• 대한화학회지
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.342-345
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• 2019

식품에서 글라이포세이트와 글루포시네이트의 함량 기준은 구체적이며 분류가 잘 되어있다. 그러나 동물 사료나 먹이에서의 함량 기준은 비교적 구체적이지 못하며 분류가 미흡한 편이다. 또한 인간에게 미치는 위험에 대해서는 지속적인 논의는 이루어지고 있는 반면에, 동물에게 미치는 위험성은 충분한 연구가 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 동물이 글라이포세이트를 섭취하는 경로로 추정되는 사료에서의 분석법을 확립하였다. 25% 메탄올을 이용한 용매추출, 원심분리 후 고체상추출로 정제한 후, 농축하여 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 정량 분석하였다. 분석법 검증은 검출한계, 정확도 및 정밀도 시험을 통해 진행하였다. 확립된 시험법의 검출한계는 글루포시네이트 $1.8{\mu}g/kg$, 글라이포세이트 $2.4{\mu}g/kg$ 이었다. 정확도는 94.4~103.4%, 정밀도는 1.5~7.2%의 범위로 나타났다. 동물 사료(n=13)를 분석법을 적용시켜 분석한 결과 글루포시네이트는 한 개의 시료에서 검출되었고($ND{\sim}8.8{\mu}g/kg$), 글라이포세이트는 한 개의 시료를 제외한 모든 시료에서 검출($ND{\sim}337.0{\mu}g/kg$)되었다.

• 자연과 농업
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• 통권259호
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• pp.30-32
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• 2010

살충제 5.0%, 살균제 5.3%, 기타제 4.4%의 상승이 전망되며, 가장 약세가 예상되는 제초제 시장은 글라이포세이트의 과다공급과 가격경쟁심화로 1% 성장을 전망하고 있다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2014

Purpose: Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is widely used as an herbicide for weed control in rural areas. It is also readily available for suicide attempts. Glyphosate has high toxicity and negatively affects the human body. The aim of this investigation was to study the genotoxicity of a low-concentration of glyphosate through sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in human blood lymphocytes in vitro. Methods: Primary lymphocyte cultures were obtained from blood samples of 11 males and seven females who had been exposed to glyphosate (0, 100, 200, and 300 ng/mL). The frequency of SCEs was examined and statistical analysis was performed. Results: All doses of glyphosate induced a significant dose-dependent increase in SCE frequency compared with the control group (P<0.001). In particular, the SCE frequency for exposure to low-dose glyphosate was significantly higher in females than in males. Conclusion: According to the result of this study, even a low-dose of glyphosate may damage DNA and females are more vulnerable to glyphosate.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.144-150
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• 2016

Purpose: Glyphosate is a widely used non-selective herbicide. Previous studies have shown that glyphosate has genotoxicity, and that even low-doses of glyphosate can cause DNA damage. Melatonin is a hormone produced and secreted by the pineal gland that is known to be a potent anti-carcinogen, anti-oxidant, and genetic protector. This study was conducted to investigate the genoprotective effect of melatonin against glyphosate in human blood lymphocytes. Methods: Human peripheral blood was obtained from 15 young, healthy volunteers and cultured under four different toxicologic conditions. The four groups consisted of a control group, glyphosate only group (300 ng/mL), glyphosate with low level of melatonin group ($50{\mu}M$), and glyphosate with high level of melatonin group ($200{\mu}M$). The mean Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) frequency of each group was then analyzed. Results: Glyphosate exposed groups had a higher mean SCE frequency ($10.33{\pm}2.50$) than the control group ($6.78{\pm}2.31$, p<0.001). Interestingly, the group that received a low-level of melatonin had a lower mean SCE frequency ($8.67{\pm}2.58$) than the glyphosate-only group, while the group that received a high level of melatonin had a much lower mean SCE frequency ($8.06{\pm}2.50$) than the glyphosate-only group. There was statistical significance. Conclusion: Melatonin exerted a potent gene protective effect against the genotoxicity of glyphosate on human blood lymphocytes in a dose-dependent fashion.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.78-82
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• 2016

Purpose: Green tea is known as a potent anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogen, and genetic protector. Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is a widely used non-selective herbicide that causes DNA damage. The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of green tea in human blood lymphocytes exposed to glyphosate using the Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) frequency method. Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained from 10 volunteers and cultured through four different conditions. Four groups were divided into control, glyphosate only (300 ng/mL), glyphosate and low ($20{\mu}m$) concentrations of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and glyphosate and high ($100{\mu}m$) concentrations of EGCG. Results: The glyphosate exposed groups had a higher mean SCE frequency ($10.33{\pm}2.50$) than the control group ($6.38{\pm}2.28$, p<0.001). The low concentrations of EGCG groups had a lower mean SCE frequency ($9.91{\pm}1.93$) than the glyphosate-only group, although this difference was not significant (p=0.219). However, the high concentration group ($9.49{\pm}1.85$) had a significantly lower SCE frequency than the glyphosate-only group (p=0.001). Conclusion: EGCG has a gene protective effect in human lymphocytes exposed to the genotoxicity of glyphosate in the case of high concentrations.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.130-135
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• 2020

Purpose: Taking large amounts of glyphosate is life-threatening, but the amounts of glyphosate taken by patients for suicide are not known precisely. The purpose of this study was to find the predictors of large amounts of glyphosate ingestion. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed patients presenting to an emergency department with glyphosate intoxication between 2010 and 2019, in a single tertiary hospital. The variables associated with the intake amounts were investigated. The parameters were analyzed by multivariate variate logistic regression analyses and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Of the 28 patients with glyphosate intoxication, 15 (53.6%) were in the large amounts group. Univariate analysis showed that metabolic acidosis, lactic acid, and corrected QT (QTc) interval were significant factors. In contrast, multivariate analysis presented the QTc interval as the only independent factor with intoxication from large amounts of glyphosate. (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.073, 1.011-1.139; p=0.020) The area under the ROC curve of the QTc interval was 0.838. Conclusion: The QTc interval is associated significantly with patients who visit the emergency department after being intoxicated by large amounts of glyphosate. These conclusions will help in the initial triage of patients with glyphosate intoxication.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.221-229
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• 2013

우리나라에서 제초제 저항성작물의 개발과 저항성작물의 실용화 재배가 이루어질 경우를 대비하기 위하여 제초제 저항성작물 개발 및 잡초방제 연구현황을 분석하고 앞으로의 잡초방제 방향과 전망에 관하여 기술하였다. 제초제 저항성작물 개발은 작물에 대한 약해 없이 한 가지 제초제만을 사용해서 선택적으로 광범한 잡초방제 효과를 나타낼 수 있는 획기적인 잡초관리 기술의 하나이다. Glyphosate 저항성 형질전환 콩, 옥수수, 캐놀라, 면화에서 glyphosate 사용은 단순한 잡초방제법으로 저비용으로 편리하게 잡초를 관리할 수 있다. 한 작물에 glyphosate와 glufosinate에 모두 저항성인 이중저항성작물은 옥수수, 콩, 면화에서 개발되어 glyphosate 저항성잡초를 방제할 수 있었으며, 기존 제초제 기술의 영역을 확장할 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 glyphosate를 ALS 저해형 제초제, 합성옥신 제초제, HPPD 저해형 제초제 혹은 ACCase 저해형 제초제를 포함한 새로운 제초제 저항성작물 개발은 제초제 저항성잡초를 효과적으로 방제하기 위하여 가까운 장래에 개발되기를 기대한다. 또한 제초제 저항성작물만으로는 잡초문제를 해결할 수 없기 때문에 앞으로 다른 작용기작 제초제의 교호사용, 기계적, 경종적 방법을 통합한 종합적잡초관리 체계에 관한 연구가 요망된다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.134-140
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• 2008

매년 증가하고 있는 농약중독사고 예방대책 마련을 위하여 통계청 마이크로데이터시스템에서 2000년${\sim}$2005년 까지 최근 6년간의 자료를 제공받아 국내 농약중독사망사고 현황을 분석하였다. 농약중독 사망자수는 제초제 및 살균제에 의한 사망수가 가장 많았고, 약제별로는 특히, 패러�R디클로라이드 액제, 유기 인계 농약, 글라이포세이트 순으로 조사되었다. 전체약물중독사고 사망자중 농약으로 인한 사망자가 매년 증가하여 2005년에 68.5% 를 차지하였다. 농약중독사고 원인은 자살 비율이 $80.5{\sim}91.9%$로 농약에 의한 자살을 예방할 수 있는 대책 마련이 시급한 실정이다. 지역별 농약중독사망자수를 분석한 결과 주요 7대 도시지역이 전체 사망자수의 평균 21.6%를 차지하였고, 전국 9개 도지역에서 평균 78.4%를 차지하였으며, 직업별 분포는 농림, 어업인이 27.4%, 주부와 학생을 포함한 무직 등 비농업인이 72.6%로 조사되었다. 이상의 자료분석결과, 농약중독사망자수가 매년 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있으므로, 사망자수를 줄이고 농약중독 사고를 예방하기 위해서 농업 인에게는 농약안전사용을 위한 교육을 강화하고, 비농업 인에게는 독성이 강한 농약의 구입을 제한하는 등 철저한 농약관리가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2021

Purpose: Glyphosate herbicide (GH) is a widely used herbicide and has been associated with significant mortality as poisoned cases increases. One of the reasons for high toxicity is thought to be toxic effect of its ingredient with glyphosate. This study was designed to determine differences in the clinical course with the salt-type contained in GH. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at a single hospital between January 2013 and December 2017. We enrolled GH-poisoned patients visited the emergency department. According to salt-type, patients were divided into 4 groups: isopropylamine (IPA), ammonium (Am), potassium (Po), and mixed salts (Mi) groups. The demographics, laboratory variables, complications, and their mortality were analyzed to determine clinical differences associated with each salt-type. Addtionally, we subdivided patients into survivor and non-survivor groups for investigating predictive factors for the mortality. Results: Total of 348 GH-poisoned patients were divided as follows: IPA 248, Am 41, Po 10, and Mi 49 patients. There was no difference in demographic or underlying disease history, but systolic blood pressure (SBP) was low in Po group. The ratio of intentional ingestion was higher in Po and Mi groups. Metabolic acidosis and relatively high lactate level were presented in Po group. As the primary outcome, the mortality rates were as follows: IPA, 26 (10.5%); Am, 2 (4.9%); Po, 1 (10%); and Mi, 1 (2%). There was no statistically significant difference in the mortality and the incidence of complications. Additionally, age, low SBP, low pH, corrected QT (QTc) prolongation, and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation were analyzed as independent predictors for mortality in a regression analysis. Conclusion: There was no statistical difference in their complications and the mortality across the GH-salt groups in this study.