• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of saponin contained plant extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production. Ruminal fluid was collected from rumen cannulated Hanwoo steers fed rice straw and concentrate (5:5). Collected rumen fluids, corn starch and buffer including saponin contained plant extracts (ginseng, Ogapi, soapwort, tea plant and yucca; 0.5%/15 ml) were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. All incubations were repeated five times. Rumen pH in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) compared with that of the control (no addition) during incubation time. The concentration of total VFA in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control after 12h incubation. Compared with the control, the concentration of acetate and propionate in all treatments was lower and higher after 6h incubation, respectively. The concentration of $NH_3$-N in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) than that of the control except for Ogapi or yucca extracts supplementation. The number of protozoa in all treatments was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control except for soapwort extract supplementation. The total gas production and methane production in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) and lower (p<0.05) compared with the control, except for ogapi or soapwort extracts supplementation after 12h incubation, respectively. Therefore, reduction in methane production by saponins may could be results from decreased protozoal population without any negative in vitro fermentation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out to determine energy requirements for maintenance of Hanwoo steers. Nine Hanwoo steers weighing 376.6$\pm$12.5kg were used in this experiment and fed rice straw(44%) and concentrate (56%) at three different energy levels; 0.8 times maintenance(0.8M), 1.2 times(1.2M) and 1.6 times(1.6M), respectively. Dry matter intake was 48.5, 65.9 and 86.5g/$BW^{0.75}$ for 0.8M, 1.2M and 1.6M, respectively. Increase in energy intake with the increased DM intake did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and nitrogen-free extract. Gross energy intake averaged 190.8, 255.8 and 340.9kcal/BW0.75 for 0.8M, 1.2M and 1.6M, respectively. Energy loss was 41% feces and 0.6${\sim}$1.5% urine of gross energy intake. Further, energy loss from methane produced during rumen fermentation was 5${\sim}$9%, while body heat loss averaged 40${\sim}$60%. Intercept of the regression equation between ME intake and retained energy indicated that energy requirement for maintenance was 124.3kcal $ME/BW^{0.75}$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.343-354
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of restricted feeding to pullet on growth and endocrine profile in layers(Isa brown). One thousand eighty brown-layer chicks were divided into three treatments; conventional feeding(ad libitum) and two restricted feedings(80% of conventional diet) for 70 weeks. One of restricted feeding started from seven to seventeen weeks of age, and the other started from twelve to seventeen weeks of age. Diets were formulated by NRC(1994) recommendation. Body weight and feed intake were measured every two weeks, and body composition and organ weight analyzed every week in rearing period and every eight weeks in laying period. Blood was collected at weighing body weight and was analyzed for the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰand estradiol. Body weight and feed intake decreased as restriction of feeding begins comparing to ad libitum group(P<0.05), but reached to similar body weight and feed intake at 20 wk of age regardless of restriction. There were no significant differences in development of digestive tract and attached organs among the treatment groups. During rearing period, however, they were slightly higher in restricted group which was low in body weight. In terms of body composition, fat contents of restricted group were significantly lower(P<0.05) than that of ad libitum group around 1,000 grams of body weight. High concentration of IGF-Ⅰwas observed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.512-519
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• 2012

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of macsumsuk and herb resources on the performances and meat quality of broiler chickens. Six hundreds (600) broiler chickens were randomly allocated into four groups (4 groups${\times}$50 chickens/group${\times}$3 replica), Control, Treatment 1 (T1; 0.3% macsumsuk), Treatment 2 (T2; 0.3% herb resources), and Treatment 3 (T3; 0.3% macsumsuk + 0.3% herb resources) and fed for 5 wk. T2 group showed higher total body weight gain and average daily gain of 1,812.5 g and 51.79 g, respectively, than the other groups. Control group showed the highest (p<0.05) mortality (8%) and total blood cholesterol (111.8 mg/dL) among experimental groups. T3 group (6.71 mg/dL) showed the highest (p<0.05) while control group (4.50 mg/dL) showed the lowest (p<0.05) in blood IgG levels. Cooking loss was 17.08, 16.14, 16.55, and 15.25%, shear force value was 1.91, 1.52, 1.55, and 1.47 $kg/cm^2$, and water holding capacity (WHC) was 54.40, 55.97, 56.01, and 55.70% for Control, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Cholesterol contents in breast meat of Control (88.91 mg/100 g) chickens showed the highest (p<0.05) levels comparing to either T1 (83.59 mg/dL), T2 (82.41 mg/dL), or T3 (80.81 mg/dL) chickens. In conclusion, the current study implies that feeding macsumsuk and herb resources to broiler chickens could decrease cholesterol contents in breast meat.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.225-235
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the potential of freeze-dried persimmon powder (Diospyros kaki Thumb.) to protect against dyslipidemia induced by a high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFD) in a rat model. Methods: Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control (NC), high-fat/cholesterol control (HC), tannin in HFD (HT, 1% of diet), immature persimmon in HFD (HI, 7% of diet), and mature persimmon in HFD (HM, 7% of diet). Tannin was used as a positive control. Biochemical, molecular, and histopathological changes were observed in the blood and liver. Results: We confirmed that a high fat/cholesterol diet successfully induced dyslipidemia, which was characterized by significantly altered lipid profiles in the plasma and liver. However, oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels, histopathological damage in the liver, and hepatic triglyceride levels were significantly reduced in all HT, HI, and HM groups compared to those in the HF group. In contrast, plasma apolipoprotein B level was significantly reduced only in the HT and HM groups, whereas reduction of the LDL-C level was detected only in the HI group. Although HF-induced sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) gene expression was significantly reduced in all treated groups, downstream gene expression levels varied among the different groups; significant reduction of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMGCR) gene expression was detected only in the HI group, whereas cholesterol $7{\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene expression was significantly elevated only in the HM group. Conclusion: Taken together, the data suggest that protection of LDL oxidation and hepatic lipogenesis might be, at least partly, attributed to tannin in persimmons. However, the identified mechanisms varied up to the maturation stage of persimmon. In the case of immature persimmon, modulation of FAS and HMGCR gene expression was prominent, whereas in the case of mature persimmon, modulation of CYP7A1 gene expression was prominent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.987-994
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary seaweed in diabetic rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ) for 7 weeks. The rats (Sprague-Dawley male rats, 180∼200 g) were divided into 4 groups : normal rats fed control diet (C), diabetic rats fed control diet (CD), normal rats fed seaweed diet (M), and diabetic rats fed seaweed diet (MD). Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Urinary levels of calcium and uric acid, and blood levels of hemoglobin, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol were not significantly different among groups. But high density lipoprotein (HDL)- cholesterol of M and MD groups were higher than that of C and CD groups. Activity of hepatic microsomal G6Pase was significantly (p<0.05) lower in C and M groups than that of CD and MD groups. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) of M, CD and MD groups were significantly lower than C group (p<0.05), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of C, M and MD groups were higher than CD group. In conclusion, dietary seaweed may improve blood lipid profiles and GSH-related enzymes in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding system and NDF levels of TMR on blood metabolites in Holstein heifers. Fifty heifers were assigned to one of five treatments according to feed type and level of NDF: TMR (total mixed ration), CON (concentration + mixed forage), T1 (${\geq}53%$ NDF), T2 (50~53% NDF), and T3 (${\leq}50%$ NDF). Although GLU concentrate was not effected by feed type, increased significantly as the level of NDF decreased. There was no effect on concentrate of blood metabolite related with protein. As the level of NDF decreased, the blood ALB concentration was increased (p<0.05). The concentration of blood CHOL was higher in CON than those of TMR (p<0.05), and increased as the level of NDF decreased. The concentration of blood lipid was higher in CON than those of TMR and increased at lower level of NDF. The concentration of blood ALT were significantly lower in T3 than T1 and T2 (p<0.05). Thus, the results of this study suggest that the feeding system and NDF level may affect the blood metabolite concentration; however, the feed intake and other nutrient levels should also be considered.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary combined supplementation of antioxidants as catechin and vitamin C on growth performance, meat quality, blood profiles and stress responses of broilers exposed to high temperature. For this experiment, a total of 360 21-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. Treatments were assigned with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 birds per replicate in a 2 × 3 factorial design with vitamin C (0, 250 mg/kg) and catechin (0, 600, 1,200 mg/kg). The heat stress environment was maintained at temperature 32±1℃ and relative humidity 60±5% for 24 hours until the end of the experiment. The supplemented antioxidants had no significant difference in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). The content of total cholesterol in blood had no interaction, but decrease (P<0.01) in the supplemented catechin group. Also, the supplementation with catechin showed increase in the SOD activity of blood, and lower corticosterone and IgM levels of broilers. The contents of HSP70 and MDA in liver decrease (P<0.05) with the supplementation of antioxidants, and HSP70 showed an interaction between groups. DPPH radical scavenging ability in breast meat increased (P<0.01) in catechin, but meat quality did not show difference according to treatments. Respiratory rate decreased (P<0.05) in catechin, but no interaction with vitamin C. In conclusion, the combination of vitamin C and catechin can alleviate stress under high temperature, such as HSP70 and MDA, but further study on the optimal supplemental level is needed.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.299-346
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• 2016

There were also various decisions made in medical area in 2015. In the case that an inmate in a sanatorium was injured due to the reason which can be attributable to the sanatorium and the social welfare foundation that operates the sanatorium request treatment of the patient, the court set the standard of fixation of a party in medical contract. In the case that the family of the patient who was declared brain dead required withdrawal of meaningless life sustaining treatment but the hospital rejected and continued the treatment, the court made a decision regarding chargeable fee for such treatment. When it comes to the eye brightening operation which received measure of suspension from the Ministry of Health and Welfare for the first time in February, 2011, because of uncertainty of its safety, the court did not accept the illegality of such operation itself, however, ordered compensation of the whole damage based on the violation of liability for explanation, which is the omission of explanation about the fact that the cost-effectiveness is not sure as it is still in clinical test stage. There were numerous cases that courts actively acknowledged malpractices; in the cases of paresis syndrome after back surgery, quite a few malpractices during the surgery were acknowledged by the court and in the case of nosocomial infection, hospital's negligence to cause such nosocomial infection was acknowledged by the court. There was a decision which acknowledged malpractice by distinguishing the duty of installation of emergency equipment according to the Emergency Medical Service Act and duty of emergency measure in emergency situations, and a decision which acknowledged negligence of a hospital if the hospital did not take appropriate measures, although it was a very rare disease. In connection with the scope of compensation for damage, there were decisions which comply with substantive truth such as; a court applied different labor ability loss rate as the labor ability loss rate decreased after result of reappraisal of physical ability in appeal compared to the one in the first trial, and a court acknowledged lower labor ability loss rate than the result of appraisal of physical ability considering the condition of a patient, etc. In the event of any damage caused by malpractice, in regard to whether there is a limitation on liability in fee charge after such medical malpractice, the court rejected the hospital's claim for setoff saying that if the hospital only continued treatments to cure the patient or prevent aggravation of disease, the hospital cannot charge Medical bills to the patient. In regard to the provision of the Medical Law that prohibit medical advertisement which was not reviewed preliminarily and punish the violation of such, a decision of unconstitutionality was made as it is a precensorship by an administrative agency as the deliberative bodies such as Korean Medical Association, etc. cannot be denied to be considered as administrative bodies. When it comes to the issue whether PRP treatment, which is commonly performed clinically, should be considered as legally determined uninsured treatment, the court made it clear that legally determined uninsured treatment should not be decided by theoretical possibility or actual implementation but should be acknowledged its medical safety and effectiveness and included in medical care or legally determined uninsured treatment. Moreover, court acknowledged the illegality of investigation method or process in the administrative litigation regarding evaluation of suitability of sanatorium, however, denied the compensation liability or restitution of unjust enrichment of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service and the National Health Insurance Corporation as the evaluation agents did not cause such violation intentionally or negligently. We hope there will be more decisions which are closer to substantive truth through clear legal principles in respect of variously arisen issues in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.290-300
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• 2017

In vitro fermentation was conducted to figure out alternative fiber sources for horse feed. For the development of value-added products as a horse feed resource, the pomaces from apple, carrot, grape, and citrus were fermented under solid-state conditions in the presence of 60% soybean meal with 40% of each fruit pomace at 60% of moisture content. Lactobacillus plantarum SK3873, Lactobacillus plantarum SK3893, Weissella cibaria SK3880, and Bacillus subtilis SK3889 were isolated from the fermented fruit pomace by inoculation of horse feces. For the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Lactobacillus plantarum, they were inoculated in 3-step order at 0, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The fruit pomace was fermented for 48 h at $35^{\circ}C$. The pH of the apple, carrot, grape, citrus and all mixed pomaces decreased from 5.45~6.25 to 4.40~4.77. Microbial growth was maintained at $10^8{\sim}10^9cfu/g$. After 12 and 24 h incubation, dry matter of carrot pomace were highest at 54.84 and 56.66%, respectively (P<0.05) and that of grape pomace was lower than others during fermentation (P<0.05). Dry matter was generally reduced by about 20%. NDF decreased gradually or maintained after 24 h, indicating the fiber degradation. Ash content tended to decrease during fermentation. After 48 hours fermentation, Bacillus, yeast and Lactobacillus showed an excellent growth by using juice by-products. These results suggest that fermented juice pomace has a potential as horse feedstuff with probiotics to maintain beneficial microflora in horse gut.