• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

Purpose: To evaluate medications at the end of life care for terminal cancer patients during their last admission. Methods: Medical records of terminal cancer patients during their last admission from July 2003 to April 2008 at a district academic hospital were evaluated. Patient's characteristics, therapeutic drug classification during their last admission and on the patient's day of death, and the administrated route and number of medications on the patient's day of death were analyzed. Results: Total 81 patients were included. The median patient age was 63 years. The median length of admission was 18 days (range: 1~101). 54% of the patients had more than one comorbidities. The most frequently prescribed drugs during the last admission were opioid analgesics (63%), followed by antibiotics (58%) and antacids (53%). On the day of death, common medications were antibiotics (59%), antacids (58%), and opioid analgesics (46%). Intravenous injection was given to 81% of the patients and intramuscular injection was given to 16% of the patients on the day of patient's death. Number of medications prescribed to patients was between 0 and 11 (median: 3) and 12% (10/81) of the patients took over 8 medications including intravenous and oral drugs on the day of death. 6% (5/81) of the patients took potentially futile medications, like multivitamin or statin until the day of death. Conclusion: This study suggests that potentially futile medications and uncomfortable care were given to terminal cancer patients. Multicenter-based studies are necessary to diminish futile medications by essential medication at the end of life care for terminal cancer patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.87-87
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• 2002

초음파기기를 이용한 난포란의 채란 기술은 유전적으로 우수한 수정란의 다량확보가 가능함으로써 가축개량에 널리 응용할 수 있다. 그러나 초음파유도 난포란의 채란은 무엇보다도 회수율과 회수한 난포란의 질적 등급의 개선이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 등지방층두께, 일당증체량, 근내지방도 및 배최장근 단면적에 연관된 DNA marker가 검정된 한우로부터 FSH(FOLLTROPIN-V, Vetrepharm, Canada)를 투여하여 FSH 투여전.후의 포의 발달율과 등급별 회수율을 조사하였다. 공시동물의 발정주기에 관계없이 매주 무처리와 채란 12시간 전에 FSH를 각각 l00mg 과 200mg을 근육 주사하여 난포란의 채취를 유토하였다. 난소내 난포란의 채란은 SONOACE-600형 (Medison CO., 한국) 초음파기기를 사용하여 모니터 상에 검게 나타나는 난포를 17-gauge needle (Cook, Australia) 로써 70mmHg로 유지된 regulated vacuum pump를 이용하여 모두 채란하였으며, 소난포는 손가락 촉지를 이용하여 채란하였다. 난포의 크기는(large : $\geq$6mm, medium : 2-6mm, small $\leq$2mm) 무처리구에서 small(56.6%), medium(33.0%), large follicles(10.4%) 순으로 나타났으며, 전체 난포수는 106(8.2$\pm$3.6개) 였다. FSH 200mg 투여구에서는 medium(47.5%), small(32.5%), large follicles(20.0%) 순으로 나타났으며, 전체난포수는 40(10.0$\pm$2.2개) 였다. FSH l00mg 투여구에서는 medium(45.6%), small(43.5%), large follicles (10.9%) 순으로 나타났으며, 전체 난포는 92(7.7$\pm$2.5개) 였다. FSH 투여전 초음파 image 상으로 관찰한 난포수와 FSH 투여 후 초음파기기와 손가락 촉지를 이용하여 난포의 발달 및 난포란의 채란율은 200mg 투여 구에서는 투여 전에 4.3$\pm$0.6개였으나 투여 후에는 9.3$\pm$2.1개로 증가하였으며, 채란율은 75.0% 였다. l00mg 투여구에서도 투여 전후에 각각 5.3$\pm$1.2개 및 8.2$\pm$2.3개였으며, 채란율은 81.6%였다. 난포란의 채란율은 무처리구에서 88.7%(7.2$\pm$3.9개)로 나타났으며, 회수한 난포란의 등급은 각각 0.0%(GI), 5.3%(GII), 28.T%(GIII), 66.0%(GIV)로 나타났다. FSH 200mg 투여구의 채란율은 87.5%(8.8$\pm$2.6개)로 나타났으며, 등급별회수율은 GI(2.8%), GII(8.6%), GIII(34.3%), GIV(54.3%)으로 나타났다. 뿐만 아니라 FSH 100mg 투여구에서도 회수율은 89.1%(6.8$\pm$5.2개)였으며, 등급별 회수율은 각각 GI(8.5%), GII(13.4%), GIII(43.9%), GIV(34.2%)로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1991

The ability of fertilization in vitro and subsequent development of superovulated oocytes was assessed in a controlled environment using an in vitro fertilization technique. The in vitro fertilization percentage of oocytes with cumulus mass declined significantly(P<0.05) with increased doses from 4~10 to 16~40IU of PMSG for superovulation. However, the porportion of polyspermic penetration varied from 2.3 to 9.7% and there was no significant difference between treatments in incidence of polyspermy. When morphologically normal ova with cumulus mass were cultured for 66~72h in a plastic mini-straw to undergo fertilization in vitro, the mean percentage of embryos developed to 2-16 and 4-16cell stage was 61.8 and 17.6%; it was slightly(P<0.05) superior to the corresponding results from petri dish. A total of 52 two-cell embryos fertilized in a mini-straw were transferred to seven pseudopregnant rat. Among these recipients, two normal young were born from one recipient which received a total of six embryos. These results suggest that superovulated oocytes are proportionately less competent than normally ovulated oocytes to undergo fertilization in a controlled environment using an in vitro fertilization technique. Also, a plastic mini-straw designed was slightly superior to petri dish as a culture vessel for fertilization and embryo development in vitro.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.5.2-5
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• 1982

With the improvement of living standard and socioenvironmental change, esophageal stricture due to acetic acid, Hcl, insecticides and lye has led to decrease remarkably. Esophageal stricture has decreased because of immediate treatment and adequate management. However there are still sporadic incidents of esophageal stricture due to inadequate treatment and uncooperation of patients. The authors recently have experienced seven severe cases of esophageal stricture. All six patients were treated with 18-51 French Sippy esophageal dilating bougie. One patient was transfered to thoracic surgery department due to complete esophageal obstruction. Case 1. A 23 year old housewife who ingested Hcl for suicide. After Witzel's operation, she visited to dilate esophageal first constriction stircture due to swallowing difficulty postoperation 2 months later. We were treated successfully. Case 2. A case of esophageal stricuture in the second and third physiologic constriction part. The patient was 51 years old man who ingested lye accidently, and was dilated by bougination. Case 3. The patient was 43 year-old man who ingested acetic acid as a mistake and was treated inadequately at hopsital. Inspite of treatment, esophageal stricture developed at the third physiologic part. We are trying to dilate the esophagues now. Case 4. The patient was 55 year-old woman who had ingested Hcl for the purpose of suicidal attempt. 2 months later gastroduodenal anastomoisis due to pyloric region stenosis, the first physiologic constriction stricture was dilated successfully. Case 5. The patient was 41 year-old woman who ingested Hcl for suicide 4 months ago. There was indwelled orogastric tube for 1 month but esophageal stricture developed at the first and 3rd constriction part. She was treated by using a bougination. Case 6. An athlete 21 year old man, ingested acetic acid 2 spoonful per 3 days by purpose in order to soften the bone for last 14 months. There was complete esophageal obsturction in esophagogram and transferred to the thoracic surgery department. Case 7. A 3 year-old girl was ingested lye at a accident. She had a bougination for 16 months under the general anesthesia for dilation due to whole irregular esophageal stricture. She developed lower esophageal perforation, but healed eventually.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2006

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of combined extract of safflower seed with herbs on the improvement of blood glucose, lipid peroxides, lipids in the plasma and liver of strpetozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats in the experimental group were orally administered with combined extract of safflower seed (100 mg, 200 mg/kg B.W.) with herbs (Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gaqler, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Mori Folium, Poria cocos, Rehmannia glutinosa, Eriobtrya japonica, Aralia continentalis Kitagawa, Zizyphus jujuba var, Cornus officinalis, Paeonia suffruticosa, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim and Schizandra chinensis Baill) for 4 weeks. Body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were significantly lower in diabetic groups than those of control group. These were no protective effect of the supplementation of combined extract of safflower seed with herbs. Concentration of blood glucose was significantly higher in the diabetic groups than those in the control group. Blood glucose concentration was remarkably lower supplementation of combined extract of safflower seed (200 mg/kg B.W.) with herbs. There was no significant difference of plasma lipid peroxides among experimental groups, while liver lipid peroxides of diabetic group was significantly higher in control group. But supplementation of combined extract of safflower seed with herbs was induced markedly lower in liver lipid peroxides in diabetic rats. Diabetic groups had markedly higher levels in triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, while had lower HDL-cholesterol level. Triglyceride levels of plasma and liver were significantly lower with combined extract of safflower seed with herbs. But total cholesterol, phospholipid and free fatty acid were no differing significantly among experimental groups.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 1991

This study was carried out to observe the change in uterine cyclic nucleotide level and the effect of PAF on cyclic nucleotides in uterine tissue in early pregnany in order to understand reciprocal relation ship between PAF and cyclic nucleotides in pregnancy in the rat. The test groups were injected intramuscularly with $1{\mu}g$ of PAF or 1.25mg of BN-52021 on day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of pregnancy. The level of cyclic nucleotide in removed uterine tissue was assayed by using cyclic nucleotides test kits. The results showed that the cyclic AMP content in uterine tissue of non-pregnant at pro-oestrus rat was $2.91{\pm}0.33$ pmol/mg protein which was lower than those of pregnant rat. The cyclic GMP content in uterine tissue of non-pregnant rat was $0.39{\pm}0.20$ pmol/mg pro-tein which was also lower than those of pregnant rats. The maximum level in cAMP was $5.92{\pm}1.72$ pmol/mg protein on day 3 and cGMP, $1.03{\pm}0.22$ pmol/mg protein on day 4. On each day of pregnancy, PAF induced the increased cAMP level ompared with that of intact rat. That was significant on day 0, 2 and 4 of pregnancy, p<0.05, on the other hand PAF receptor antagonist, BN-52021 ecreased cAMP level in uterine tisssue. PAF as well as BN-52021 had not an consistent effect on changes in cGMP level. These results suggest that cyclic nucleotide levels in uterine tissue ware increased during early pregnancy and PAF influences cAMP level in uterine rather than cGMP level during peri-implantation period, accordingly demonstrating a possible involvement of PAF in the regulation of implantation-related events through cAMP-mediated process.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.9 s.266
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• pp.659-667
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• 2006

Background: Experimental studies of vascular remodeling in the pulmonary arteries have been performed actively. These models required a persistent vascular insult for intimal injury induced by chronic hypoxia, monocrotaline intoxication or chronic air embolism and characterized medial hypertrophy and neointimal formation by active synthesis of the extracellular matrix protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of pulmonary vascular remodeling after obstruction of the pulmonary vein. Material and Method: Obstruction of the right pulmonary vein with a metal clip was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats $(352{\pm}18g,\;n=10)$ to cause pulmonary vascular disease. Fifteen days later, experimental studies were done and finally the both lungs and hearts were extirpated for experimental measurement. Pulmonary arterial pressure, weight ratio of right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle (LV) and ventricular septum (S) (RV/LV +S weight ratio), and pulmonary artery morphology (percent wall thickness, %WT) were evaluated and compared with normal control groups. Result: Pulmonary hypertension $(38{\pm}12mmHg\;vs\;13{\pm}4mmHg;\;p<0.05)$ and right ventricular hypertrophy (right ventricular/left ventricular and septal weight ratio, $0.52{\pm}0.07\;vs\;0.35{\pm}0.04;\;p<0.05$) with hypertrophy of the muscular layer of the pulmonary arterial wall (percent wall thickness, $22.4{\pm}6.7%\;vs\;6.7{\pm}3.4%;\;p<0.05$) were developed by 15 days after obstruction of the pulmonary vein. Conclusion: Obstruction of the pulmonary vein developed elevation of pulmonary blood pressure and medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary artery. These results are a part of the characteristic vascular remodeling. Theses results demonstrate that obstruction of the pulmonary vein can develope not only high pulmoanry blood flow of contralateral lung but also intima injury inducing vascular remodeling.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.421-427
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• 2013

There are many intramuscularly injectable drugs commonly used for anesthesia in dogs and combination of drugs were used for decrease the side effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine and tramadol-tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine in dogs. Ten healthy beagle dogs (intact male; mean body weight : $9.5{\pm}1.60$ kg) were used in the study. Experimental animals were divided into two groups (n=5, each) and received 0.2 mg/kg of butorphanol (BZM) and 2 mg/kg of tramadol (TZM) according to the group after injection of $Zoletil^{(R)}$ (5 mg/kg) and medetomidine (10 ug/kg). All drugs were administered intramuscularly. Anesthesia and recovery, sedation and analgesia score, cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were measured. Induction and recovery time were not significantly different between the groups. Anesthesia time was $117.4{\pm}25.64$ minute and $81.2{\pm}12.50$ minute in BZM and TZM groups, respectively. Sedation and analgesia were satisfied in both groups. In both groups, common side effects related to the medetomidine, significant bradycardia and hypertension were not observed. There were no significant changes in respiratory data. In conclusion, tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine in combination with either butorphanol or tramadol can be suitable anesthetic protocol for minor procedures in dogs. They produced adequate anesthesia characterized by rapid induction, adequate analgesia and muscle relaxation without remarkable side effects.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2010

The aim of the present study was to develop polyclonal antibodies to regional inedible adipocytes of pigs and investigate the effect of these antibodies on adipocytes in vitro. As antigens, abdominal and subcutaneous adipocyte PMPs from pigs were injected into sheep 3 times per 3 wk intervals for passive immunization, and non-immunized serum, antisera against abodominal (AAb) or subcutaneous adipocyte PMPs (SAb) were collected before and after the injections. Titers of the antisera obtained from sheep and their cross-reactivities with the heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, and spleen of pig were determined by ELISA. Isolation and culture of abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes from pigs were performed to analyze LDH concentration. At a 1:1,000 dilution, little antibody reactivity was observed for non-immunized serum whereas both AAb and SAb had relatively strong reactivity up to a dilution of 1:16,000. These findings may indicate that strong antibodies against adipocyte PMPs can be developed using an immunological approach. Extremely low reactivity of AAb and SAb was detected with the PMPs of the organs. Both antisera most strongly reacted with each adipocyte PMPs and showed statistically (p<0.05) higher cross-reactivities compared with the non-immunized serum. In conclusion, these results may indicate that the present polyclonal antibodies against regional inedible adipocyte PMPs are well developed and are safe against cross-reactivities with the organs of pigs. Further studies on the in vivo nutritional safety and fat reduction of these antibodies in pigs will be required fat-reduced high quality pork production.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 2005

Present study was performed to observe the tegumental ultrastructures by the developmental stages which derived from the experimental life cycle of Spirometra erinacei in laboratory conditions. In SEM view, coracidium was spherical in shape with numerous cilia, and its surface was covered with long cilia, tuberclelike projections with millet-like processes, and small holes. The body surface of procercoid was covered with numerous pointed microtriches except that of frontal pit with stout spine-like ones. However that of cercomer was covered with somewhat sparse blunt-tiped microtriches. Plerocercoids of 3 days old resembled the mature procercoid in shape, and their frontal pits were covered with numerous stout spine-like microtriches. However frontal pit and body surface in more than 5 days old ones were covered with conoid microtriches. On the surface of adult scolex, hairly long filamentous and stout short microtriches were mixedly distributed. Filamentous microtriches were more densely distributed in the anterior portion than in the posterior of scolex. The neck and immature proglottid were covered with only stout short conoid microtriches. In TEM view of coracidia, embryophore and oncosphere were obviously distinguished. The embryophore contained numerous glycogen particles, mitochondria and lipid granules. The cilia on the surface of embryophore rooted in the coracidial sheath, and consisted of 9 pairs of microtubules and 2 core complex. The oncosphere was covered with a thin and unarmed tegument, and was multi-nucleated. The protoplasmic layer of procercoid and plerocercoid consisted of disc-shaped bodies, vacuoles and mitochondria. Their tegumental cells commonly retained a nucleus, granular endoplasmic reticulums and secretory granules. The protoplasmic layer of plerocercoid was more compacted than that of procercoid. From the above results, it was confirmed that the tegumental ultrastructures are something different according to the developmental stages of S. erinacei.