• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
• /
• 2003.07b
• /
• pp.67-88
• /
• 2003

The consumption of poultry meat (chicken and turkey) grew the most during the past few decades due to several contributing factors such as low price. product research and development. favorable meat characteristics, responsive to consumer needs, vertical integration and industry consolidation, new processing equipments and technology, and aggressive marketing. The major processing technologies developed and used in chicken processing include forming/restructuring, tumbling, curing, smoking, massaging, injection, marination, emulsifying, breading, battering, shredding, dicing, and individual quick freezing. These processing technologies were applied to various parts of chicken including whole carcass. Product developments using breast, thigh, and mechanically separated chicken meat greatly increased the utilization of poultry meat. Chicken breast became the symbol of healthy food, which made chicken meat as the most frequent menu items in restaurants. However, the use of and product development for dark meat, which includes thigh, drum, and chicken wings were rather limited due to comparatively high fat content in dark meat. Majority of chicken are currently sold as further processed ready-to-cook or ready-to-eat forms. Major quality issues in chicken meat include pink color problems in uncured cooked breast, lipid oxidation and off-flavor, tenderness PSE breast, and food safety. Research and development to ensure the safety and quality of raw and cooked chicken meat using new processing technologies will be the major issues in the future as they are now. Especially, the application of irradiation in raw and cooked chicken meat products will be increased dramatically within next 5 years. The market share of ready-to-eat cooked meat products will be increased. More portion controlled finished products, dark meat products, and organic and ethnic products with various packaging approaches will also be introduced.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
• /
• 1972.03a
• /
• pp.7-8
• /
• 1972

The effects of noise exposure are of two types: Nonauditory effects and auditory effects. Nonauditory effects of noise exposure are interference with communication by speech, sleeping and emotional behavior. The noise will cause the high blood pressure and rapid pulse, also that decrease the salivation and gastric juice. in experimentaly showed that the Corticoid hormon: Gonatotropic hormone were decrease and Thyrotropic hormoone is increase. Auditory effect of noise exposure. when the normal ear is exposed to noise at noise at hamful intensities (above 90㏈) for sufficiently long periods of time, a temoral depression of hearing results, disappearing after minutes or hours of rest. When the exposure longer or intesity greater is reached the Permanent threshold shift called noise-induced hearing loss. Hearing loss resulting from noise exposure presents legal as well as medical problems. The otologist who examines and evaluates the industrial hearing loss cases must be properly informed, not only concerning the otologic but also about the physical and legal aspects of the problems. The measurement of hearing ability is the most important part of a hearing conservation, both preplacement and periodic follow-up tests of hearing. The ideal hearing conservation program would be able to reduce or eliminate the hazardous noise at its source or by acoustic isolation of noisy working area and two ear protections (plugs and muff type) were developed for personal protection.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2013

IEC publications have applied in many countries all over the world such as Europe or Japan and these also have been published as in dustrial standards (KS) and notifications of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) in Korea. As the general standard of IEC 60601 series for medical electric (ME) equipment was revised as $3^{rd}$ edition in 2005, additional and particular standards have been revised or established newly. Under these circumstances, it is importance for manufacturing and assembling companies or authorized testing companies to understand the trend for revisions of IEC publications. Therefore in this study, the latest version of 3 IEC standards related to medical X-ray equipment : IEC 60601-2-44 for X-ray equipment for computed tomography (CT), IEC 60601-2-45 for mammographic X-ray equipment and IEC 60601-2-54 for X-ray equipment for radiography or radioscopy were covered and analyzed for trends and features accompanied by revision based on IEC 60601-1 $3^{rd}$ Ed. As KFDA notifications in force have referred to the particular standards based on 2nd edition of IEC 60601-1, those revised version of 3 particular standards were compared to KFDA notifications in force. The features of the latest standards applying IEC 60601-1 $3^{rd}$ Ed were shown as following: 1) Requirements for mechanical hazards, especially (motorized) moving parts were emphasized. 2) Indication and recording of patient dose were required. 3) Risk management process was introduced and enabled to monitor potential risks systematically. 4) DR system (digital radiography system) as well as analogue system (film-screen system) was included in the scope. Presently, KFDA will revise the notifications applying the particular standards based on IEC 60601-1 $3^{rd}$ Ed in a few years. Therefore the features of particular standards applying IEC 60601-1 $3^{rd}$ Ed was expected to help manufacturers, assemblers or testing companies of medical electric equipment understand IEC publications or KFDA notifications slated to be published.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 2017

Electric power which is the energy source of economy and industries requires long distance transportation due to regional difference between its production and consumption, and it is supplied through the multi-loop transmission and distribution system. Prior to its actual use, electric power flows through several transformations by voltage transformers in substations depending on the characteristics of each usage, and a transformer has the structure consisting of the main body, winding wire, insulating oil and bushings. A transformer fire that breaks out in substations entails the primary damage that interrupts the power supply to houses and commercial facilities and causes various safety accidents as well as the secondary economic losses. It is considered that causes of such fire include the leak of insulating oil resulting from the destruction of bottom part of bushings, and the chain reaction of fire due to insulating oil that reaches its ignition point within 1 second. The smoke detector and automatic fire extinguishing system are established in order to minimize fire damage, but a difficulty in securing golden time for extinguishing fire due to delay in the operation of detector and release of gas from the extinguishing system has become a problem. Accordingly, this study was carried out according to needs of active mechanism to prevent the spread of fire and block the leak of insulating oil, in accordance with the importance of securing golden time in extinguishing a fire in its early stage. A bushings fireproof structure was developed by applying the high temperature shape retention materials, which are expanded by flame, and mechanical flame cutoff devices. The bushings fireproof structure was installed on the transformer model produced by applying the actual standards of bushings and flange, and the full scale fire test was carried out. It was confirmed that the bushings fireproof structure operated at accurate position and height within 3 seconds from the flame initiation. It is considered that it could block the spread of flame effectively in the event of actual transformer fire.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.143-152
• /
• 2012

This study was performed to reduce the operating cost of a greenhouse by securing electric energy required for greenhouse operation. Therefore, it experimentally reviewed the performance analysis of photovoltaic system in terms of maximum amount of generated electric power based on the amount of horizontal solar radiation during daytime. That is to say, the maximum solar radiation at 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 W. $m^{-2}$, respectively. The amount of momentary electric power of the photovoltaic system at any was about 970 W and we found that the momentary efficiency of the photovoltaic system that was used for this experiment was 97%. In the case of this system, we found that electric power will be generated when amount of horizontal solar radiation is more than 200 W. $m^{-2}$, at minimum. If the amount of horizontal solar radiation is increased, the maximum power generation is also increased. At that time, the maximum efficiencies were 30, 78, 86 and 90%, respectively. However, when the amount of insolation was about 800 W. $m^{-2}$, the maximum power generation tended to be lower than 700 W. $m^{-2}$. The efficiency which caused the maximum electric power was decreased to less than 97% of the momentary generated electric power. When the total amounts of horizontal solar radiation per day were 3.24, 8.10, 10, 90, 12.70, 14.33, 19.53 and $21.48MJ{\cdot}m^{-2}$ respectively, the total amounts of power energy were 0.03, 0.40, 3.60, 4.37, 4.71, 4.70 and 4.91 kWh. And it represented that the total amounts of power energy were either decreased or increased a bit on the border between some solar radiations. The temperature at the back of the array tended to be higher than the temperature at the front but it demonstrated an increased when the amount of solar radiation increased. In the case of this system, the performance of the module in terms of degradation has not been shown yet.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.125-133
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted on greenhouses whose side heights had been raised after the columns of 1-2W basic type greenhouses had been cut and welding with the same-sized pipes. When the wind load or snow load affects restructured pipe greenhouse like this, those parts will be structurally unsafe. To examine this, the bending strength of welded columns were measured through four stages and compared with the pipes in their original condition. Results are as follows. In the case of a bending test on welded joints about steel pipes used for greenhouses, satisfactory results couldn't be drawn because sections of both ends and the loading parts couldn't endure loads and sank regardless of loading methods. Partial problems could be solved by inserting inside pipe(steel bar) at the sections and the loading parts, but it was necessary to devise more satisfactory bending test methods. The strength of welded joints wasn't much different compared with original conditions and demonstrated only slight differences according to the sample production conditions. However, significant incompleteness in the welding process was expected to cause a decisive loss in strength. On the assumption that there were no problems in the welding process or with regard to the inclination of sub materials for columns after connection, it was deemed reasonable to assume that the strength of welded pipes was about 84~90% of the strength of the pipes in their original condition. Considering mid- and long-term strength decline following the onset of rust at joints or welding sections, structural changes in the main sub materials that are used for greenhouses at farmhouses have to be avoided to ensure structural safety, unless these changes are inevitable.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.179-190
• /
• 2012

This study was performed to obtain a heat saving effect and enhance the efficiency of a greenhouse by using a hot water piping in order to minimize the operating costs of a greenhouse as oil prices continue to rise. This method also reduces the likelihood of accidents caused by snowdrifts in regions with heavy snowfall. In general, the experimental plot was $2.0{\sim}6.0^{\circ}C$ higher than the control plot. When the skylight felt was opened, the minimum temperature was in the range of $3.0{\sim}12.0^{\circ}C$. Therefore, we judged that damage caused by snowdrifts may be prevented partly by active heating. The temperature difference inside of the greenhouse by height was insignificant. The maximum heating load of the greenhouse according to crop was respectively about $37,000kcal{\cdot}h^{-1}$ and $41,700kcal{\cdot}h^{-1}$. During the experiment, the heat value of each designed temperature in the range of the minimum ambient temperature $-11.9{\sim}4.0^{\circ}C$ was about 95,000~322,000 kcal and it was in the range of $6,050{\sim}20,900kcal{\cdot}h^{-1}$. If it is compared with the maximum heating load, it can be shown that about 15~56% of the heating energy can be supplied. The total heat value and the amount of power consumption were 2,629,025 kcal and 677.3 kWh respectively during the experiment. If it is heated with diesel, a fossil fuel, the consumption during the experiment was 291 L and the cost was 331,700won. Total cost of using electric power was about 24,400 won and it is shown that it is about 7.5% of the cost of diesel consumption. Also, if the total amount of power consumption is converted into energy, it is approximately 582,200 kcal and the energy was just about 22% of the total heat value.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to develop new cultivars of Hibiscus species from crosses between introduced interspecific hybrids and cultivars in Hibiscus species. Fruit setting of interspecific crosses of Hibiscus strains was less than 10% and the number of seeds in the fruit was also in low level. Three individuals of specific flower and leaf characteristics were selected from crosses between introduced interspecific hybrid, 'Fujimusme'(♀), and H. syriacus 'Namwon'(♂) in 2004. A new strain, Hibiscus ${\times}$ 'W-26', was selected from the crossing of interspecific hybrid, 'Fujimusme'(♀), and H. syriacus 'Namwon'(♂), which had white flower and narrow separated petal. Hibiscus ${\times}$ 'WRB-2' was selected from the crossing of interspecific hybrid, 'Fujimusme'(♀), and H. syriacus 'Namwon'(♂), which had white flower and blue eye spot. Hibiscus ${\times}$ 'R-141' was selected from crosses between introduced interspecific hybrid, 'Shichisai'(♀) and H. syriacus 'Namwon'(♂), which had large flowers over 13 cm diameter and revealed tall tree type. Hibiscus ${\times}$ 'R-142' was selected from the crossing of interspecific hybrid, 'Shichisai'(♀), and H. syriacus 'Namwon'(♂), which had large flowers over 13 cm diameter and revealed tall tree type. The characteristics were succeded after grafting. Flower of 'R-142' had reddish violet color with red eye spot, whereas its parent had blue and purple flowers.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.461-470
• /
• 2019

This study was carried out to quantify the drought stress in grafted watermelon seedlings non-destructively by using chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) imaging technique rather than the visual judgment. Six-day old watermelon seedlings were grown under uniform irrigation for 3 days, and then given drought stress. Afterward, the sensor for the measurement of water content in plug tray cell unit was used to classify the drought-stress level into nine groups from D1 (53.0%, sufficient moisture state) to D9 (15.7%, extremely dry stress), and the 16 CF parameters were measured. In addition, re-irrigation was performed on the drought stressed seedlings(D5 - D9) to determine the growth and photosynthesis recovery level, which was not confirmed by visual judgment. The kinetic curve patterns of CF in three different drought stressed seedling groups were found to be different for the early detection of drought stress. All the 16 CF parameters decreased continuously with exposure to drought stress and drastically decreased from D5 (32.1%) where the visual judgment was possible. The fluorescence decline ratio (Rfd_Lss) started to decrease from the initial drought stress level (D5 - D6), and the Maximum PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) was significantly decreased in the later extreme drought stress range (D7 - D9) by re-irrigation recovery test. Thus, Rfd_Lss and Fv/Fm parameters were finally selected as potent indicators of growth and photosynthesis recovery in the initial and later stages of drought stress. Also, to the differences in the numerical values of the individual chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, the drought stress level was intuitively confirmed through the image. These results indicate that Rfd and Fv/Fm can be considered as potential CF parameters for the detection of low and extremely high drought stress, respectively. Furthermore, Fv/Fm can be considered as the best CF parameters for recovery at re-irrigation.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.327-336
• /
• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to create a 3D printable snack dish model for the elderly with low food or fluid intake along with barriers towards eating. Methods: The decision was made by the hybrid-brainstorming method for creating the 3D model. Experts were assigned based on their professional areas such as clinical nutrition, food hygiene and chemical safety for the creation process. After serial feedback processes, the grape shape was suggested as the final model. After various concept sketching and making clay models, 3D-printing technology was applied to produce a prototype. Results: 3D design modeling process was conducted by SolidWorks program. After considering Dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) and other survey data, appropriate supplementary water serving volume was decided as 285 mL which meets 30% of Adequate intake. To consider printing output conditions, this model has six grapes in one bunch with a safety lid. The FDM printer and PLA filaments were used for food hygiene and safety. To stimulate cognitive functions and interests of eating, numbers one to six was engraved on the lid of the final 3D model. Conclusions: The newly-developed 3D model was designed to increase intakes of nutrients and water in the elderly with dementia during snack time. Since dementia patients often forget to eat, engraving numbers on the grapes was conducted to stimulate cognitive function related to the swallowing and chewing process. We suggest that investigations on the types of foods or fluids are needed in the developed 3D model snack dish for future studies.