• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 2020

Lathyrus palustris often used as a treatment for inflammation of the kidneys in Korean traditional medication. Generally, drugs for arthritis have anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties. However, the validity of the anti-inflammatory effect has not been scientifically investigated so far. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to investigate the latent anti-inflammatory ability of L. palustris using the ethanol extract. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities, we examined the inflammatory arbitrators such as a nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) on RAW 264.7 cells. Our results indicated that ethanol extract significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide E (LPS) derived PGE₂ production in RAW 264.7 cell. The inhibitory activity of ethanol extract for PGE₂ tests with inhibition ratio showed in 40 ㎍/mL. Overall, PGE₂ tests had a higher inhibitory effect on inflammation than NO tests. This result anticipated that the ethanol extract from L. palustris is a good candidate for developing the origin of anti-inflammatory agents.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1106-1113
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• 2002

Purpose : Nuclear ($factor-{\kappa}BNF-{\kappa}B$) is now recognized as playing a potential role in programmed cell death and the adaptive response to various stress. Cellular hypoxia is a primary manifestation of many cardiovascular diseases. It seems that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin like growth factor-I(IGF-I) have a function as a protective molecule in the heart against several stress including hypoxia. In this study, the role of $NF-{\kappa}B$ to the cellular response and regulation of protective molecules against the acute hypoxia in the heart was studied. Methods : To cause acute hypoxic stress to the heart, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to hypoxic chamer($N_2$ 92% and $O_2$ 8%). After the hypoxic exposure, nuclear proteins, total proteins and mRNA were isolated from heart. Translocation of the transcription factors $NF-{\kappa}B$, NF-ATc, AP-1 and NKX-2.5 were evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA). The expression of IGF-I and VEGF were studied before and after the hypoxic stress by competitive-PCR, Northern hybridization and Western hybridization. To confirm the role of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ in the heart, the rats also were pretreated with diethyl-dithiocarbamic acid(DDTC) into peritoneal cavity to block $NF-{\kappa}B$ translocation into nucleus. Results : The expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$, AP-1 and NF-ATc were increased by the hypoxic stress. Increased expression of the VEGF and IGF-I were also observed by the hypoxic stress. However, the blocking of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ translocation reduced those expressions of VEGF and IGF-I. Conclusion : These results suggest that $NF-{\kappa}B$ has a protective role against the acute hypoxia through several gene expression, especially VEGF and IGF-I in heart muscle.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.148-160
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• 2002

배 경 : 쥐를 고농도의 산소에 60시간 이상 노출시켰을 때 급성 폐손상이 유발되지만 내독소를 저용량으로 투여시에는 이러한 폐손상이 경감된다고 알려져 있으나 그 기전에 대하여는 확실히 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 산화질소(nitric oxide, NO)는 내독소나 염증성 사이토카인(cytokine) 등의 자극에 의해서 폐내 여러 염증세포에서 만들어지며 이 산화질소는 경우에 따라 우리 몸에 이롭거나 해로운 양면성을 지니고 있다. 저자들은 쥐에서 고농도의 산소에 의한 폐손상이 저농도의 내독소 투여로 경감되는 기전에, 산화질소가 중요한 역할을 하는지 또는 황산화효소나 다른 항염증성 사이토카인이 중요한 역할을 하는지를 규명하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 총 120마리의 쥐 (Sprague-Dawley rat)를 24마리씩 5군으로 나누어 대조군은 실내 공기를, 고농도 산소군은 100%의 산소를 100%의 산소를 60시간 투여하였고 내독소군은 100% 산소 투여시 2일간 저용량의 내독소를 투여하였다. 다른 두 군은 산화질소 합성 억제물인 aminoguanidine(AG)과 N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)를 각각 2일간 고농도 산소와 내독소에 더하여 투여하였다. 각각의 군에서 폐손상의 정도와 사망률을 관찰하고 superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, nitric oxide, IL-6, IL-11을 기관지폐포세척액에서 측정하고, 고농도산소 투여군의 폐조직에서 iNOS synthase rnRNA의 발현을 비교하였다. 결 과: 1. 100%의 산소에 60시간 노출시켰을 때 쥐의 사망률은 8.3% 이었고 내독소 투여군은 4.2%, NAME 투여군이 37.5%, AG 투여군이 25%로 산화질소 합성 억제제에 의하여 사망률의 증가가 관찰되었다. 2. 폐의 손상 정도를 나타내는 폐의 wet/dry 중량비와 늑막액도 100%의 산소에 노출된 군에서 증가되었고 내독소 투여에 의하여 감소되었으며 NAME나 AG 투여군에서는 오히려 증가되었다. 3. 이러한 내독소에 의한 폐손상 억제효과가 항산화효소인 SOD나 catalase, 또는 protective cytokine인 IL-6나 IL-11등의 증가와 관련이 있는지를 관찰하였으나 이들 모두에서 유의한 변화를 관찰하지 못하였다. 4. 산화질소는 100% 산소에 노출시킨 군에서도 증가하였으나 내독소 투여군에서 유의하게 더욱 증가하였고 이는 L-NAME 나 aminoguanidine의 투여시 감소하였다. 5. iNOS mRNA의 발현도 내독소 투여군에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 결 론 : 쥐의 고농소 산소 투여에 의한 폐손상은 저용량의 내독소 투여로 경감되며, 이는 주로 내독소 투여에 의한 iNOS mRNA의 발현을 유도하여 생성된 산화질소의 증가에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 2024

Objectives: The pulp is the center of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels. The condition in which the pulp becomes inflamed due to caries or periodontitis is called pulpitis. Pulpitis is a difficult-to-treat disease and causes peripheral nerve tissue changes and severe pain; however, the relationship between neuronal activity and voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7) expression in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) during pulpitis has not been well studied. In this study, we found that experimentally induced pulpitis activates Nav1.7 expression in the periphery, leading to neuronal overexpression in the TG. Thus, we sought to identify ways to regulate this process. Methods: Acute pulpitis was induced in rat maxillary molars by treating the pulp with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). Three days later, in vivo optical imaging was used to record and compare neural activities in the TG. Western blotting was used to identify molecular changes in terms of the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Fos, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2) in the brain stem. Results: The results confirmed the neurological changes in the TGs of the pulpitis model, and histological and molecular biological evidence confirmed that increased Nav1.7 expression induced by pulpitis leads to pain. Furthermore, selective inhibition of Nav1.7 resulted in changes in neural activity, suggesting that pulpitis induces increased Nav1.7 expression, and that effective control of Nav1.7 could potentially reduce pain. Conclusions: The inhibition of overexpressed Nav1.7 channels may modulate nociceptive signal processing in the brain and effectively control pain associated with pulpitis.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

사상의학적 견지에서 태음인(太陰人)의 중풍, 치매와 같은 신경계질환에 다용되고 있는 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)은 최근에 그 임상적 효과를 뒷받침할 다각적인 연구들이 이루어지고 있음에도 불구하고 그 정확한 약리학적 기전에 대해서는 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인간성상세포를 이용하여 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)이 substance P (SP)와 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)에 의해 유도되는 다양한 세포활성물질의 분비량의 조절을 검토함으로써 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)의 약리기전을 면역학적 측면에서 보다 세밀하게 살펴보고자 하였다. 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯) 수침액은 인간 뇌 성상세포로 부터 LPS와 SP의 동시자극에 의해 생성되는 세포활성물질중 interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6 및 tumor necrosisfaccor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$)의 분비를 농도의존적으로 억제했다. 그러나 interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$) 및 IL-2의 분비 조절에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그리고 항 IL-$1{\beta}$ 항체에 의해 SP 유도성 TNF-${\alpha}$ 분비의 증가가 억제되기 때문에 IL-1은 TNF-${\alpha}$ 증가를 매개하는 역할을 하는 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 결과는 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)에 의한 급성기 중풍환자 치료 효과가 뇌 성상세포로부터 분비되는 세포활성물질의 조절과 밀접한 관련성이 있다는 것을 암시하고 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.276-284
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• 2005

Backgraound : There have been many reports on the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) but, the precise mechanism has not been elucidated. This study examined the protective effect of an inhibition of platelet activating factor(PAF) remodeling and the adhesion molecule on the oxidative stress of the lungs in rats with an endotoxin induced acute lung injury(ALI). Methods : ALI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by instilling an E-coli endotoxin into the trachea. Ketotifen and fucoidan were used respectively to inhibit PAF remodeling and adhesion molecule. The lung leak index, lung myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity, bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) fluid neutrophil count and lyso PAF acetyltransferase activity(AT), were measured and an ultrastructural study and cytochemical electron microscopy were performed. Results : The lung leak index, lung MPO activity, BAL fluid neutrophil count and lyso PAF AT activity was higher in the endotoxin-treated rats. In addition, severe destruction of the pulmonary architecture and increased hydrogen peroxide production were identified. These changes were reversed by ketotifen. However, fucoidan did not appear to have any protective effects. Conclusion : The inhibition of PAF remodeling appeared to be effective in decreasing the endotoxin-induced ALI. In addition, this effect might be derived from the inhibition of neutrophilic oxidative stress. However, the inhibition of the adhesion molecules by fucoidan appeared to be ineffective in decreasing the endotoxin-induced ALI.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.490-498
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• 2010

Isotianil is a fungicide which has prevention effects against rice blast disease. In order to register this new pesticide, the series of toxicity data on animal testing were reviewed to evaluate its hazards to consumers and to determine its acceptable daily intake. Isotianil was almost excreted by urine and feces. It has low acute oral toxicity while has no skin toxicity and ocular irritation. Its skin sensitization was evaluated as slight. Genotoxicity of parent compound and metabolite was negligible. Chronic toxicity tests on rats and dogs showed changes of hematology, clinical biochemistry and liver weight. It had no reproductive and teratogenic effects. The estimation of Acceptable Daily Intake(ADI) is based on the lowest no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). The lowest NOAEL of 2.83 mg/kg bw/day was found in the twelve-months rats study. The NOAEL was based on increased liver weight and treatment-related effect on clinica chemistry finding at the nest higher dose level of 2.83 mg/kg bw/day. Therefore, it is considered appropriated to apply an uncertainty factor of 100 to the NOAEL 2.83 mg/kg bw/day from the rat study, resulting in an ADI of 0.028 mg/kg bw/day.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.104-113
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• 2003

Background : Rhinovirus(RV) infections frequently trigger dyspnea and paroxysmal cough in adult patients with asthma and are the most prevalent cause of the common cold. However, the mechanisms of a RV-induced airway inflammation is unclear. Since the RV does not directly destroy the airway epithelium, it is presumed that the immune response to the RV contributes to the pathogenesis of the respiratory symptoms. In order to test this hypothesis, this study characterized the time-sequenced alterations in interleukin(IL)-8 elaboration from the human bronchial epithelial cells and evaluated the role of NF(nuclear factor)-${\kappa}B$ in the RV-induced IL-8 production by pretreating the inhibitors of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Methods : The ability of RV-infected human bronchial epithelial cells and BEAS-2B cells to produce the IL-8 was compared with the controls. This study infected BEAS-2B cells with the RV14 obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. The supernatants were harvested from the RV infected BEAS-2B cells and the controls at 2hr, 4hr, 6hr, 12hr, 24hr, 48hr from the inoculation time. This study measured the IL-8 concentration using the ELISA kits. In order to elucidate the role of NF-${\kappa}B$ in the RV-induced IL-8 production, the effect of the NF-${\kappa}B$ inhibitors was evaluated on RV-induced IL-8 production. Results: The BEAS-2B cells produced small amounts of IL-8 that accumulated slowly with time in the culture. The RV was a potent stimulator of the IL-8 proteins production by BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Antioxidants, N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC),\ and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(PDTC), blocked the IL-8 elaboration by the RV-infected BEAS-2B cells, which was dose-dependent, but N-Tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone(TPCK) did not. Conclusion: Some antioxidants inhibited the RV-induced IL-8 production by blocking the NF-${\kappa}B$, which may have a therapeutic potential in asthma.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

Clinical and animal studies have shown that free radical overload is an important cause for a variety of diseases. Although ginseng has been recognized as antioxidant, how it modulates anti-oxidative process at the molecular level remains unknown. Free radical production is induced by tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) under the stress condition, and (TNF-$\alpha$) release is activated by TNF-$\alpha$-converting enzyme (TACE). Since TACE inhibitor is also well known for anti-inflammatory agent, ginseng seems to show anti-oxidative activity by repressing TACE pathway. Further studies on signal transduction would be warranted to elucidate molecular action mechanisms of ginseng on anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2002

Substantial evidence suggests that behavioral and reinforcing effects of cocaine can be mediated by the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Injections of cocaine can produce one of the immediate-early gene, c-fos expression in the brain and behavioral activation. Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely used for the treatment of many mental disorders such as drugs of abuse. In order to investigate whether acupuncture has an influence on cocaine-induced reinforcing and behavioral effects, we examined the effect of acupuncture on cocaine-induced locomotor activity and c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum using Fos-like-immunoreactivity(FLI). Male SD rats received acupuncture for 1 min after injection of cocaine hydrochloride(1 mg/kg, i.v.). The employed acupuncture point, Shenmen$(HT_7)$, has been clinically used to treat mental and psychosomatic disorders. Injections of cocaine produced a marked increase in locomotor activity and FLI in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum. Acupuncture at $HT_7$, but not at control points($PC_6,\;TE_4$ or tail), significantly attenuated cocaine-induced increase in locomotor activity and Fos-like immunoreactivity. These results demonstrated that reduction in locomotor activity by acupuncture may be reflected by reduction of postsynaptic neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum. Our results suggest that acupuncture may have a therapeutic effect on cocaine addiction.