• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1992

Background: Cognitive deficit by hypoxia and/or hypercapnia is one of neuropsychological impairments frequently observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The degree of cognitive deficit is variable among patients with similar level of hypoxia and/or hypercapnia, although a cause of this individual difference is well not known. COPD can be divided into two characteristic clinical entities including predominant emphysema and predominant bronchitis. This study was designed to evaluate the individual difference in cognitive deficit respond to hypoxia and/or hypercapnia in patients with COPD. Method: Sixteen patients with COPD (9 emphysema-dominant and 7 bronchitis-dominant) participated in this study. On admission arterial blood gas analysis and trail-making B (TMB) test for the evaluation of cognitive function were done in all patients. Mean TMB scores and the correlations between TMB scores and arterial blood gases were compared between two clinical groups. Results: 1) Mean TMB scores and arterial blood gases between two clinical groups were not different. 2) There was a tendency to be higher TMB score in hypoxemia, acidemia, and hypercapnia. However these findings were not statistically significant. 3) In emphysema-dominant group, $PaCO_2$ was mostly well correlated with TMB score (r=0.693). 4) In bronchitis-dominant group, arterial pH was mostly well correlated with TMB score (r=-0.526). Conclusion: Our data suggest that the individual difference in cognitive deficit respond to hypoxia and/or hypercapnia in patients with COPD may be dependent on their clinical entities, and arterial blood gases mostly well correlated with cognitive function that may be different according to their clinical entities.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 1996

Macroalgal community was analysed from December 1993 to October 1994 in Yonggwang vicinity, western coast of Korea. A total 51 species (12 green, 11 brown and 29 red algae) of marine algae were identified. Among four localities, the number of species observed was the highest as 34 species at Shimwon and the least as 31 species at Sunchanggum and Gamakdo. Seasonally, the number of species observed was the highest as 42 species in winter and the least as 18 species in summer. The species showing relatively high important value were Enteromorpha compressa, Sargassum thunbergii, Corallina pilulifera and Carpopeltis affinis, which were all common to four investigated localities. Seasonal and regional fluctuations of mean biomass was $66.0\~820.0\;g-wet\;wt/m^2$ at Hyanghado, $248.3\~886.3\;g-wet\;wt/m^2$ at Sunchanggum, $154.5\~510.2\;g-wet\;wt/m^2$ at Gamakdo and $85.0\~451.9\;g-wet\;wt/m^2$ at Shimwon, respectively. The flora investigated could be classified into six functional groups such as coarsely branched form $(41.2\%)$, sheet form $(25.5\%)$, filamentous form $(19.6\%)$, thick leathery $(7.8\%)$, crustous form $(3.9\%)$ and jointed calcarious form algae $(2.0\%)$. At the effluent area of the nuclear power plants, the algal composition of functional groups may affect species composition due to thermal pollution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.10-23
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• 2014

This study was carried out to examine seaweed community structure and distribution of crustose coralline algae at the intertidal and subtidal zones of Gallam, Samchuk, eastern coast of Korea. Total 112 species including 14 of green algae, 33 of brown algae, and 65 of red algae were collected and identified. Among these species, 29 species were found throughout the year. The dominant species which contributed significantly to the total biomass were Ulva pertusa, Colpomenia spp., Sargassum fulvellum, Sargassum fusiforme, Sargassum muticum, Sargassum thunbergii, Corallina pilulifera, and Gelidium elegans. Annual seaweed biomass in dry weight was 66.7 $gm^{-2}$ and maximum biomass was recorded seasonally in summer (107.5 $gm^{-2}$), while minimum was recorded in autumn (36.2 $gm^{-2}$). In seaweed functional group analyses, coarsely branched form was the most dominant functional group constituting from 40.0 to 48.6% of the total flora. Ecological state group ESG II, as an opportunistic species, including sheet form, filamentous form, and coarsely branched form, consisted of 46~61 species, constituting 76.7~82.4%. Crustose coralline algae was observed throughout all seasons. Species of the crustose coralline algae were largely classified into Lithothamnion lemoineae, Lithophyllum okamurai, Lithophyllum yessoense, and Hydrolithon gardineri. The coverage of crustose coralline algae seems to be lower than that of other studies from 36.8% to 11% on average.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.78-86
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• 2013

Qualitative and quantitative algal survey was conducted from March 2010 to December 2010 on a man-made artificial beach in the Hwawon Resort Complex in order to understand seasonal changes of algal flora. The seasonal change of algal vegetation was compared with intact natural habitat near from the experimental sites. Total 15 algal species were found at the artificial beach; 8 Chlorophyta, 3 Phaeophyta and 4 Rhodophyta. And 38 algal species were found at the natural habitat; 7 Chlorophyta, 9 Phaeophyta and 22 Rhodophyta. Dominant algal species at the artificial beach were Ulva compressa, U. intestinalis, U. prolifera, U. pertusa in winter and Urospora penicilliformis, U. intestinalis, U. compress in summer. In natural habitat, dominant algal species were U. pertusa, U. compressa in winter and Sargassum thunbergii, Ishige okamurae in summer. (R+C)/P explaining spatial distribution of seaweeds was 3.7~4.0 (warm-temperature) in the artificial beach and 2.6~3.4 (polar-temperate) in the natural habitat, respectively. The flora of artificial beach could be classified into the filamentous form (64.4%), the sheet form (21.9%), and the coarsely branched form (13.7%). There was significant difference from the two habitats representing dominant species, distributions and ratio of functional-form groups.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.94-107
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to know the clinical manifestations and the severity of adenoviral lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI) in Korean children. Methods : Adenoviral respiratory infection was diagnosed by viral culture in HEp-2 cell and indirect immunofluorescent technique with nasal aspirates. Isolated adenoviruses were typed by neutralization test. Retrospective chart review was done in patients with adenoviruses were typed by neutralization test. Retrospective chart review was done in patients with adenoviral lower respiratory tract infection, who were brought to Seoul National University Children's Hospital from November 1990 through February 1998. Results : Adenovirus was isolated in 87 cases. Of 84 cases serotyped, type 1 was recovered in 3 cases, type 2 in 13 cases, type 3 in 13, type 4 and 5 in 4 cases each other, type 6 in 1 cases, type 7 in 36 cases, type 11 in 1 case and the other types in 9 cases. Adenoviral lower respiratory infection occurred sporadically throughout the year but from November 1995 through February 1998, an outbreak of adenovirus type 7 lower respiratory infection was observed in number upto 36 case. The incidence of adenoviral infection peaked in young children between 6 months and 5 years of age and the mean age was 1 year 11 months old. There were 10 cases of mixed infection with another pathogen. Clinical diagnosis were pneumonia(88%), acute broncholitis(5.4%), acute tracheobronchitis(5.4%), croup(1.3%). The clinical features of adenoviral lower respiratory infection were severe especially in type 3 and 7 infections in aspect of fever duration, ventilator care. Extrapulmonary manifestations were gastrointestinal symptoms in 23 cases(31%), hepatomegaly in 36 cases(53%), seizure and mental alteration in 13 cases(20.3%). In chest radiographic findings, parahilar and peribronchial infiltration were in 49 cases(67%), hyperaeration in 21 cases(29%), atelectasis in 14 cases(19%), consolidation in 39 cases(53%) and bilateral pneumonic infiltration in 28 cases(38%). Among thirty six adenovirus type 7 LRTI, 15 patients(41.6%) had pleural effusion and 3 patients had chest tube insertion. Number of fetal cases related to adenovirus were 9 cases(12%) and fetal cases due to ventilatory failure were 7(11%). Conclusion : During 7 year period of studying adenoviral lower respiratory infection, we identified the serotypes of adenovirus. Among the serotypes, adenovirus type 7 were epidemically isolated. Adenovirus were isolated in severe lower respiratory infection of young children aged between 6 months and 5 years and related to death of the patients, especially when the patients had underlyng diseases or were infected by adenovirus type 7.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2014

Marine algal flora and community structure were seasonally investigated at four sites in the vicinity of the Igidae on the southern east coast of Korea from May 2010 to February 2011. A total of 66 species including 9 of Chlorophyta, 14 of Phaeophyta, 43 of Rhodophyta were found during the survey period. Among these species, 16 species were found throughout the year. Seasonal mean biomass in wet weight was 123.6 (spring), 2,061.6 (summer), 412.0 (autumn), 678.9 (winter) $g{\cdot}m^{-2}$. Maximum biomass was recorded in summer($2,061.6g{\cdot}m^{-2}$), and minimum was recorded in spring($123.6g{\cdot}m^{-2}$). Spatial maximum and minimum species number were recorded at station 3 and 4(50 species) and at station 1(47 species). At station 1, 2 directly exposure on Yongho and Daeyeon cheon (stream) run off, and discharge from Nambu sewage treatment plants near coastal area, species diversity was relatively low and dominant species were similar throughout four seasons. The R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P value reflecting flora characteristics were 3.07, 0.64 and 3.71, respectively. The flora investigated could be classified into six functional groups such as coarsely branch form 39.39 %, sheet form 30.30 %, thick leather form 13.64 %, filamentous form 12.12 %, crustose form 3.03% and jointed calcareous form 1.52 % during survey period. The number of marine algae species in Igidea were 96 species at 1996 to 1997 and 66 species at 2010 to 2011, respectively. The change of seaweed species is due to the pollution loaded from sewage treatment plant and stream. We thus recommend that the positive maintenance control method like sewage treatment, for the protection of seaweed bed should be proceeded to near coastal area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.574-584
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• 1997

Benthic marine algae of Shinjido located on the southern coast of Korea have been investigated to know the floristic composition and community structure. The study was conducted from the intertidal to subtidal zones at two different locations (Kangdok and Donggori) using a line transect method from January to October, 1994. A total of 120 species of marine algae were identified, and they includes 15 green algae, 31 brown algae and 74 red algae. Of these, 87 and 104 species of marine algae occurred at Kangdok and Donggori, respectively. Algal vegetations were divided into three different zonations: the upper, the middle and the lower zones. The representative species are Enteromorpha compressa, Ulva pertusa, Porphyra suborbiculata, lshige okamurae in the upper zone; Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum thunbergii, Gigatina intermedia, Corallina pilulifera in the middle zone; Pachymeniopsis elliptica, Gelidium amansii, Sargassum horneri in the lower zone. In terms of biomass the dominant species were U. pertusa, I. okamurae, H. fusiformis, C. thunbergii, C. pilulifera, C. amansii, C. tenella. The flora could be classified into six functional form groups such as the coarsely branched form $(36.7\%)$ the filamentous form $(27.5\%)$, the sheet form $(15.8\%)$, the thick leathery form $(10.0\%)$, the jointed calcarious form $(5.0\%)$ and the crustose form $(5.0\%)$.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.191-201
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• 2014

Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated seasonally at three sites in subtidal zone of Wangdol-cho on the east coast of Korea from May 2012 to August 2013. A total of 122 species were collected and identified, including 12 green algae, 29 brown algae, and 81 red algae. Of these, 38 species were found throughout the survey period. Average seaweed biomass was 472.19-1,198.77 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in spring, 68.99-631.14 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in summer, 200.91-401.20 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in autumn, and 53.61-922.32 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in winter. The vertical distribution based on biomass were Grateloupia lanceolata, Acrosorium venulosum, Lomentaria catenata - Undaria pinnatifida, Dictyopteris pacifica, Sargassum horneri, Ecklonia cava - Desmarestia viridis, E. cava, S. horneri from upper to lower subtidal zone. The flora was classified into six functional groups: filamentous form (34.43%), coarsely branched form (25.41%), sheet form (24.59%), thick leather form (9.71%), crustose form (5.74%) and jointed calcareous form (0.82%). The C/P, R/P and (R+C)/P values reflecting the flora characteristics were 0.41, 2.79 and 3.21, respectively. Also, diversity index (H') and dominance index (DI) indicate that the algal community and environmental condition of Wangdol-cho is stable. We recommend that Wangdol-cho subtidal zone should be more protected from human activities such as turbulence and eutrophication in order to maintain species diversity and abundance of algae.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.613-626
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• 2014

Seaweeds were identified after qualitative sampling at 14 stations of Dokdo coasts from May to July 2013 and seaweeds and animals inhabiting 23 Eisenia bicyclis plants were examined to evaluate its ecological role. Biomass was calculated by using regression between stipe length and weight of E. bicyclis. A total of 128 species were identified, including 18 green, 35 brown, and 75 red algae. Coarsely branched form was dominant functional group occupying 47.66% and 91 species (71.09%) were in ESG I group, growing in stable environmental coast. Also, R/P, C/P, and (R+C)/P were 2.14, 0.51, and 2.66, respectively showing temperate and mixed flora. Biomass and density of E.bicyclis were $23.74kg\;m^{-2}$ and 64 fronds $m^{-2}$. Twelve seaweeds and 83 animal species (15 Annelida, 25 Mollusca, 34 Arthropoda, 3 Echinodermata, and 6 others) were observed from 23 holdfasts and Ericthonius pugnax was dominant taxon having 538 (43.11%) of 1,248 animal individuals. These results indicate that E.bicyclis is a keystone species showing very important ecological role. In conclusion, the number of seaweeds increased because of intensive research and dominance of coarsely branched form and ESG I group seaweeds, representing that environmental condition of Dokdo is still intact.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 1986

The marine algal communities of Yonhwa-do at the southern coast of Korea were investigated in aspects to quantitative analysis of their structure and dynamics. As a result, 114 species, including 2 blue-green, 69 red, 25 brown and 18 green algae, were identified. The R/P value(2.8) is higher than that of other regions of the southern coast of Korea. Sheet and filamentous groups of the functional groups of algae showed higher composition rate in spring and summer than in autumn and winter, but coarsely branched and thick leathery groups showed an opposite tendency. Cluster analysis based on species presence suggested the existence of 5 distinct groups in spring, but 3 groups in the other seasons. The species exhibiting important value above 20 were as follows: Porphyra suborbiculata, Corallina pilulifera, Hizikia fusiforme, Sargassum thunbergii, Undaria pinnatifida, Ishige okamurai, Chondria crassicaulis, and crustose coralline algae. The coverage of algal communities composed only of crustose coralline algal complex was higher than that of other algal complex, but occurrence frequency of these two communities was indifferent. It is suggested that the occurrence in high quantity of crustose coralline algae from this area is related to grazing by herbivorous animals.