• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.170-185
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• 2001

Objective : This experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of Chaenomelis fructus herbal acupuncture on the soleus muscle and tibialis anterior muscle of hindlimb-suspended rats. The measurement have been performed on the composition of type I, type IIa and type IIb muscle fibers in the soleus muscle and tibialis anterior muscie - histochemical study. Materials and Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 250g were subjected to hindlimb suspension and divided into six groups; 1. Normal group: normai group 2. Control group: group of hindlimb suspension for 7 days 3. NT group: non-treatment group for 2 or 4 weeks after 7days of hindlimb suspension. 4. EX gtoup: running exercise group for 2 or 4 weeks after 7days of hindlimb suspension. 5. HA group: administration of Chaenomelis fructus herbal acupuncture during 2 or 4 weeks after 7 days of hindlimb suspension. 6. EXHA group: administration of Chaenomelis fructus herbal acupuncture and running exercise during 2 or 4 weeks after 7 days of hindlimb suspension. Results Results : 1. The composition of type I muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly increased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group, and the composition of type IIa muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly decreased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA goups more than control group. 2. The composition of type I muscie fibers in the tibialis anterior muscle significantly increased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group, and the composition of type IIb muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly decreased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group. 3. The size of type I muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly increased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group, and the size of type IIa muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly increased in 2 weeks EXHA group and 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group. 4. The size of type I, IIa muscle fibers in the tibialis anterior muscle significantly increased in 2 or 4weeks HA, EXHA and EX groups more than control group, and the size of type IIb muscle fibers significantly increased in 2 weeks EXHA group and 4 weeks HA, EXHA and EX groups more than control group. 5. The capiliaries number per fiber of muscle fibers in the soleus and tibialis anterior muscle showed no differences in all experimental groups more than control group. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is shown that Chaenomelis fructus herbal acupuncture could be effective in the treatment of muscle atrophy.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.81-92
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• 2011

In this paper, a new method to estimate the number of MU (motor unit) related to the widths and distribution of end plate in NMJ (neuromuscular junction) of biceps brachii is proposed by varying muscle parameter statistically in EMG model. This work is done by designing MU-simulator and EPZ-simulator. The proposed method was compared with the results of previous researchers. The proposed MU-simulator generates SMUAP (single motor unit action potential) and CMAP (compound muscle action potential) signal similar to detected SMUAP and CMAP signal obtained from muscle. The EPZ-simulator estimate the numbers of MU by varying the widths and distribution of end plate in neuromuscular junction of muscle. The results shows that the numbers of MU was estimated about 450 ea. and muscle fibers was about 340 ea., end plate widths was about 6 mm, and end plate was randomly distributed. The proposed method may be comparable with the method of anatomical studies.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2005

This study was designed to estimate effect of wood vinegar on meat quality in old Layer which was low production and low economic value. The old layer chickens were used to resource for income increase of layer farm and protein supply. Two hundred forty Isa Brown chickens were assigned with control(Broiler feed), Treatment 1 (Broiler feed with addition of domestic wood vinegar $0.8\%$) and Treatment 2(Broiler feed with addition of foreign wood vinegar $0.4\%$). Feed intake of control group was lower 3g than other treatments. This is the reason of result that what organic acid in wood vinegar of treatment groups affect to feed digestibility, The different of chicken production was depended on ingredient and included value of wood vinegar in domestic and foreign. Foreign wood vinegar have organic acids which that functionally act sexual Pheromone so that promote endocrine matter. This is reason that old Layer chicken increase to egg production rate. Treatment 2 group effect to thigh meat rather than breast meat and improve to value of crude fat and meat color. The Meat quality and sensory test of thigh meat of foreign wood vinegar was better appraise rather than that of domestic wood vinegar. Because foreign wood vinegar make to fine of meat tissue and to decline cooking loss and also to increase juiciness and tenderness on sensory test.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the changes in the physiological and histological traits of a sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) with the emergence of the soft tunic syndrome induced by the water temperature control (6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and $27^{\circ}C$). It was observed that the induction rate of the soft tunic syndrome was highest at $15^{\circ}C$, but lowest at $24^{\circ}C$. Based on the tunic color condition and contraction strength, the whole process were classified into 4 stages as S0, S1, S2 and S3. Interestingly, there were significant differences in oxygen consumption and filtration rate were observed during S0-S3. The most distinctive aspects were change of blood cell composition at stage S3, whereas multi-vacuole cell ratio was decreased by 1/2 and morula cell ratio expanded about 10 times during S0-S3. Further, change of organ structure started following the syndrome such as degeneration of epithelial cells, microfilaments, increment in hemocytes and damage in muscle fiber have been detected in tunic, siphon, branchial sac, body wall musculature and pyloric gland. Briefly, our study results indicated that the normal physiological functions of the sea squirt can be affected due to the soft tunic syndrome induced by water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 2014

Shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor pacifica) is a species of commercial importance and its production is greatly affected due to the infection by Heterosporis anguillarum. In this study, we evaluated the effect of H. anguillarum infection on the growth of Shortfin eel. A disease that trunk muscle of cultured shortfin eel, Anguilla bicolor pacifica, were irregular and resulted in death, breakout of the commercial eel culture farm. We observed that the trunk muscle of infected eels were irregular and represented white or yellowish externally. Histopathologically, a great numbers of large or small spores and sporophorocysts were also observed in degenerated muscle layer. The cloning of specific gene of H. anguillarum, encoding small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) from the muscle lesion of diseased eel. The size of clone gene is well matched with the size of small subunit ribosomal RNA of H. anguillarum and thus confirming the infection by H. anguillarum.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2002

Histology and ultrastructure of the mantle epidermis in the ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii are described using light and electron microscopy. The mantle of the ark shell is composed of outer epidermis, connective tissue and inner epidermis. Both epidermis are simple and consists of supporting cells, ciliated cells and secretory cells. Connective tissue is composed of mainly collagen and muscle fibers. The supporting cells in the inner epidermis are usually columnar and covered with microvilli. The ciliated cell have cilia and microvilli on the free surface, and numerous tubular mitochondria are observed in the apical cytoplasm. Secretory cells are mainly observed in the outer epidermis, and it can be divided into four types of A, B, C and D with morphological features of the secretory granules. Type A cells of mucous cell are found in the marginal and central mantle. And these cells contains numerous secretory granules of non-bounded and low electron density. Type B cells contains numerous rough endoplasmic reticula, well-developed Golgi complex and secretory granules of membrane-bounded and high electron density. Secretory granules of type C cells are divided into fibrous core layer and homogeneous peripheral layer. Type D cells are found in the outer epidermis of the central and umbonal mantle. And secretory granules of these cells are divided into homogeneous core layer and granular peripheral layer. This results suggest that the outer and inner epidermis of the mantle are related with shell formation and cleaning of the mantle cavity, respectively.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2001

The present study was to elucidate the cytochemical study on the cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity and myocardial adaptation to treadmill exercise in rat. The three month Sprague-Dowley male $(150{\pm}10g)$ were used in experimental animal. The experimental groups were divided into 2 groups: the normal sedentary group and the treadmill exercise group. On each 1st and 3rd day, 1st, 4th, 8th, and 12th experimental week four rats of each group were sacrificed for tests. The morphometrical measurements were used to evalute the change of heart weight, rate of myocardial fibers to capillaries, and cytochemical study of CO activities, using light and electron microscopy. The results were as follows: The heart weights were more increased in the treadmill exercise group than those of their sedentary group. The rate of myocardial fibers to capillaries were not changed in sedentary group, but those were significantly from 4th weeks in the treadmill exercise group. The CO activity was not changed in sedentary group, but increased in treadmill exercise group after 1 st week. I and III types of CO activity were increased In sedentary group, in contast to II and III types in treadmill exercise group on electron micrographic study. These results suggest that, the treadmill exercise-induced changes in CO activity and rate of myocardial fibers to capillaries appear to be related to exercise, and the adaptive response seems to occurs from 4th week of treadmill exercise.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.20-28
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• 2012

The lumbar multifidus muscle, which can be separated into deep fascicles (DM) and superficial fascicles (SM), is important for lumbar segmental stability. However, no previous studies have investigated the effect of lumbar stabilization exercises on the thickness of DM and SM. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess DM thickness after three different lumbar segmental stabilization exercises. In total, 30 healthy male participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three exercise groups: hollowing in the quadruped position (H-Quad), contralateral arm and leg lift (CALL), and bilateral arm and leg lift (BALL). Each lumbar segmental stabilization exercise was conducted over 4 weeks. Ultrasonography was used to compare the DM and SM thickness before and after the 4 weeks of exercise. A mixed-model analysis of variance using Scheffe's post-hoc test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed a significant effect for the measurement time (before vs. after 4 weeks of exercise) in the DM (F=31.26, p<.05) and SM (F=4.56, p<.05). At the end of the 4 weeks, the DM thickness had increased significantly in the H-Quad exercise group, and the SM thickness had increased significantly in the CALL and BALL exercise groups. Also in the BALL exercise group, the SM thickness was greater compared with that in the H-Quad exercise group. These findings suggest that the thickness of the DM and SM were increased by different types of lumbar segmental stability exercise after 4 weeks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.629-636
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• 1991

Yellowtail fishes(Seriola quinqueeradiata) were submitted to the storages using ice-cooling($0^{\circ}C$), partial freezing($-3^{\circ}C$) and freezing $-20^{\circ}C$) method. Changes in the structures of muscle during storage at different temperatures were investigated. The ice-cooling and partial freezing storage caused early decomposition of glycogen granules and mitochondrial inner membrane, but it was accorded to much slower manner comparing with that of ice-cooling storage. The scars of ice crystals were appeared after three days of storage. The number and size of the crystal increased as progressing of the storage. They were circular and mostly located between fibers. When using the freezing storage, glycogen granules were mostly found from the muscle cell even after fourteen days of storage. Mitochonidral inner membrane maintained their integrity. The scars of ice crystals were also found, however, different from those of partial freezing storage. Their existing sites were random and their shapes were irregular. In many cases, they located in the fiber and had keen edges. Fibers were broken mostly at the Z-lines on fourteen days of storage. From these results, it was concluded that partial freezing storage can repress autolytic enzymic action and can reduce the physical damage from ice crystals which is caused by freezing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 1989

Myofibrillar protein(myofibil) was prepared from Yellowtail fish (Seriola quinqueradiata), and then, it was stored at $0^{\circ}C$(ice-cooling), $-3.5^{\circ}C$(partial freezing) and $-20^{\circ}C$(freezing). Another myofibrils were prepared from the fish stored with ice-cooling, partial freezing and freezing for a week as the maximum. Denaturation of muscle protein during the storage was investigated by the measurement of $Ca^{2+}-$ and $Mg^{2+}-ATPase$ activity. Specific activity of $Ca^{2+}-\;and\;Mg^{2+}-ATPase$ associated with Yellowtail myofibrils was 0.155 and $0.149\;{\mu}\;mole$ Pi/min/mg of protein, respectively, before storgae. ATPase activity of myofibils did not show any significant difference between $0^{\circ}C$ and $-3.5^{\circ}C$ whereas it was decreased faster at $-20^{\circ}C$ than at $0^{\circ}C$ or $-3.5^{\circ}C$. ATPase activity of myofibirls extracted from the fish stored for a week was 1.2-1.8 times higher than myofibils stored with ice-cooling or partial freezing while it was 2.5-3 times higher than that with freezing. Apparent denaturation constant of $Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ of myofibrils was between 0.48-0.65, and it was 2-3 times higher than that of $Mg^{2+}-ATPase$. The constant of myofibrils extracted from the fish did not show significant difference between $Ca^{2+}-\;and\;Mg^{2+}-ATPase$.