Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2009.33.1.001

Anti-oxidative properties of ginseng  

Kim, Eun-Hye (College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University)
Rhee, Dong-Kwon (College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University)
Publication Information
Journal of Ginseng Research / v.33, no.1, 2009 , pp. 1-7 More about this Journal
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies have shown that free radical overload is an important cause for a variety of diseases. Although ginseng has been recognized as antioxidant, how it modulates anti-oxidative process at the molecular level remains unknown. Free radical production is induced by tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) under the stress condition, and (TNF-$\alpha$) release is activated by TNF-$\alpha$-converting enzyme (TACE). Since TACE inhibitor is also well known for anti-inflammatory agent, ginseng seems to show anti-oxidative activity by repressing TACE pathway. Further studies on signal transduction would be warranted to elucidate molecular action mechanisms of ginseng on anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation.
Keywords
Korean ginseng; anti-oxidant; TNF-$\alpha$; TNF-$\alpha$-converting enzyme;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Rousset, S., Alves-Guerra, MC., Mozo, J., Miroux, B., Cassard- Doulcier, AM., Bouillaud, F. and Ricquier, D. : The biology of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Diabetes, 53 Suppl 1:S130-5 (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Langin, D. : The role of uncoupling protein 2 in the development of type 2 diabetes. Drugs Today (Barc), 39(4), 287-295 (2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Susin, S.A., Lorenzo, H.K., Zamzami, N., Marzo, I., Brenner, C., Larochette, N., Prevost M.C., Alzari, P.M. and Kroemer, G. : Mitochondrial release of caspase-2 and -9 during the apoptotic process. J Exp Med, 189(2), 381-394 (1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Luo, J.Z. and Luo, L. : American Ginseng Stimulates Insulin Production and Prevents Apoptosis through Regulation of Uncoupling Protein-2 in Cultured beta Cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 3(3), 365-372 (2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Wu, Z., Luo, J.Z. and Luo, L. : American ginseng modulates pancreatic beta cell activities Chinese Medicine, 25(2):11 (2007)
6 Xie, J. and Shaikh, Z.A. : Cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat kidney epithelial cells involves decrease in nuclear factorkappa B activity. Toxicol Sci. 91(1), 299-308 (2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Shukla, R. and Kumar, M. : Role of Panax ginseng as an antioxidant after cadmium-induced hepatic injuries. Food Chem Toxicol. 8 (2009)   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Kahn, S.E. : The relative contributions of insulin resistance and $\beta$-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 46, 3-19, (2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Lenzen, S. : Oxidative stress: the vulnerable $\beta$-cell. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 36, 343-347 (2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Maffei, Facino R., Carini, M., Aldini, G., Berti, F. and Rossoni, G. : Panax ginseng administration in the rat prevents myocardial ischemia-reperfusion damage induced by hyperbaric oxygen: evidence for an antioxidant intervention. Planta Med. 65(7), 614-9 (1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Xie, J.T., Shao, Z.H., Vanden, Hoek., T.L, Chang, W.T., Li, J., Mehendale, S., Wang, C.Z., Hsu, C.W., Becker, L.B., Yin, J.J. and Yuan, C.S. : Antioxidant effects of ginsenoside Re in cardiomyocytes. Eur J Pharmacol. Feb 27; 532(3), 201-7, (2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Stohs, S.J. and Bagchi, D. : Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 321-336, (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Yazihan, N., Ataoglu, H., Akcil, E., Yener, B., Salman, B. and Aydin, C. : Midkine secretion protects Hep3B cells from cadmium induced cellular damage, World J Gastroenterol; 14(1), 76-80 (2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Lasfer, M., Vadrot, N., Aoudjehane, L., Conti, F., Bringuier, A.F., Feldmann, G. and Reyl-Desmars, F. : Cadmium induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of normal human hepatocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol. 24(1), 55-62 (2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Hehlgans, T. and Pfeffer, K. : The intriguing biology of the tumour necrosis factor/tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily: players, rules and the games. Immunology. 115, 1-20 (2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Horiuchi, K., Kimura, T., Miyamoto, T., Takaishi, H., Okada, Y., Toyama, Y. and Blobel, C.P. : TNF-$\alpha$-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) inactivation in mouse myeloid cells prevents lethality from endotoxin shock. J. Immunol. 179, 2686-2689 (2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Berry, M.A., Hargadon, B., Shelley, M., Parker, D., Shaw, D.E., Green, R.H., Bradding, P., Brightling, C.E., Wardlaw, A.J. and Pavord, I.D. : Evidence of a role of tumor necrosis factor in refractory asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 697-708 (2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Black, R.A., Rauch, C.T., Kozlosky, C.J., Peschon, J.J., Slack, J.L., Wolfson, M.F., Castner, B.J., Stocking, K.L., Reddy, P., Srinivasan, S., Nelson, N., Boiani, N., Schooley, K.A., Gerhart, M., Davis, R., Fitzner, J.N., Johnson, R.S., Paxton, R.J., March, C.J. and Cerretti, D.P. : A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-$\alpha$ from cells. Nature. 385, 729-33 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Moss, M.L., Jin, S.L., Milla, M.E., Bickett, D.M., Burkhart, W., Carter, H.L., Chen, W.J., Clay, W.C., Didsbury, J.R., Hassler, D., Hoffman, C.R., Kost, T.A., Lambert, M.H., Leesnitzer, M.A., McCauley, P., McGeehan, G., Mitchell, J., Moyer, M., Pahel, G., Rocque, W., Overton, L.K., Schoenen, F., Seaton, T., Su, J.L. and Becherer, J.D. : Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumournecrosis factor-alpha. Nature. 385, 733-6. (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Sahin, U., Weskamp, G., Kelly, K., Zhou, H.M., Higashiyama, S., Peschon, J., Hartmann, D., Saftig, P. and Blobel, C.P. : Distinct roles for ADAM10 and ADAM17 in ectodomain shedding of six EGFR ligands. J Cell Biol. 164, 769-79. (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Kitts, D.D., Wijewickreme, A.N. and Hu, C. : Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 203, 1-10 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Bae, J.W. and Lee, M.H. : Effect and putative mechanism of action of ginseng on the formation of glycated hemoglobin in vitro. J. Ethnopharmacol. 90,137-140 (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Hofseth, L. J. and Wargovich, M. J. : Inflammation,Cancer, and Targetsof Ginseng1 J. Nutr. 137, 183S185S (2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Yun, T. K. : Panax ginsenga non-organ-specific cancer preventive? Lancet Oncol. 2, 49-55 (2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Bloch, A. and Thomson, C. A. : Position of the American dietetic association : phytochemicals and functional foods. J Am Dietet Assoc. 95, 493-96 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Zab ocka, A. and Janusz, M. : The two faces of reactive oxy-gen species. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 26, 62,118-24 (2008)
27 Attele, A.S., Wu, J.A. and Yuan, C.S. : Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem. Pharmacol. 58, 1685-1693 (1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Lee, T.K., Johnke, R.M., Allison, R.R., O'Brien, K.F. and Dobbs Jr., L.J. : Radioprotective potential of ginseng. Mutagenesis. 20, 237-243 (2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Liou, C.J., Huang, W.C. and Tseng, J. : Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract modulates humoral immune response and spleen cell functions. Am. J. Chin. Med. 33, 651-661 (2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Lee, S.J., Sung, J.H., Lee, S.J., Moon, C.K. and Lee, B.H. : Antitumor activity of a novel ginseng saponin metabolite in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells resistant to cisplatin. Cancer Lett. 144, 39-43 (1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Kitts, D. D., Wijewickreme, A. N. and Hu, C. : Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract. Mol Cell Biochem. 203, 1-10 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Kim, Y.H., Park, K.H. and Rho, H.M. : Transcriptional activation of the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase gene through the AP2 site by ginsenoside Rb2 extracted from a medicinal plant, Panax ginseng. J Biol Chem. 4; 271(40), 24539-43 (1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Lim, I. S. : The Approach of Antioxidant , Endocrine, & Immune System on Exercise & Aging. Exercise science. 11(1):1226-1726 (2002)
34 Hall, D.M., Sattler, G.L., Sattler, C.A., Zhang, H.J., Oberley, L.W., Pitot, H.C. and Kregel, K.C. : Aging lowers, steadyslate antioxidant enzyme and stress protein expression in primary (2001)   DOI
35 Le Bourg, E. : Antioxidants as modulators. In: Rattan SIS (ed) Modulating Aging and Longevity. Biology of Aging and Its Modulation, 5, 183-203. (2003)
36 Hagen, T. and Vidal-Puig, A. : Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in human physiology and disease. Minerva Med, 93(1), 41-57 (2002)   ScienceOn
37 Black, R.A., Rauch, C.T., Kozlosky, C.J., Peschon, J.J., Slack, J.L., Wolfson, M.F., Castner, B.J., Stocking, K.L., Reddy, P., Srinivasan, S., Nelson, N., Boiani, N., Schooley, K.A., Gerhart, M., Davis, R., Fitzner, J.N., Johnson, R.S., Paxton, R.J., March, C.J. and Cerretti, D.P. : A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour necrosis factor-alpha from cells, Nature, 385, 729–733 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Doedens, J.R. and Black, R.A. : Stimulation-induced downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme, J. Biol. Chem. 275, 14598–14607 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Zhang, C.Y., Baffy, G., Perret, P., Krauss, S., Peroni, O., Grujic, D., Hagen, T., Vidal-Puig, A.J., Boss, O., Kim, Y.B., Zheng, X.X., Wheeler, M.B., Shulman, G.I., Chan, C.B. and Lowell, B.B. : Uncoupling protein-2 negatively regulates insulin secretion and is a major link between obesity, beta cell dysfunction, and type 2 diabetes. Cell, 105(6), 745-755 (2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Mattson, M.P. and Liu, D. : Mitochondrial potassium channels and uncoupling proteins in synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 304(3), 539-549 (2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Newsholme, P., Haber, E.P., Hirabara, S.M., Rebelato, E.L., Procopio, J., Morgan, D., Oliveira-Emilio, H.C., Carpinelli, A.R. and Curi, R. : Diabetes associated cell stress and dysfunction: role of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial ROS production and activity. J Physiol 583, 9-24, (2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Lenzen, S., Drinkgern, J. and Tiedge, M. : Low antioxidant enzyme gene expression in pancreatic islets compared with various other mouse tissues. Free Radical Biol. Med. 20, 463-466 (1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Tiedge, M., Lortz, S., Drinkgern, J. and Lenzen, S. : Relation between antioxidant enzyme gene expression and antioxidative defense status of insulin-producing cells. Diabetes 46, 1733-1742 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Kim, H.Y. and Kim, K. : Protective Effect of Ginseng on Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis in Pancreatic $\hat{a}$-Cells, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 2816-2823 (2007)   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Voces, J., Cabral de Oliveira A.C., Prieto, J.G., Vila, L., Perez, A.C., Duarte, I.D. and Alvarez, A.I. : Ginseng administration protects skeletal muscle from oxidative stress induced by acute exercise in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 37(12), 1863-71 (2004)   DOI
46 Taylor, D.L., Edwards, A.D. and Mehmet, H. : Oxidative metabolism, apoptosis and perinatal brain injury. Brain Pathol. 9, 93-117 (1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Shah, Z.A., Gilani, R.A., Sharma, P. and Vohora, S.B. : Cerebroprotective effect of Korean ginseng tea against global and focal models of ischemia in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 3, 101 (1-3), 299-307 (2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Bar-Shai, M., Carmeli, E., Ljubuncic, P. and Reznick, A.Z. : Exercise and immobilization in aging animals: the involvement of oxidative stress and NF-kappaB activation. Free Radic Biol Med. 44(2), 202-14 (2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Scott, D.L. and Kingsley, G.H. : Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 704-712 (2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Funk, C.D. : Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science, 294, 1871-5 (2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
51 DasGupta, S., Murumkar, P.R., Giridhar, R. and Yadav, M.R. : Current perspective of TACE inhibitors: a review. Bioorg Med Chem. 17(2), 444-59 (2009)   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Kang, K.S., Kim, H.Y., Pyo, J.S. and Yokozawa, T. : Increase in the free radical scavenging activity of ginseng by heatprocessing. Biol Pharm Bull. 29(4), 750-4 (2006)   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Sachdev, S. and Davies, K.J. : Production, detection, and adaptive responses to free radicals in exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. Jan 15, 44(2), 215-23 (2008)   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Kim, S.H., Park, K.S., Chang, M.J. and Sung, J.H. : Effects of Panax ginseng extract on exercise-induced oxidative stress. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 45(2), 178-82 (2005)   ScienceOn
55 Kanter, M.M, Nolte, L.A. and Holloszy, J.O. : Effects of an antioxidand vitamin mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and postexercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 72(2), 965-969(1993)   DOI
56 Seals, D.F. and Courtneidge, S.A. : The ADAMs family of metalloproteases: multidomain proteins with multiple functions. Genes Dev. 17: 7-30 (2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Kovacs, P., Juranek, I., Stankovicova, T. and Svec, P. : Lipid peroxidation during acute stress. Pharmazie. 51, 51-53 (1996)   ScienceOn
58 Mehendale, S.R., Aung, H.H., Yin, J.J., Lin, E., Fishbein, A., Wang, C.Z., Xie, J.T. and Yuan, C.S. : Effects of antioxidant herbs on chemotherapyinduced nausea and vomiting in a rat-pica model. Am. J. Chin. Med. 32, 897-905 (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Cross, C.E., Halliwell, B., Borish, E.T., Pryor, W.A., Ames, B.N., Saul, R.L., McCord, J.M. and Harman, D. : Oxygen radicals and human disease. Ann Intern Med. 107: 526-545(1987)   DOI   ScienceOn
60 Volpert, R. and Elstner, E.F. : Biochemical activities of propolis extracts. I. Standardization and antioxidative properties of ethanolic and aqueous derivatives. Z. Naturforsch. 48C, 851-857 (1993)
61 Liu, J., Wang, X., Shigenaga, M.K., Yeo, H.C., Mori, A. and Ames, B.N. : Immobilization stress causes oxidative damage to lipid, protein, and DNA in the brain of rats. FASEB J. 10: 1532-8 (1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Shaheen, A.A., Abd El-Fattah, A. and Gad, M.Z. : Effect of various stressors on the level of lipid peroxide, antioxidants and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in rat brain. Experientia. 52, 336-9 (1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Achike, F.I. and Kwan, C.Y. : Nitric oxide, human diseases and the herbal products that affect the nitric oxide signalling pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 30(9):605-15 (2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Corbit, R. M., Ferreira, J. F., Ebbs, S. D. and Murphy, L. L. : Simplified extraction of ginsenosides from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) for highperformance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet analysis. J Agric Food Chem. 53, 9867-73 (2005)   DOI   ScienceOn