• Title/Summary/Keyword: 금속광물자원

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Compositional Variation of Arsenopyrites in Arsenic and Polymetallic Ores from the Ulsan Mine, Republic of Korea, and their Application to a Geothermometer (울산광산산(蔚山鑛山産) 유비철석(硫砒鐵石)의 조성변화(組成變化) 및 지질온도계(地質溫度計)에 대(對)한 적용(適用))

  • Choi, Seon-Gyu;Chung, Jae-Ill;Imai, Naoya
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.199-218
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    • 1986
  • Arsenopyrite in arsenic and polymetallic ores from calcic Fe-W skarn deposit of the Ulsan mine, Republic of Korea, has been investigated by means of electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffractometry. As a result, it is revealed that the Ulsan arsenopyrite may be classified into the following three species with different generation on the basis of its mode of occurrence, chronological order during polymetallic mineralization and chemical composition; arsenopyrites I, II and III. 1) Arsenopyrite I-(Ni, Co)-bearing species belonging to the oldest generation, which has crystallized together with (Ni, Co)-arsenides and -sulpharsenides in the early stage of polymetallic mineralization. In rare cases, it contains a negligible amount of antimony. It occurs usually as discrete grains with irregular outline, showing rarely subhedral form, and is diffused in skarn zone. The maximum contents of nickel and cobalt are 10.04 Ni and 2.45 Co (in weight percent). Occasionally, it shows compositional zoning with narrow rim of lower (Ni+Co) content. 2) Arsenopyrite II-arsenian species, in which (Ni+Co) content is almost negligible, may occur widely in arsenic ores, and its crystallization has followed that of arsenopyrite I. It usually shows subhedral to euhedral form and is closely associated with $l{\ddot{o}}llingite$, bismuth, bismuthinite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bismuthian tennantite, etc. It is worthy of note that arsenopyrite II occasionally contains particles consisting of both bismuth and bismuthinite. 3) Arsenopyrite III-(Ni, Co)-free, S-excess and As-deficient species is close to the stoichiometric composition, FeAsS. It occurs in late hydrothermal veins, which cut clearly the Fe-W ore pipe and the surrounding skarn zone. It shows euhedral to subhedral form, being extremely coarse-grained, and is closely associated with pyrite, "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, etc. Among three species of the Ulsan arsenopyrite, arsenopyrite I does not serve as a geothermometer, because (Ni+Co) content always exceeds 1 weight percent. In spite of the absence of Fe-S minerals as sulphur-buffer assemblage, the presence of $Bi(l)-Bi_2S_3$ sulphur-buffer enables arsenopyrite II to apply successfully to the estimation of either temperature and sulphur fugacity, the results are, $T=460{\sim}470^{\circ}C$, and log $f(S_2)=-7.4{\sim}7.0$. With reference to arsenopyrite III, only arsenopyrite coexisting with pyrite and "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite may serve to restrict the range of both temperature and sulphur fugacity, $T=320{\sim}440^{\circ}C$, log $f(S_2)=-9.0{\sim}7.0$. These temperature data are consistent with those obtained by fluid inclusion geothermometry on late grandite garnet somewhat earlier than arsenopyrite II. At the beginning of this paper, the geological environments of the ore formation at Ulsan are considered from regional and local geologic settings, and physicochemical conditions are suspected, in particular the formation pressure (lithostatic pressure) is assumed to be 0.5kb (50MPa). The present study on arsenopyrite geothermometry, however, does not bring about any contradictions against the above premises. Thus, the following genetical view on the Ulsan ore deposit previously advocated by two of the present authors (Choi and Imai) becomes more evident; the ore deposit was formed at shallow depth and relatively high-temperature with steep geothermal gradient-xenothermal conditions.

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The Behavior of Dissolved and Particulate Phases of Trace Elements within the Watershed of Juam Reservoir (주암호 집수유역 내 용존 및 입자상 미량원소의 거동 특성)

  • Lee, Pyeong-Koo;Chi, Se-Jung;Youm, Seung-Jun
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.405-425
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    • 2008
  • In order to investigate the amounts of trace elements flowing into reservoir, and to elucidate the relationship between trace element mobility and fraction size, the stream water and sediment samples were collected from thirty-two sites of the 3rd or 4th order stream within watershed surrounding the Juam reservoir. Chemical analyses of trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) for all samples were completed, and additionally cationi and anion for stream water samples. Considering the distribution of rocks and contamination sources in watershed, the eight stream sediments were selected from typical sites representing study areas, and we determined the concentrations of trace elements according to size fractions ($2\;mm{\sim}200\;{\mu}m$, $200{\sim}100\;{\mu}m$, $100{\sim}50\;{\mu}m$, $50{\sim}20\;{\mu}m$ and < $20\;{\mu}m$). The correlation relationships between concentrations and size fractions of stream sediments were important to identify the hydro-geochemical behavior of trace elements that flow into Juam reservoir. Stream waters showed four water types (Ca-Mg-$HCO_3$, Ca-Na-$HCO_3$-Cl, Ca-Na-$HCO_3-SO_4$, Ca-Na-$HCO_3$) depending on pollution sources such as coal mine, metal mine, farm-land and dwellings. Concentrations of trace elements increased clearly with the decrease in size fractions of stream sediments. Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn increased dramatically in silt size (< $20\;{\mu}m$) fraction, while As had high concentrations in sand size ($2\;mm{\sim}100\;{\mu}m$) fraction in downstream sediments of metal mines. These indicate that Cu, Zn, and Pb moved into Juam reservoir easily in the adsorbed form on silt size grain in sediments, and As was transported as As-bearing mineral facies, resulting in its less chance to reach into Juam reservoir.

Occurrence and Chemical Composition of White Mica from Wallrock Alteration Zone of Janggun Pb-Zn Deposit (장군 연-아연 광상의 모암변질대에서 산출되는 백색운모의 산상 및 화학조성)

  • Bong Chul, Yoo
    • Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.469-484
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    • 2022
  • The Janggun Pb-Zn deposit has been known one of the four largest deposits (Yeonhwa, Shinyemi, Uljin) in South Korea. The geology of this deposit consists of Precambrian Weonnam formation, Yulri group, Paleozoic Jangsan formation, Dueumri formation, Janggum limestone formation, Dongsugok formation, Jaesan formation and Mesozoic Dongwhachi formation and Chungyang granite. This Pb-Zn deposit is hydrothermal replacement deposit in Paleozoic Janggum limestone formation. The wallrock alteration that is remarkably recognized with Pb-Zn mineralization at this deposit consists of mainly rhodochrositization and dolomitization with minor of pyritization, sericitization and chloritization. Wallrock alteration is divided into the five zones (Pb-Zn orebody -> rhodochrosite zone -> dolomite zone -> dolomitic limestone zone -> limestone or dolomitic marble) from orebody to wallrock. The white mica from wallrock alteration occurs as fine or medium aggregate associated with Ca-dolomite, Ferroan ankerite, sideroplesite, rutile, apatite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, quartz, chlorite and calcite. The structural formular of white mica from wallrock alteration is (K0.77-0.62Na0.03-0.00Ca0.03-0.00Ba0.00Sr0.01)0.82-0.64(Al1.72-1.48Mg0.48-0.20Fe0.04-0.01Mn0.03-0.00Ti0.01-0.00Cr0.00As0.01-0.00Co0.03-0.00Zn0.03-0.00Pb0.05-0.00Ni0.01-0.00)2.07-1.92 (Si3.43-3.33Al0.67-0.57)4.00O10(OH1.94-1.80F0.20-0.06)2.00. It indicated that white mica from wallrock alteration has less K, Na and Ca, and more Si than theoretical dioctahedral micas. The white micas from wallrock alteration of Janggun Pb-Zn deposit, Yeonhwa 1 Pb-Zn deposit and Baekjeon Au-Ag deposit, and limestone of Gumoonso area correspond to muscovite and phengite and white mica from wallrock alteration of Dunjeon Au-Ag deposit corresponds to muscovite. Compositional variations in white mica from wallrock alteration of these deposits and limeston of Gumoonso area are caused by mainly phengitic or Tschermark substitution mechanism (Janggun Pb-Zn deposit), mainly phengitic or Tschermark substitution and partly illitic substitution mechanism (Yeonhwa 1 Pb-Zn deposit, Dunjeon Au-Ag deposit and Baekjeon Au-Ag deposit), and mainly phengitic or Tschermark substitution and partly illitic substitution or Na+ <-> K+ substitution mechanism (Gumoonso area).

Occurrence and Chemical Composition of Chlorite and White Mica from Drilling Core (No. 04-1) at Gubong Au-Ag Deposit Area, Republic of Korea (구봉 금-은 광상일대 시추코아(04-1)에서 산출되는 녹니석과 백색운모의 산상 및 화학조성)

  • Bong Chul Yoo
    • Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.273-288
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    • 2023
  • The Gubong Au-Ag deposit, which has been one of the largest deposits (Unsan, Daeyudong, Kwangyang) in Korea, consists of eight lens-shaped quartz veins (a mix of orogenic-type and intrusion-related types) that filled fractures along fault zones within Precambrian metasedimentary rock. Korea Mining Promotion Corporation found a quartz vein (referred to as the No. 6 vein with a grade of 27.9 g/t Au and a width of 0.9 m) at a depth of -728 ML by drilling (No. 90-12) conducted in 1989. Korea Mining Promotion Corporation conducted drilling (No. 04-1) in 2004 to investigate the redevelopment's possibility of the No. 6 vein. The author studied the occurrence and chemical composition of chlorite and white mica using wallrock, wallrock alteration and quartz vein samples collected from the No. 04-1 drilling core in 2004. The alteration of studied samples occurs chloritization, sericitization, silicification and pyritization. Chlorite and white mica from mineralized zone at a depth of -275 ML occur with quartz, K-feldspar, calcite, rutile and pyrite in wallrock alteration zone and quartz vein. Chlorite and white mica from ore vein (No. 6 vein) at a depth of -779 ML occur with quartz, calcite, apatite, zircon, rutile, ilmenite, pyrrhotite and pyrite in wallrock alteration zone and quartz vein. Chlorite from a depth of -779 ML has a higher content of Al and Mg elements and a lower content of Si and Fe elements than chlorite from a depth of -275 ML. Also, Chlorites from a depth of -275 ML and -779 ML have higher content of Si element than theoretical chlorite. Compositional variation in chlorite from a depth of -275 ML was mainly caused by phengitic or Tschermark substitution [Al3+,VI + Al3+,IV <-> (Fe2+ or Mg2+)VI + (Si4+)IV], but compositional variation from a depth of -779 ML was mainly caused by octahedral Fe2+ <-> Mg2+ (Mn2+) substitution. The interlayer cation site occupancy (K+Na+Ca+Ba+Sr = 0.76~0.82 apfu, 0.72~0.91 apfu) of white mica from a depth of -275 ML and -779 ML have lower contents than theoretical dioctahedral micas, but octahedral site occupancy (Fe+Mg+Mn+Ti+Cr+V+Ni = 2.09~2.13 apfu, 2.06~2.14 apfu) have higher contents than theoretical dioctahedral micas. Compositional variation in white mica from a depth of -275 ML was caused by phengitic or Tschermark substitution [(Al3+)VI + (Al3+)IV <-> (Fe2+ or Mg2+)VI + (Si4+)IV], illitic substitution and direct (Fe3+)VI <-> (Al3+)VI substitution. But, compositional variation in white mica from a depth of -779 ML was caused by phengitic or Tschermark substitution [(Al3+)VI + (Al3+)IV <-> (Fe2+ or Mg2+)VI + (Si4+)IV] and direct (Fe3+)VI <-> (Al3+)VI substitution.

Occurrence and Chemical Composition of White Mica from Zhenzigou Pb-Zn Deposit, China (중국 Zhenzigou 연-아연 광상의 백색운모 산상과 화학조성)

  • Yoo, Bong Chul
    • Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.83-100
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    • 2022
  • The Zhenzigou Pb-Zn deposit, which is one of the largest Pb-Zn deposit in the northeast of China, is located at the Qingchengzi mineral field in Jiao Liao Ji belt. The geology of this deposit consists of Archean granulite, Paleoproterozoinc migmatitic granite, Paleo-Mesoproterozoic sodic granite, Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group, Mesozoic diorite and Mesozoic monzoritic granite. The Zhenzigou deposit which is a strata bound SEDEX or SEDEX type deposit occurs as layer ore and vein ore in Langzishan formation and Dashiqiao formation of the Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group. White mica from this deposit are occured only in layer ore and are classified four type (Type I : weak alteration (clastic dolomitic marble), Type II : strong alteration (dolomitic clastic rock), Type III : layer ore (dolomitic clastic rock), Type IV : layer ore (clastic dolomitic marble)). Type I white mica in weak alteration zone is associated with dolomite that is formed by dolomitization of hydrothermal metasomatism. Type II white mica in strong alteration zone is associated with dolomite, ankerite, quartz and alteration of K-feldspar by hydrothermal metasomatism. Type III white mica in layer ore is associated with dolomite, ankerite, calcite, quartz and alteration of K-feldspar by hydrothermal metasomatism. And type IV white mica in layer ore is associated with dolomite, quartz and alteration of K-feldspar by hydrothermal metasomatism. The structural formulars of white micas are determined to be (K0.92-0.80Na0.01-0.00Ca0.02-0.01Ba0.00Sr0.01-0.00)0.95-0.83(Al1.72-1.57Mg0.33-0.20Fe0.01-0.00Mn0.00Ti0.02-0.00Cr0.01-0.00V0.00Sb0.02-0.00Ni0.00Co0.02-0.00)1.99-1.90(Si3.40-3.29Al0.71-0.60)4.00O10(OH2.00-1.83F0.17-0.00)2.00, (K1.03-0.84Na0.03-0.00Ca0.08-0.00Ba0.00Sr0.01-0.00)1.08-0.85(Al1.85-1.65Mg0.20-0.06Fe0.10-0.03Mn0.00Ti0.05-0.00Cr0.03-0.00V0.01-0.00Sb0.02-0.00Ni0.00Co0.03-0.00)1.99-1.93(Si3.28-2.99Al1.01-0.72)4.00O10(OH1.96-1.90F0.10-0.04)2.00, (K1.06-0.90Na0.01-0.00Ca0.01-0.00Ba0.00Sr0.02-0.01)1.10-0.93(Al1.93-1.64Mg0.19-0.00Fe0.12-0.01Mn0.00Ti0.01-0.00Cr0.01-0.00V0.00Sb0.00Ni0.00Co0.05-0.01)2.01-1.94(Si3.32-2.96Al1.04-0.68)4.00O10(OH2.00-1.91F0.09-0.00)2.00 and (K0.91-0.83Na0.02-0.01Ca0.02-0.00Ba0.01-0.00Sr0.00)0.93-0.83(Al1.84-1.67Mg0.15-0.08Fe0.07-0.02Mn0.00Ti0.04-0.00Cr0.06-0.00V0.02-0.00Sb0.02-0.01Ni0.00Co0.00)2.00-1.92(Si3.27-3.16Al0.84-0.73)4.00O10(OH1.97-1.88F0.12-0.03)2.00, respectively. It indicated that white mica of from the Zhenzigou deposit has less K, Na and Ca, and more Si than theoretical dioctahedral mica. Compositional variations in white mica from the Zhenzigou deposit are caused by phengitic or Tschermark substitution [(Al3+)VI+(Al3+)IV <-> (Fe2+ or Mg2+)VI+(Si4+)IV] substitution. It means that the Fe in white mica exists as Fe2+ and Fe3+, but mainly as Fe2+. Therefore, white mica from layer ore of the Zhenzigou deposit was formed in the process of remelting and re-precipitation of pre-existed minerals by hydrothermal metasomatism origined metamorphism (greenschist facies) associated with Paleoproterozoic intrusion. And compositional variations in white mica from the Zhenzigou deposit are caused by phengitic or Tschermark substitution [(Al3+)VI+(Al3+)IV <-> (Fe2+ or Mg2+)VI+(Si4+)IV] substitution during hydrothermal metasomatism depending on wallrock type, alteration degree and ore/gangue mineral occurrence frequency.