• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1990

To investigate the structure of the pine forest community and the conservation of pine forest in Mt. Sokri, twenty plots of 500$m^2$ size set up by the clumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on environmental variables. The plant community was not classified into several groups by above methods in this study area. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Quercus serrata, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Q. aliena, Sorbus alnifolia, Prunus sargentii to Carpinus laxiflora, C. cordata in the canopy layer. and from Rhus trichocarpa, Lindera obtusiloba through Styrax obassia, Acer pseudosieboldiana, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa to L. erythrocarpa, Viburnum erosum in the understory layer. Pinus densiflora community shall be conserved by the disclimax method, i. e. the broadleaf vegetation in the underlayer of the pine community should be cleared out.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1449-1463
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• 2020

As recent global warming and climate changes become more serious, the importance of CO2 absorption by forests is increasing to cope with the greenhouse gas issues. According to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is required to calculate national CO2 absorptions at the local level in a more scientific and rigorous manner. This paper presents the gridded expansion of forest flux observations and mapping of daily CO2 absorption by the forests in Korea using numerical weather prediction data and satellite images. To consider the sensitive daily changes of plant photosynthesis, we built a machine learning model to retrieve the daily RACA (reference amount of CO2 absorption) by referring to the climax forest in Gwangneung and adopted the NIFoS (National Institute of Forest Science) lookup table for the CO2 absorption by forest type and age to produce the daily AACA (actual amount of CO2 absorption) raster data with the spatial variation of the forests in Korea. In the experiment for the 1,095 days between Jan 1, 2013 and Dec 31, 2015, our RACA retrieval model showed high accuracy with a correlation coefficient of 0.948. To achieve the tier 3 daily statistics for AACA, long-term and detailed forest surveying should be combined with the model in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to suggest vegetation management method as the cultural landscape forest of Dongbaek Island which is the district monument. The study area was $20,000m^2$ around the peak area in management as the nature sabbatical area. Vegetation structure type was classified with the criteria of topography, vegetation, management and the management plan was derived from the vegetation structure analysis according to the types. Vegetation structure types were Management-Camellia japonica, Non-management-Eurya japonica, Non-management-Rugged area-Eurya japonica. As the result of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii dominated in canopy layer and Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica dominated in Type I and in Type II and III, respectively. Especially, Machilus thunbergii as the climax species in the warm temperate forest were distributed centering shrubs, and as the result of distribution of diameter of breast height, middle size of Celtis sinensis and Machilus thunbergii were distributed in type I, II. Machilus thunbergii were distributed in range of 4 to 44 individuals through the all types. Mean age of canopy layer was 66 year-old and sub-canopy layer was 22.9 year-old. Shanon's species diversity was analysed from 0.5472 to 0.8646. As the vegetation management direction of Dongbaek island, managed Camellia japonica forest was suggested to maintain the regular management and non-managed Eurya japonica forest was required to remove the Eurya japonica and plant the Camellia japonica. In case of non managed Eurya japonica forest in rugged area, vegetation succession was required to laurel forest.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 1985

The natural forest vegetation of the Piagol, Mt. Chiri, was classified into five major communities, i.e. Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, C. tschonoskii, Q. serrata and Fraxinus mandshurica community. C. tschonoskii, C. laxiflora and Q. mongolica characteristically were dominated in the range of 500∼700 m, 700∼900 m and 900∼1,400 m in altitude, respectively. Abies nephrolepis and Rhododendron schlippenbachii in the ridge of Nogodan-Nalnaribong, and F. mandshurica and Q. serrata in the Yongsuam ravine were found as the dominant species. The transition between C. tschonoskii and C. laxiflora communities was relatively wide. The boundary between F. mandshurica, in the conglomerated zone, and the other communities surrounding its community was fairly abrupt. In Q. mongolica community, the canopy was relatively opened and the oak young tree of undergrowth was fairly dense. In the community of C. laxiflora and C. tschonoskii, the species composed of their understory was rich while their coverage was lower than that of Q. mongolica community. Shannon's diversity index was decreased in order of C. tschonoskii, C. laxiflora and Q. mongolica community, while their Simpson's dominance index increased conversely. Judging by the DBH-class distribution showing the negative exponential curve, these communities were considered as the climax forest. In Polar Ordination used samples (quadrats), the vegetation of the Piagol was divided into five groups, which was coincided with five communities classified by Braun-Blanquet system. In the ordination, the first axis and the second axis may be considered soil conditions and thermal conditions, respectively. It seems that two different methods, phytosociological method in macro level and ordination techniques in micro level, are useful for the vegetation classification.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.258-265
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• 1995

Regeneration process of edaphic pine(Pinus densiflora) climax forest in Bulyung-gyegog, Uljin-gun, Kyungsangbuk-do, was studied. The height of dominant trees in the stands are 12 15m. Upper layers are highly dominated by pine trees and are randomly distributed. Pine trees in lower layer grow in a patch type. In the upper layer, the age distribution is likely one model type with mode of 60 and 80 years. In the horizontal distribution of these trees, some of the even-aged cluster constituted of several tree were found. For the first 25 years, the stem diameter increment rates in upper layer are higher than those in the middle layer. It could be concluded that after the forest canopy had been broken out, the seedlings established densely in a patch in the gap with the decreasing density and some of them, distributed in random, would constitute the canopy.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.593-602
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• 2006

Species composition, spatial distribution of major species, diameter and height classes distribution, and species diversity were .analyzed in the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora, hereafter referred as pine) forest in the permanent quadrats, which were designed for Long Term Ecological Research (LTER). Collected data were compared with those from the other areas including urban center (Mt. Inwang and Hongneung) and boundary areas (Mts. Acha, Bukhan, Bulam, Cheonggye, Daemo, and Surak), and natural areas (Mts. Seolak, Songni, and Wolak) to clarify the ecological characteristics of pine forest on Mt. Nam. Species composition of pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a similarity with those of urban center but did a little and big differences with those on urban boundary and natural areas, respectively. Such differences that pine forest on Mt. Nam showed, were usually due to Styrax japonicus, Sorbus alnifolia, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Ailanthus altissima, Ageratina altissima and so on, which showed higher coverage there. Predicted from diameter and height classes distribution of tree species, pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a possibility to be replaced by a S. japonica. Considered that this replacer species is not only a sub-tree but also shade intolerant, such successional trend could be interpreted as a sort of retrogressive succession. Those on urban boundary and natural areas showed a difference by displaying probabilities to be maintained as themselves as an edaphic climax or succeeded to oak forests. Species diversity of pine forest on Mt. Nam was lower than those in urban boundary and natural areas due to excessive dominance of several species, which led to different species composition from the other areas. Plants, which produced the differences, were species that flourishes in the polluted industrial area (S. japonica and S. alnifolia), favors the disturbed site (O. undulatifolius), and exotic species (A. altissima and Eupatorium rugosum). Those results reflects that pine forest of Mt. Nam was exposed on severe environmental pollution and excessive human interferences.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Hyangjeokbong (1,614 m) in Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, shrub forest, grassland forest, afforestation and etc., while riparian forest was found under the category of flatland forest vegetation. Including 122 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 2 communities of riparian forest, the total of 124 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 42 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 37 communities of valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 6 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of shrub forest, 1 communities of grassland forest, 21 afforestation and 4 other communities. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 47.02 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 57.48 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 77.53 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds, and Taxus cuspidate-Abies koreana community takes up about 50 percent of subalpine coniferous forest. Mountain shrub forest and mountain grassland forest vegetation are concentrated mainly on the top of Hyangjeokbong and the ridge connecting the top and Jungbong. Meanwhile, riparian forest vegetation comprises 0.024% of the whole vegetation area in a study area. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Pinus densiflora, Abies koreana and Taxus cuspidata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, in respect of subalpine coniferous forest, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 2000

The population dynamics of Salix nipponica and S. koreensis and the sediment factors were investigated in the wetland of the Nam-River. Chinju. Gyongsangnam-do, Korea. Each population of S. nipponica and S. koreensis was divided into four stages during the riverbed sedimentation: the first stage of establishment by S. nipponica, the second stage of coexistence by S, nipponica and S. koreensis, the third stage of dominated by S. koreensis, while S. nipponica was decreased during the increase of the water table in the sediment, and the fourth stage of the climax by S. koreensis, while S. nipponica almost died when the water table was twice to the third stage. Tree height, age, and density of S. nipponica were decreased, while S. koreensis increased along the sedimentation. And the composition of understory species showed no differences in each stage. The water table and the clay content affected on the distribution of Salix spp. in each stage, according to the PCA. The water table and the clay content increased during the sedimentation, while the other factors were almost the same.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.42-53
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• 1991

The Hwaomsa valley forest and the Piagol valley rarest in Mt. Chiri were studied to investigate forest structure and succession. Thirty plots in the Hwaomsa valley forest and thirty-nine plots in the Piagol valley forest were set up, and vegetation analysis of TWINSPAN classification and DCA ordination was carried out. The size of each plot was 20m $\times$ 25m, and the trees above 2cm DBH in each plot were measured. The Hwaomsa valley forest and the Piagol valley forest were classified into four communities and three communities by the altitude, respectively. The successional trends of major tree species seem to be from Pinus densiflora and Quercus mangalica through Quercus serrata to Carpinus spp. in the Hwaomsa valley forest. and from Quercus mongalica through Quercus serrata to Carpinus Spp. in the Piagol valley forest. The Hwaomsa valley is assumed to be interfered by the man more, and develop into the climax less than the Piagol rarest.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 1992

A survey of Orimok, Yongsil and Donnaeko area forest in Mt. Halla. was conducted using 71 sample plots of 500$m^2$ size. In the analysis of -actual vegetation, Carpinus tschonoskii and C. laxiflora community covered 53.7%, Quercus grosseserrata - Q. serrata community 25.8%, Pinus densiflora community 8.3%, Abies koreana community 4.5% and these communities covered 92.2% of Mt. Halla forest. The degree of 8, 9 and 10 in human disturbance of vegetation covered 64.5, 28.6 and 6.9% respectively. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. By two techniques, the plant community were divided into several groups by the aspect and altitude. The dividing groups are C. tschonoskii community, C. tschonoskii - Q. serrata community, P. densiflora - C. tschonoskii community, P. densiflora - C. laxiflora community, C. laxiflora community, C. laxifrora - Daphniphyllum macropodum - Eurya japonica community, P. densiflora community. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from P. densiflora. Sorbus alnifolia through Q. serrata. Maackia faurier to C. tsihonoskii in Orimok and Yongsil area and from P. densifiora to C. laxiflora in Donnaeko area. There was no difference between the stand scores of. DCA and environmental variables.