• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2019

Recently, the 4th Industrial Revolution has been emerged and various products are developed and commercialized in preparation of the communication failure. Many solutions are underway in Back-Up Network for IDC Servers, but not in the personal or sensor for low-power system use. Therefore we used the OpenWRT Firmware in Raspberry Pi which can be easily obtained in online market, and it created a low-power load balancer. Therefore, we developed the device that uses LTE Antenna based on USB Interface for communication fault notification and important data. The equipment used in this paper is easy to buy in online shop for anyone. Also, it can be applied in other vendors' boards by using USB. We hope that this paper will contribute to the stability of individual sensor networks.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 2021

This paper is devoted to a convergence study of the nonlocal integral operator in peridynamics. The implicit formulation can be an efficient approach to obtain the static/quasi-static solution of crack propagation problems. Implicit methods require constly large-matrix operations. Therefore, convergence is important for improving computational efficiency. When the radial influence function is utilized in the nonlocal integral equation, the fractional Laplacian integral equation is obtained. It has been mathematically proved that the condition number of the system matrix is affected by the order of the radial influence function and nonlocal horizon size. We formulate the static crack problem with peridynamics and utilize Newton-Raphson methods with a preconditioned conjugate gradient scheme to solve this nonlinear stationary system. The convergence behavior and the computational time for solving the implicit algebraic system have been studied with respect to the order of the radial influence function and nonlocal horizon size.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2022

In this study, the direction of the steel fibers mixed in the normal mortar and the steel slag mortar was arranged in the circumferential direction by using an electromagnetic field, and a double punch test was performed to evaluate the effect of magnetic filed exposure on tensile strength and on fracture energy. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that it is possible to arrange the steel fibers in the circumferential direction. Tensile strength and displacement at failure were also increased according to the arrangement of steel fibers due to exposure to electromagnetic fields. On the other hand, the fracture energy hardly increased. It is considered that there was a limit in resisting crack growth because the area where the arrangement of steel fibers could be adjusted under the electromagnetic field was not deep to center of specimen and the end shape of the steel fibers were straight not hooked. Additional research is needed to address these issues.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.324-324
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• 2023

수제는 비용 대비 높은 효율을 가지는 수공 구조물로 하천과 해안에 많이 이용된다. 수제는 하천에서 식생물의 서식처, 유량 확보, 하천시설 보호 등의 목적으로 설치되며 해안에서는 해안선보호, 수심 확보 등의 다양한 목적으로 설치된다. 수제는 일반적으로 넓은 영역을 제어할 수 있도록 여러개의 군수제 형태로 설치한다. 수제설치 시 기존 하도나 수로의 흐름에 교란이 일어나는데 본류부에서는 하폭이 좁아져 수제선단부에 의한 영향으로 높은 유속이 발생되며 수제역내에서는 재순환흐름과 함께 다양한 형태의 유속분포가 형성된다. 이러한 수제에 의한 흐름은 수제 선단부의 영향으로 발생하는 흐름분리선(Separation Layer)을 기준으로 흐름중심선(Talweg Line)과 흐름분리영역(Separation area)을 만들어내며 수제역내의 재순환영역에서 완화된 유속은 제방을 침식으로부터 보호하며 식생물의 서식처를 제공한다. 기존의 연구는 대부분 단일수제에 대한 연구가 수행되었으며 연속된 군수제에 대한 연구는 다소 제한된 조건에서 수행되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 연속된 수제가 설치된 경우 수리실험을 통해 수제주변의 흐름 변화 특성을 분석하였다. 수리실험은 30.0m(L')×1.52m(B')×1.10m(H')의 직선 개수로에 050m(l)×0.10m(b)×0.25m(h)의 수제를 수로측면을 따라 연속적으로 배열하여 설치하였다. 실험은 수심, 유량, 수제설치간격을 변화시키면서 수행했으며 마그네틱유속계를 사용해서 수제의 영향을 받지 않으며 벽면의 영향이 가장 적은 수로상류의 중앙지점에서 접근유속을 측정했다. 표면유속을 취득하기 위해 일반디지털카메라로 FHD(1920×1080) 해상도를 가진 영상을 각각의 조건마다 10~20분 촬영했다. 촬영된 영상을 연속된 정지영상으로 변환하고 영상해석 프로그램을 이용하여 표면유속을 도출했다. 표면영상유속계를 활용하여 도출한 결과로 각각 조건에 따라 발생하는 최대유속과 최대역방향유속, 와도(vorticity), 흐름중심선과 단면유속분포의 변화와 발생 위치를 분석했다.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.5-17
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• 2009

The microcomputer program PileNSF (Pile Negative Skin Friction) is developed by the authors in a graphical user interface (GUI) environment using $MATLAB^{(R)}$ for predicting the bearing capacity of a pile embedded in a consolidating ground by surcharge loading. The proposed method extends the one-dimensional soil-pile model based on the nonlinear load transfer method in OpenSees to perform an advanced one-dimensional consolidation settlement analysis based on finite strain. The developed program has significant features of incorporating Mikasa's finite strain consolidation theory that accounts for reduction in the thickness of the clay layer as well as the change of the soil-pile interface length during the progress of consolidation. In addition, the consolidating situation of the ground by surcharge filling after the time of pile installation can also be considered in the analysis. The program analysis by the presented method has been verified and validated with several case studies of long-term test on single piles subjected to negative skin friction. Predicted results of negative skin friction (downdrag and dragload) as a result of long from consolidation settlement are shown to be in good agreement with measured and observed case data.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1A
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• pp.155-162
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• 2006

This study presents the seismic risk assesment for an extradosed bridge with seismic isolators of lead rubber bearings(LRB). First, the seismic vulnerability of a structure and then the seismic hazard of the site are evaluated using earthquake data set and seismic hazard map in Korea, and then the seismic risk of the structure is assessed. The nonlinear seismic analyses are carried out to consider plastic hinges of bridge columns and nonlinear characteristics of soil foundation. The ductility demand is adopted to describe the nonlinear behavior of a column, and the moment-curvature curve of a column is assumed to be bilinear hysterestic. The fragility curves are represented as a log-normal distribution function for column damage, movement of superstructure, and cable yielding. And seismic hazard is estimated using the available seismic hazard maps. The results show that the effectiveness of the seismic isolators for the columns is more noticeable than those for cables and girders, in seismic isolated extradosed bridges under earthquakes.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1981

Since the estuary is a very complex place in which the sea water and the fresh water meet, it is very difficult to make a general analytical description of salinity distribution in the estuary. As an attempt to investigate the characteristics of salinity variation in the estuary of the Geum River, the field observations were continuously carried out at three points near the Gunsan New Harbor at the time intervals 1 to 1.5 hours during one tidal cycle and the data were analysed. The following results were obtained; 1. It was reconfirmed that most of the ratios of the salinity to the conductivity were widely distributed between the range of 0.5 to 1.0. 2. The salinity showed the peak at the high water, and then it began to decrease gradually and had the lowest value 0 to 2 hours after the low water. 3. The density current was generally the intense mixing type and when the river discharge was very large it was of the moderate type. 4. The vertical salinity distribution was not significantly affected by the wave height. 5. The maximum vertical salinity differences were generally less than 10 g/l and the time of the occurrence of the minimum value was 0 to 3 hours after the low water when in the spring tide and in the neap tide it occurred 2 to 3 hours after the high water.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2022

Transport is essential in the farming process of farmed fish and is one of the physical stress factors such as sorting. The effect of water temperature and anesthesia during low salinity transport was confirmed. In the experimental group, the water temperature was set to 20℃ (natural water temperature, NWT), 15℃ (cooling water temperature, CWT) respectively, in water with a salinity concentration of 35‰, 15‰ and an anesthetic (anesthesia, Anes., Sigma USA) was diluted and mixed to 50 ppm. A styrofoam box (66×42×20 cm) was used as a transport container, and 8 flounder were accommodated and transported in a plastic bag injected with 3 ℓ of seawater and liquid oxygen. As a result of the study, the concentration of cortisol before transport increased significantly from 2.4±0.1 ng ml^-1 in the experimental groups except for the CWT+35‰ group (16.7±12.8 ng ml-1). The K⁺ concentration slightly increased from 3.1±0.0 mEq l^-1 before transport to 4.5±1.1 mEq l^-1 in the NWT+15‰ group, showing no difference, and significantly increased in all other experimental groups. There was no effect on changes in blood characteristics, and water temperature and anesthetic had a negative effect on osmotic control due to stress. AST and ALT were not affected.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.184-195
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• 2022

The invasive alien species Brassica tournefortii Gouan (Brassicaceae) is herein reported for the first time in Korea, from Gunsan-si, Gochang-gun, and Jeju-si. Brassica tournefortii can easily be distinguished from B. juncea and B. napus by its dense stiff hairs at the base of the stem and leaves, basally and distally branched stems, partially dehiscent fruits, and seeds that become mucilaginous in the presence of moisture. Although some taxonomists have classified this species as belonging to Coincya Rouy based on its fruit and seed characteristics, the existence of one vein on the fruit valves and our maximum likelihood analysis using internal transcribed spacer sequences placed it in Brassica. Distribution data, photographs, and a description of B. tournefortii are presented herein. Moreover, potential changes in the distribution of B. tournefortii were predicted under different climate scenarios, but our analysis showed that the probability of the spreading of this species is low. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring is necessary for an accurate assessment. The results of the present study can be used to conduct an invasion risk assessment and can assist with the effective management of this invasive alien species.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.541-554
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• 2010

Fifteen min-microtremor data sets were collected at 136 sites from a coastal area of Kunsan and 117 sites from an inland area of Jeonju located in SW Korea, and were analyzed for the HVSR (Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio) of the sites. The microtremor spectra of the coastal area have stronger energy in the lower frequency range from 1-6 Hz than those of the coastal area. This result can be attributed to the effect of the waves and tides in the Keum river and the Yellow sea. Twenty four hours of measurement of the microtremor indicated that the microtremor spectrum correlates with the human activities, but the microtremor HVSR peak was observed consistently at the characteristic frequency for the site. The HVSR peaks were grouped into 4 types -"single peak", "double peak", "broad peak" or "no peak"- based on their shapes. More than 90% of the data sets exhibit peak frequencies ($F_0$) which can be easily identified. The distribution of $F_0$ reveals a close relationship with the topography and local geology of the areas, exhibiting high F0s in the hillside areas and low $F_0s$ in the reclaimed land area. While the amplitudes of microtremor HVSR peak frequencies are less than 4 in the downstream of the inland area, those of the recently reclaimed land in the coastal area are extremely high (more than 10). The results of this study indicate that detailed HVSR studies are essential for the earthquake hazard reduction of reclaimed lands.