• 2015

We investigated seasonal variation in photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll content of the Loranthus tanakae, Viscum album var. coloratum and its hosts in Korea. The maximum photosynthesis and transpiration rate of L. tanakae were $9.36{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at $941{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) in June, $5.06{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at $1,596{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR in July, respectively. The maximum photosynthesis and transpiration rate of V. album var. coloratum were $6.51{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at $418{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR in Autumn, $3.91{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at $1,735{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PAR in Autumn, respectively. V. album var. coloratum was able to conduct photosynthesis in November whereas its host and L. tanakae were not able to conduct photosynthesis. Especially transpiration rate of L. tanakae were always higher than its host and V. album var. coloratum. The chlorophyll a+b contents of L. tanakae was $8.23mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ in July, V. album var. coloratum was $10.27mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ in June, and chlorophyll a/b ratio of L. tanakae was 1.7~3.7, V. album var. coloratum was 1.1~4.5, depend on season.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.23 no.1 s.72
• /
• pp.92-104
• /
• 1995

Ten species of Cordyceps species were collected throughout Kangwon province including Chuncheon Dongsanmyun KNU forest experiment from June to September, 1993. Collected Cordyceps species were identified as Cordyceps militaris, C. roseostromata, C. kyushuensis, C. scarabaeicola, Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora, C. nutans, Paecilomyces tenuipes, C. sphecocephala, Hymenostilbe odonatae, Torrubiella sp.. C. militaris, type species of Cordyceps species, was mainly formed on pupae of Lepidoptera and found after the rainy season around July. Fruiting body of C. roseostromata was morphologically similar to those of C. militaris, but relatively small in size and they were also found on lawn or pupa of Lepidoptera. Fruiting body of C. scarabaeicola was found on adult Scarabaeidae specifically and collect fruiting bodies of C. kyushuensis were on larva of moth. C. nutans and C. sphecocephala had host specificity on Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, respectively. Each species formed elliptical fertile part attach to the slim and carneous stalk and they were collected the most in specimen number through whole season of the summer. Ascospore of Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora on seed was characterized by two viable, multiseptate, fusiform units linked end-to-end by a long, filiform connective. Paecilomyces tenuipes, imperfect stage of the genus Cordyceps is multi-infective fungi that attack all stages of all groups of insects. Hymenostilbe odonatae attacks only adult Odonata and Torrubiella sp. formed on spider was difficult to collect because it was found the back side of leaf. As results of cultural test PDA medium showed the best mycelial growth. In the experiment of effect of the acidity inside of the media, C. militaris was good on pH 5, C. nutans and Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora were good on pH 6 and Paecilomyces tenuipes was on pH 7 and C. scarabaeicola was on pH 9. All isolates tested showed the best mycelial growth at $20^{\circ}C$. Morphologically similar isolates were used to analyze protein banding pattern among and within species. As a result, C. militaris, C. roseostromata and C. kyushuensis were clustered into close species and C. scarabaeicola and Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora were relatively distant from those species.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2019

The health benefits associated with consumption of fresh produce have been clearly demonstrated and encouraged by international nutrition and health authorities. However, since fresh produce is usually minimally processed, increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has also led to a simultaneous escalation of foodborne illness cases. According to the report by the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 10 people suffer from foodborne diseases and 420,000 die every year globally. In comparison to other processed foods, fresh produce can be easily contaminated by various routes at different points in the supply chain from farm to fork. This review is focused on the identification and characterization of possible sources of foodborne illnesses from chemical, biological, and physical hazards and the applicable methodologies to detect potential contaminants. Agro-chemicals (pesticides, fungicides and herbicides), natural toxins (mycotoxins and plant toxins), and heavy metals (mercury and cadmium) are the main sources of chemical hazards, which can be detected by several methods including chromatography and nano-techniques based on nanostructured materials such as noble metal nanoparticles (NMPs), quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic nanoparticles or nanotube. However, the diversity of chemical structures complicates the establishment of one standard method to differentiate the variety of chemical compounds. In addition, fresh fruits and vegetables contain high nutrient contents and moisture, which promote the growth of unwanted microorganisms including bacterial pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli O157: H7, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus) and non-bacterial pathogens (norovirus and parasites). In order to detect specific pathogens in fresh produce, methods based on molecular biology such as PCR and immunology are commonly used. Finally, physical hazards including contamination by glass, metal, and gravel in food can cause serious injuries to customers. In order to decrease physical hazards, vision systems such as X-ray inspection have been adopted to detect physical contaminants in food, while exceptional handling skills by food production employees are required to prevent additional contamination.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.68-86
• /
• 1976

The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the correct nutritional status on pre-school children in Korea. Furthermore, it made an attempt to find and define nutrional problems, and assist in establishment on their nutritional improvement plan. For this, food intake and health condition (physical, clinical, biochemical and parasitological) survey on 109 Pre-school children in both sexes, randomly selected from Yang-Gu area in Gang-Won province and Rea-ju area in Kyong-gy Province, were conducted by means of three-day records, during the two periods of Spring and Fall season in 1975. The results obtained are summerized as follows: 1. The food intake; Average food intake of the subjects per day were $508{\sim}647g$ ($83{\sim}91%$ in vegetable foods and $5.5{\sim}11.7%$ in animal foods) in Yang-gu area, and $587{\sim}698g$ ($88{\sim}89%$ in vegetable foods and $6.3{\sim}7.6%$ in animal foods) in Rea-ju area. 2. The intake of energy and nutrients; a) Calory intake. Average energy intake of subjects per day in Yang-gu area$(1120{\sim}1415kcal)$ were all lower than the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in either Spring and Fall survey, whereas the subjects in Rea-ju area were lower intake $(1213{\sim}1418kcal)$ than the RDA in the Spring but higher intake$(1516{\sim}1755kcal)$ than the RDA in the Fall, and the average intake were similar level with that of RDA. b) Protein intake. Average protein intake of the subjects per day in Yang-gu area $(33{\sim}43g)$ girl subjects in Rea-ju area $(35{\sim}39g)$ were lower than the RDA in either Spring and Fall survey, whereas the boy subjects in Rea-ju area$(36{\sim}38g)$ were lower in Spring and higher $(49{\sim}57g)$ in the Fall than that of the RDA, but the average $(43{\sim}47g)$ were similar level with the RDA. The protein intake from animal sources in all subjects were much lower $(5.5{\sim}11.7\;of\;total\;protein)$ than the RDA. c) Fat intake. Average fat intake were very lower in all subjects of both area $(14{\sim}24g\;in\;Yang-gu,\;10{\sim}12g\;in\;Rea-ju)$ than that of RDA which is recommended $12{\sim}14%$ of total energy to be supplied from fat. d) Calcium intake. Average calcium intake were very low in all subjects of both area $(264{\sim}355mg\;in\;Yang-gu\;and\;283{\sim}429mg\;in\;Rea-ju)$, especially, these in Spring were about a half level of the RDA, and it was much increased in the Fall due to increased intake of milk, but it was still not enough than the RDA. e) Vitamin A intake. Average intake of V.A ($703{\sim}1465\;IU$ in Ynag-gu and $750{\sim}1521\;IU$ in Rea-ju) were also lower than the RDA, moreover their V-A sources were mainly vegetable, so that the V-A supply might be critical one for the subjected. f) Riboflavin intake. Average riboflavin intake on all subjects in both area except boys in Rea-ju area in Fall, were very lower than the RDA. 3. The physical status; a) Average weight and height of boys aged 4 and 5 in Yang-gu area and girls of aged 5 in Rea-ju area were lower than those of Korean Standard of 1967 report, but those by age of girls in Yang-gu area and boys in Rea-ju area were a little heigher than the Korean Standard. It is, hower, present Korean standard of physical status might be somehow heigher than the 1967, since the socio-economical situation has been much improved during past a decade. So that, if one considered on this sense, the physical status of the subjects on this survey might be somehow lower than those of present Korean standard. b) Average upper arm circumference in both area were no difference each other, and their mean values of age 4, 5 and 6 in boy and girl were 15.6, 16.5, 16.4 and 15.5, 16.5, 16.4cm respectively. c) Average chest girth of boys were similar to those of Korean standard whereas the girls were smaller than the Korea standard. The average head circumference also showed similar tendency with the chest girth. 4. The clinical findings; The most popular clinical signs were angular stomatitis and dental caries, and boys had more heigher incidence then the girls. 5. The biochemical findings; a) Hemoglobin and anemia Average Hb value of boys and girls were 11.4 and 10.9g per 100 ml of blood respectively. The incidence of anemia (Hb value below 11 g/100 ml, by WHO) was increased by age, and girls had more heigher incidence than the boy (34% : 48%). The incidence of anemia in age of 4,5, and 6 in boys and girls were 28%, 41% 34%, and 33%, 50%, 49% respectively. The degree of the anemia was not severe, and the anemia of there subjects may be caused mainly low intake of better quality protein and low iron intake as well. b) Hematocrit. Average Ht value of whole subject were $39.9{\sim}41.6%$. c) Blood plasma protein. Average blood plasma protein contents of whole subjects were $6.6{\sim}7.4gm$ per 100 ml. The incidence of deficient range (<6.0g%, by ICNND) was only one girl of age 4 in yang Gu area. 6. Parasitological findgs; The most popular parasitism were asicris lumbicoides and trichocephalus trichiura, and about 2/3 of the whole subjects were suffering one or more of these parasitism.