• Title/Summary/Keyword: 기녀(妓女)

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Semiotic Approach of Korean Ginyoe Clothing (우리나라 기녀복식의 기호학적 접근)

  • 박춘순
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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    • v.22
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    • pp.297-312
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    • 1994
  • Today though the word ginyoe(gisaeng) was remained as a historic relic but they were firmly existed about 40 years ago and ginyoe's number was about three million in Chosun it's almost near 0.5% of the total population of Chosun. To think that point the ginyoe's so-ciety was considered a special one in the his-tory of Korean woman. The ginyoe as a special social class were specialize in technical art such as dancing and prostitute. Although they were low class they were luxurious slaves whoses clothing was almost equal to that of royal family. They were the leaders of fashion in woman clothing that's because their role was entertainer, This study can be summarized as follows. First ginyoe and public woman's clothing codes were nearly same in koryo but tatally separated in chosun. I could find that was came from those day's moral sprit. Second ginyoe's clothing was not only have luxuriance like royal family but also have unique clothing codes for them. Though they are low class ginyoe could use upper class's clothing codes. But upper class women could'nt use ginyoe's clothing codes are vary various and have their own clothing codes. Third I analyzed ginyoe's clothing codes and then derived 6 ginyoe's clothing messages. They were symbol of wealth symbol of power symbol of occupational function symbol of sexual attraction symbol of social position symbol of freedom.

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Study on Creative Materials of Digital Contents Using Traditional Culture of Art School of PyongYang Ki-Saeng and Ki-Saeng of Chosun Age (조선기생 및 평양기생학교에 관한 전통문화의 디지털콘텐츠 창작소재에 관한 연구)

  • Joo, Jung-Kyu
    • Journal of Korea Game Society
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.45-52
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    • 2005
  • This paper is re-lighting(reputation) that Ki-saeng is a artist in Chosun age to concern with history, social lives, role, art school of Ki-saeng and Ki-saeng and also is re-light and analysis educate system, rules, curriculum, time table of teaching, graduated album, photos of art school of Pyongyang Ki-saeng. And the using these traditional culture materials of Ki-saeng can create various digital contents of game contents, animation, drama, film and characters. Specially, it is propose to use culture contents that creation and pick out of beauty, talent, social system and art school of Ki-saeng in Chosun age willing to use concept design, scenario of game, animation, drama and film etc.

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A examination of 'Gakssi (각씨)~' Sijo and interpret of $\lceil$Gaksine nae cheobi doena(각시니 내 첩이 되나)$\rfloor$ (각씨니[네]~' 시조의 검토와 "각시니 내 첩이 되나"의 해석)

  • Lee young-tae
    • Sijohaknonchong
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    • v.22
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    • pp.225-247
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    • 2005
  • This article is aimed at reviewing the series of 'Gakssi (각씨)$\~$' Sijo or Saseolsijo. We can find the word 'Gakssi' having a very close relationship with alcohol. side dishes and the space where music is played in a record published before the late Chosun dynasty and it was recited in Korean verses. 'Gakssi' appeared in the verses did not mean average woman but a character raising the singing climate at the 'Juyeonseok(주연석) or Pungnyujang(풍류장)', as a mood-maker. $\lceil$Gaksine nae cheobi doena(각시니 내 첩이 되나)$\rfloor$($\#48$), the forerunner among the 'Gakssi (각씨)' verses, is no exception. In this context, we can come to the conclusion that this verse is closely related to such places as 'Juyeonseok(주연석) or Pungnyujang(풍류장)‘. Therefore, the others coming after $\#48$ can provide reasonable bases to consider this song associated with people who were able to visit those locations.

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The Structural Analysis and Criticism of Geommu (Korean Sword Dance) - Focusing in Literary Works and Music - (검무 구조 분석 시론 - 문헌과 음악을 중심으로 -)

  • Kim, Young-Hee
    • (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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    • no.34
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    • pp.9-42
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    • 2017
  • Of all Geommu(劍舞, Korean sword dance), Gisaeng-Geommu danced by gisaeng(妓生, Korean female entertainers) for private guests and at the royal court. The Sword dance in the late Joseon Dynasty used to be dynamic exuding menacing "sword spirit(劍氣)." Sword dance being transmitted today is more ritualistic and elegant. This study considers Korean sword dance has a core structure and motifs transcending generational differences, and based on this critical thinking, aims to analyze the structure of Korean sword dance. This study analyzed the prose "Geommugi(劍舞記)" by Park Je-ga(朴齊家) and the poem "Mugeompyeonjeongmiin(舞劍篇贈美人)" by Jeong Yak-yong(丁若鏞) out of literary works from the late Joseon Dynasty, and from official records of rituals(笏記), "Geomgimu(Sword Dance, 劍器舞)" and "Geommu" in "Gyobanggayo(敎坊歌謠)." In the introduction part of Sword dance, a dancer appears, bows and performs a hand dance or hansam(汗衫) dance to and fro. In the development part, a dancer meets with a sword but first hesitates to hold it and dances holding swords in both hands. The climax shows expert sword skills and combat scenes. In the conclusion part, the court dance involves a dancer bidding a formal farewell, while the dance for entertainment, a dance throws away the sword to finish. From literature materials, the structure of Korean sword dance could be divided into an introduction, a development, a climax and a conclusion. Based on this, this study analyzed sword dance movements by linking the beats accompanying the current sword dance, in the order of a Yeombul, the traditional Korean ballad Taryeong or Neujeun Taryeong, Jajin Taryeong, Taryeong and Jajin Taryeong. The introduction part includes a Buddhist prayer and the beginning of Taryeong. Dancers appear, and in two rows they dance facing each other. On the slow beat, their dances are relaxed and elegant. The development part is matched with Jajin Taryeong. Dancers sit in front of swords and grab them, and they dance holding a pair of swords. The beat gradually becomes faster, progressing the development of the dance. But then, the slower Taryeong is placed again. The reason behind it is to create a tension for a little while, before effectively reaching a climax by speeding up the tempo again. Moving on to Jajin Taryeong, dancers' movements are bigger and more dynamic. The highly elated Jajin Taryeong shows dance movements at the climax on fast, robust beats. In the conclusion part, the beat is quick-tempo and on the upbeat again on Jajin Taryeong. Driving on without a stop on the exciting Yeonpungdae(燕風臺) melody, dancers standing in a line dance wielding the swords and bow before finishing.

A Study on Baettaragi Performance in Northwestern Province of Korea (관서지방 배따라기 연행고(演行考))

  • Lim, Soojung
    • (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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    • no.23
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    • pp.105-158
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    • 2011
  • Due to the system of sending selected hyanggi(local entertaining woman) to the government office in Seoul after the abolition of the system of gyeonggi(entertaining woman in capital area) during the reign of King Injo(1595~1649), the kyobang-jeongjae(local dance performed for the provincial government office) had gotten into the court to be performed at the royal banquet as gungjung-jeongjae(court dance), one of which was seonyurak(dance of boating). It used to be performed for finale of the royal banquet in the late Joseon Dynasty and appeared in several uigwes(record for royal banquet) since its first appearance in the wonhaeng-eulmyo-jeongri-uigwe, documented in 1795, the 19th year of the reign of King Jeongjo. Considering that the yeoggi(female entertainer) responsible for the court dance, seonyurrak was the seonsanggi(selected entertaining woman from provinces) from the northwestern provincial villages such as Euiju, Ahnju, and Seongcheon etc., we can assume that the baettaragi, one of kyobang-jeongjaes whould have been getting into the court to become the seonyurrak as court dance. The baettaragi, kyobang-jeongjae of northwestern province that affected the development of the court dance, seonyurak was created as performance executed by entertaining women of kyobang(local supervisory office for entertaining women) on the basis of the fact that the envoy of Joseon dynasty to the Ming dynasty could not help but taking a sea route when Amaga Aisin Gurun had a grip on the northeastern area of China during the shift of power from Ming to Qing. There had been a lot of banquets for envoys in the northwestern province because of its geographical feature as gateway to trip to China and the baettaragi used to be performed by entertaining women belonged to local provincial office to consolate the sadness of separation with those who destined to depart to China and to hope for their safe return. The kyobang-jeongjae, baettaragi of northwestern province is recorded as performance with sorrowful song to put the pain of parting into work, according to many related documents. It puts together painted boats as props, the march of a couple of dancer dressed up as soldier with marching music called gochiak, the song and musical accompaniment before getting on boat, the dramatic expression of sailing, and the farewell song praying for safe return etc. It turns the situation of dispatching envoys for China by sea into performance with combination of music, song and dance. Created in this way, the kyobang-jeongjae, baettaragi had been performed at the various banquets for envoys departing for China and it affected the formation of court dance or gungjung-jeongjae called seonyurak through the activities of selected local entertaining women. It also exerted influence on other similar performance in provincial area because of the returning home of the selected local entertainers who finished their performance in Seoul and it had been performed with different variation at local banquet including locality in it.

An Essay on the Change of Jinju Sword Dance after being designated as an Important Intangible Cultural Asset (<진주검무> 중요무형문화재 지정 이후의 변화에 관한 소고)

  • Lee, Jong Sook
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.4-21
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate changes of Jinju Sword Dance, characteristics of the changes, and the current condition of its preservation and succession after the designation as the important intangible cultural property no. 12 in January 16th, 1967. In other words, this study understands the situation which has established the present state of after changes over generations. As of now. the year of 2015, the 3 generation holders have been approved since 1967. In 1967, 8 members of $1^{st}$ generation holders were selected from gisaengs of Gwonbeon. However, the succession training was incomplete due to conflicts among the holders, the deaths of some holders, and economic activities of the individuals. As the need of a pivot for succession training and activities was rising, Seong, Gye-Ok was additionally approved as the $2^{nd}$ generation holder on June $21^{st}$, 1978. Seong, Gye-Ok who had never been a gisaeng had dramatically changed with a lot of new attempts. After the death of Seong, Gye-Ok in 2009, Kim, Tae-Yeon and Yu, Yeong-Hee were approved as the $3^{rd}$ generation holders in February, 2010. Based on the resources including the "Cultural Research Reports of Important Intangible Cultural Properties" in 1966 and videos up to 2014, the changes of the dance and surroundings are as follow. 1. The formation of musical accompaniment has been changed during the 3 generations. In the video of the $1^{st}$ generation(in 1970), the performance lasted about 15 minutes, whereas the performance lasted 25 minutes in the video of the $2^{nd}$ generation. Yumbuldoduri rhythm was considered as Ginyumbul(Sangryeongsan) and played more slowly. The original dance requiring only 15 rhythms was extended to 39 rhythms to provide longer performance time. In the $3^{rd}$ generation, the dance recovered 15 rhythms using the term Ginyumbul. The facts that Yumbul was played for 3 minutes in the $1^{st}$ generation but for 5 minutes in the 3rd generation shows that there was tendency pursuing the slowness from the $2^{nd}$ generation. 2. For the composition of the Dance, the performance included additional 20 rhythms of Ginyumbul and Ah(亞)-shaped formation from the $2^{nd}$ generation. From the $3^{rd}$ generation, the performance excluded the formation which had no traditional base. For the movement of the Dance, the bridge poses of Ggakjittegi and Bangsukdoli have been visibly inflexible. Also, the extention of time value in 1 beat led the Dance less vibrant. 3. At the designation as an important intangible cultural property (in 1967), the swords with rotatable necks were used, whereas the dancers had been using the swords with non-rotatable necks since late 1970s when the $2^{nd}$ generation holder began to used them. The swords in the "Research Reports" (in 1966) was pointy and semilunar, whereas the straight swords are being used currently. The use of the straight swords can be confirmed from the videos after 1970. 4. There is no change in wearing Jeonlib, Jeonbok, and Hansam, whereas the arrangement of Saekdong of Hansam was different from the arrangement shown in the "Research Reports". Also, dancers were considered to begin wearing the navy skirts when the swords with non-rotatable necks began to be used. Those results showed that has been actively changed for 50 years after the designation. The $2^{nd}$ generation holder, Seong, Gye-Ok, was the pivot of the changes. However, , which was already designated as an important intangible cultural property, is considered to be only a victim of the change experiment from the project to restore Gyobang culture in Jinju, and it is a priority to conduct studies with historical legitimacy. First of all, the slowing beat should be emphasized as the main fact to reduce both the liveliness and dynamic beauty of the Dance.

A Study on the Social Functions of Sijo (시조의 사회적 기능 고찰 - 조선조 사회와 시조의 관계를 중심으로 -)

  • 박규홍
    • Sijohaknonchong
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.127-153
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    • 2003
  • In early Josun(朝鮮) era, the scholars, genteels, and high officials in Josun dynasty paid attention to Sijo(時調) who hoped Josun society would share Confucian values. Sijo poems written by them are based upon Confucian ideology, giving an opportunity to its members to make sure their homogeneity and helping Josun dynasty sustain its regime. Gyongichega(景幾體歌) has, however, already failed to be an appropriate genre to do these functions. Nevertheless, in the late Josun dynasty when there were agitation in class hieracy, development of currency economics, maldistribution of wealth, and pursuit of enjoyment, obscene poems turned out. Consequently these songs contributed to encroaching and eventually destroying the Josun dynasty. The question that who are in charge of creating and enjoying Sasulsijo(辭說時調) cannot be answered by approaching it in the social class point of view. The range of the maker or the reader of Sasulsijo in the late Josun dynasty was much more extensive than that in the early times. Not only aristocracy or the middle society but even some of the lower class may have made and enjoyed those songs. In the meantime, it is singer-songwriters whom Park, Hyogwan blamed for their profiteering abuse of obscenity that is supposed to have been mainly reponsible for the creation of those songs. Siga is a double-edged art in its essence--the good and the bad. The lewd songs were, in the early Josun, strictly controlled but in the late Josun dynasty, were thriving due to social changes. In this context, songs based on Confucian ideology as well as the ones focused on sexual love became decayed along with the collapse of the Josun dynasty. Even though, in the light of the history of Siga, those two types of Siga are underestimated in its artistic value, they have very special social historical meaning in doing positive and negative functions for existence and destroy of the Josun dynasty.

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A Study on Jin Tai Quan Zhuan (金臺全傳): A Narration in the Form of a Xylographic Book (한국 소장 『김대전전(金臺全傳)』의 판본과 서사 연구)

  • Kim, Myung-Sin
    • Cross-Cultural Studies
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    • v.41
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    • pp.85-112
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    • 2015
  • This article studies The Complete Story of JinTai(金臺全傳), a Korean and Chinese xylographic book, and wishes to makes a case for the value of this work. The Complete Story of JinTai, is an anonymous Xia-Yi (俠義) novel from the late Qing Dynasty. The oldest edition is at Nanjing Rare Book Library. This work was published in 1881 when Emperor Guangxu (光緖) ruled China. Currently, a copy of this book is at the Kookmin University Rare Book Library, however, it is somewhat different in form from that in the Nanjing Library. But it is almost the same story. The Complete Story of JinTai narratives the life story of the hero, Jintai (金臺). Jintai's appearance, alliance, ordeal, contribution, and return proceed sequentially, thus, the story gradually explicates Jintai's heroic aspects. Jintai is a young hero. Exceptionally, he married an official dancing girl. He values honor, hangs out with friends, slays a wicked villain, to the defense of the country, and eventually becomes a king. The hero of more than 500 is categorized as conductor, strategist, activist, intuitive type. They are from Geumsan Mountain, took a pledge of brotherhood, and try to resolve a national crisis. The remarkable Jintai fights wicked enemies and does battle with the villains in many conflicts.

Cultural and Artistic Characteristics of a Gyobang Dance Displayed in Tonshinsa from Yeongnam Jwa-do Province (영남좌도 통신사 교방춤에 나타난 문화예술적 특징)

  • Yang, Ji-Seon;Kang, In-sook
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.490-501
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    • 2019
  • This study is aimed at researching Gyobang Dance performed by gisaeng of Gyobang in the banquet of Tonshinsa in Yeongnam Jwa-do Province. For this study, Hae-haeng-chong-che, a collection of 28 travel essays written by Joseon Tonshinsa after visiting Japan, and a collection of literary works were analyzed. Joseon Tonshinsa used Yeongnam Jwa-do Province as a route to Japan in obedience to a royal command, and Yeongnam U-do Province as a way back to Hanyang after completing their missions. The country gave a huge banquet to relieve Tonshinsa's anxiety about the voyage and to pray for a safe trip. The banquets were concentrated in Yeongnam Jwa-do Province, the way down to Busan departing from Hanyang. Looking into Tonshinsa's records, it can be seen that Tonshinsa banquets took place in Andong, Yeongcheon, Gyeongju, Milyang, and Busan. Gyobang Dance performed at Tonshinsa banquets includes Geommu, Hwangchangmu, Cheoyongmu, Cheondo, Mudong, Ipchum, and Jungchum. Through Tonshinsa envoy, 'Jeseon Tonshinsa-gil' was formed in Yeongnam Jwa-do Province, and through Tonshinsa banquets, the artistry of Gyobang Dance was compiled. Nevertheless, present Yeongnam Jwa-do Province has remarkably less Gyobang Dance passed down in comparison to Yeongnam U-do Province. For this reason, there is a need to look into Gyobang Dance of Yeongnam Jwa-do Province. The purpose of this study is to closely examine the cultural and artistic characteristics of Gyobang Dance performed at Tonshinsa banquets in Yeongnam Jwa-do Province formed through Joseon Tonshinsa-gil.

Figuration of farewell and aspect of confrontation expressed in the poem of Hwang Jin I (황진이(黃眞伊) 시조(時調)의 이별(離別) 형상화(形象化)와 대응양상(對應樣相))

  • Kim, Seong-Moon
    • Sijohaknonchong
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    • v.30
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    • pp.319-332
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    • 2009
  • The research on the poem work of Hwang Jin I may have been discussed relatively profoundly compared to the number of works left by her. On the prolongation of such result that has been made thus far, the author tried to investigate aspect of confrontation of figuration and situation of farewell revealed in the poem work of Hwang Jin I through this dissertation. The 6 poems of Hwang Jin I are works which are directly or indirectly related to the situation of farewell. Thus, the author began to discuss dissertation, thinking that the difference in aspect of confrontation in the farewell situation of Hwang Jin I projected in the work can be confirmed by analyzing the poem work of Hwang Jin I. First, with respect to the figuration of farewell in the poem of Hwang Jin I, it cannot be said that she left many poems. However, it could be confirmed that the universal human emotion felt in the situation of farewell was effective converted to figuration by personality of the author through the delicate symbol and simile felt in each work and diverse poetic devices. Then, the aspect of confrontation of farewell situation revealed in the poem of Hwang Jin I was investigated in 3 large divided aspects. First, it is the nature-compliant aspect of confrontation that does not artificially reject or disobey but accepts the moment of farewell by relying on the providence of nature with respect to the situation of farewell. Four works pertain to this category, namely, <니 언지 무언(無言)하여$\sim$>, <어뎌 니 일이여$\sim$>, <산(山)은 넷 산(山)이로디$\sim$> and <청산(靑山)은 내 뜻이요$\sim$>. Next, it may be challenge to the nature, that is, to cut time and space at own intention against the providence of nature. The work, <동지인(冬至人)달 기나긴 밤을$\sim$> pertains to this category. Finally, it is mixed aspect of confrontation in which the above-mentioned compliant aspect of confrontation is mixed with challenging aspect of confrontation. The work, <청산리(靑山裡) 벽계수(碧溪水)ㅣ야$\sim$> may pertain to this category. As explained above, the aspect of confrontation revealed differently in the situation of farewell may be due to the peculiarity of her status as official kisaeng. Furthermore, her magnanimous and affectionate character may be also quite influential on this matter. The matters to be supplemented to make the above discussion successful need to be studied in the subsequent research.

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