• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2000

본연구는 울릉도의 성인봉과 태하령 지역의 산림 식생을 대상으로 199년 7-8월에 식생조사와 토양조사에 의한 너도밤나무 군락의 임분구조 및 DCCA ordination을 이용하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 울릉도 산림의 중요치를 각 군락별로 살펴보면 너도밤나무-섬조릿대 군락에서 중요치가 높은 종은 너도밤나무, 우산고로쇠, 마가목, 섬단풍, 섬벚나무 등의 순으로 너도 밤나무-일색고사리 군락은 우산고로쇠 너도밤나무, 마가목 층층나무, 등수국 등의 순으로 나타났다 그리고 너도밤나무-큰두루미꽃 군락에서 중요치가 높은 종은 너도밤나무 우산고로쇠 등수국 마가목 음나무등의 순으로 솔송나무-섬잣나무 군락은 섬잣나무, 너도밤나무, 솔송나무, 회솔나무, 섬피나무 등의 순으로 나타났다. 2. DCCA ordination에 의하면 산림군락과 환경요인과의 상관관계는 다음과 같다 너도밤나무-섬조릿대 군락은 해발고가 높고 네 군락 중 토양수분이나 전절소 유기물 등이 많은 지역에 분포하고 있었다. 너도밤나무-일색고사리 군락은 해발고가 다른 군집보다 높고 토양수분이나 전질소, 유기물 등이 많아 너도밤나무-섬조릿대 군락과 매우 유사한 입지환경을 가진 지역이나 토성 중 clay 가 많이 함유된 지역에 분포하고 있었다. 너도밤나무-큰두루미꽃 군락은 해발고가 네 군락 중 중간지역에 분포하고 있으며 토양수분이나 유기물, 전질소 등도 중간인 지역에 분포하고 있었다. 솔송나무-섬잣나무 군락은 해발고가 낮고 토양수분이나 전질소, 유기물이 적고 sand가 많이 함유된 토양에 분포하고 있었다. 3. 울릉도 산림군락으 Shannon의 종다양도 지수는 0.5455~0.8801으로 비교적 낮은 수치를 나타내고 있다. 또한 너도밤나무 군락에서 분포하고 있는 주요 종의 조서열 중요치 곡선을 보면 전체의 기울기가 완만하여 너도밤나무 군락은 안정적이라 할 수 있다.단 생산성 향상을 위한 세포의 고농도 배양에는 조사한 여러 배양 시스템 중에 가장 효율적인 시스템임올 알 수 있었다 하지만 이 시스템 에서 포도당을 낮은 level로 유지할 수 있었으나, 초산의 과도한 축적으로 항체 생산성의 향상은 예상에 비해 크지 않았다. 81%), C18 0(12.38%), C18: 1(25.93%), C22:6(9.95%)이며 결합지방질(結合脂肪質)은 C14 : 0(11.60%), C16 : 0(18.94%), C16: 1(10.42%). C18 : 1(10.89%), C22 : 6(23.44%)이었다. 총필수지방산(總必須脂肪酸) 함량(含量)은 극성지방질(極成脂肪質)$(20.14{\sim}31.12%)$이 비극성지방질(非極成脂肪質)$(6.97{\sim}11.13%)$보다 훨씬 높았고, 결합지방질(結合脂肪質)이 유리지방질(遊離脂肪質)보다 높았으며 부위별(部位別)로는 피부(皮部)$(15.18{\sim}15.41%)$가 육질부(肉質部)$(6.97{\sim}11.13%)$보다 높았다. 또${\omega}3$고도부포화지방산(高度不飽和脂肪酸) 함량(含量)은 육질부(肉質部)$(15.15{\sim}28.32%)$가 피부(皮部)$(6.77{\sim}18.18%)$나 내장부(內臟部)$(8.35{\sim}9.74%)$보다 높았으며, 육질부(肉質部)에서는 극성지방질(極成脂肪質)$(26.28{\sim}34.18%)$이 비극성지방질(非極成脂肪質)$(15.15{\sim}28.32%)$보다 높았다.veral world-wide prediction models. Based on the analysis, we can easilty know

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.753-763
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• 2015

To identify the overall status of vegetation in the nine ridges of the Jeongmaeks located in South Korea, the types of forest vegetation were analyzed with focus on the names of the plant communities that appeared in each Jeongmaek. The vegetation investigation data for the entire mountain ranges were used for quantitative analysis (TWINSPAN, DCA), thereby classifying the plant communities and understanding the structures and characteristics of the vegetation. Upon review of the ratios of the number of plant communities by each ridge of the Jeongmaeks, a relatively larger number of communities were found to be dominated by deciduous oak trees in the Honam and Nakdong Jeongmaek. In addition, the ratios of communities where deciduous oak trees and deciduous broad-leaved trees appeared were higher in the Hannam-geumbuk, Nakdong, Honam, Geumnam-honam, Geumnam and Geumbuk Jeongmaeks. On the other hand, Naknam, Hannam, and Hanbuk Jeongmaeks were shown to have the type of forest vegetation in which the ratio of artificial forests was high. According to the results of the quantitative analysis, eight communities were grouped as follows: Celtis sinensis-Mallotus japonicus, Deciduous oak, Pinus thunbergii-P. rigida, Quercus mongolica-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-broad-leaved deciduous and Q. mongolica-P. koraiensis communities. The typical forest vegetations in the Jeongmaeks were the Q. mongolica-dominant community, the P. densiflora-dominant community, and the deciduous oak-dominant community.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.228-242
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• 2016

This research was conducted for understanding the evergreen forest community structure of the Bijin Island. The island was worth of vegetational value because of the representative warm temperate species such as Castanopsis cuspidata was distribute there. According to the results of community classification by TWINSPAN and DCA, the Bijin Island evergreen forest were classified by 9 communities, such as C. cuspidata, C. cuspidata-Pinus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea-Camellia japonica, Platycarya strobilacea, Quercus serrata-Decidus broad-leaved, Alnus firma, P. thunbergii. Due to the C. cuspidata, N. sericea, Ca. japonica etc. were still dominated at canopy and under-canopy layer, so the evergreen forest will be sustain current conditions for a while if there is no artificial disturbances that were caused by human. Pl. strobilacea community will be expected to replace N. sericea and also Q. serrata-Decidus broad-leaved community will be changing caused by mutual competition. Normally, in the way of the succession process of the warm temperate forest, P. thunbergii will be expect via deciduous broad-leaved to evergreen forest such as Machilus thunbergii, C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, and N. sericea. In case of species diversity index, P. thunbergii comm.(1.2739), Q. serrata-Decidus broad-leaved comm.(1.2325), Decidus broad-leaved comm.(1.1807), and A. firma comm.(1.0854) are relatively high, while C. cuspidata and N. sericea-Ca. japonica that was dominated by evergreen species at canopy layer and P. thunbergii that was damaged by fire are relatively low(0.7380~0.8416). Soil pH was 4.72~6.33, electric conductance was 0.035~0.128dS/m, and content of organic matter was 3.4~17.4%.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.783-792
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the vegetation structure and the location environment of Albizzia kalkora (AK) growing in Mt. Yudal located in Mokpo city and in the nearby islands. The AK community in Mt. Yudal in Mokpo city (Community I) is located in a region which is relatively high above the sea level. The average age of the major kinds of trees found in the region is about 30 years. The vegetation structure in the community shows an early stage of vegetation development due to continued disturbance. In Community IV, on the sandy soil in the flatland near the seashores, the average age of the major kinds of trees is about 9 years. In this community, a pure forest is presumed to have been formed in a poor environment which is artificially disturbed in relatively recent times even as AK with its strong adoptability was introduced into the region. In other communities (II, III), the vegetation state shows a competition between AK and deciduous oak trees, and the average age of the major kinds of trees is about 13 to 30 years. AK communities with a better developed vegetation structure are located on the higher steep slopes near the seashore. In the early stage of vegetation development, the forest floor received more effective light for photosynthesis, and thus more seedlings of AK emerged and grew. The probability of AK appearing in the damaged or sterile soil near the seashore was high because of its strong adaptability. However, as the vegetation structure developed further and the soil fertility increased, the domination of AK in the vegetation structure decreased as deciduous oak trees won the competition with AK.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.168-176
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• 2019

To understand the floristic composition, vegetation structure, and population dynamics of Koelreuteria paniculata communities, which are native to Daegu, South Korea, a field survey was conducted in July 2018 using phytosociological and complete enumeration methods. Based on information on vegetation and trees of >5 cm diameter at breast height collected during the field survey, we classified the community types by species composition and analyzed their vegetation strata, relative importance value (MIV), life forms, species diversity, and population structure. The community was divided into the following three types: Ulmus parvifolia-Vitex negundo var. incisa subcommunity, Securinega suffruticosa subcommunity, and Clematis apiifolia community. The vegetation unit system was organized into one community group, two communities, and two subcommunities. Vegetation coverage of the tree layer was >85%, while the herbaceous layer was <10%. MIV of K. paniculata appeared to be extremely high within all vegetation strata, with 94.3 of the tree layer, 81.6 of the subtree layer, 75.5 of the shrub layer, and 60.0 of the herbaceous layer. The species diversity (H') was significantly different among the community types, and the C. apiifolia community (2.062) was approximately four times higher than the S. suffruticosa subcommunity (0.547). The overall representative life form types were "$MM-R_5-D_4{\cdot}D_2-e$,", but there were some differences in the disseminule form among the community types. The population structure of K. paniculata showed the reverse J-shaped distribution with a high density of young individuals and low density of larger individuals among all three community types, and because no plant species within the lower vegetation could replace K. paniculata, it was considered to be a sustainable population.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.632-643
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to examine vegetation community structure and distribution of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji of Chungcheongbuk-do by setting up and surveying 8 plots (400 m² each). Mean Importance Value (MIV) of Fraxinus chiisanensis in 8 plots was 35.19% in average (ranging from 26.07~42.74%). Since it is the dominant species in all plots, it is expected to maintain the present vegetation structure. The analysis of the DBH (diameter at breast height) showed that the diameter of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji ranges from 2 to 43cm. The majority of Fraxinus chiisanensis is expected to maintain current state unless disturbance or rapid environmental change occurs. The Species Diversity (H') was 0.8498~1.0261, Evenness (J') was 0.8160~0.9256, Dominance Index (D) was 0.0789~0.1840, Maximum Diversity (H'max) was 1.0414~1.2041. The analysis of annual ring and radial growth showed that the average age of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji was 29.1years(ranging from 22~58years). The average annual radial growth of Fraxinus chiisanensis was the highest in community G with 5.84mm and the lowest in community B with 2.80mm. The similarity index analysis revealed that the similarity index between community B and E, C and F, H was the highest with 69.0%, and the similarity index between community E and F was the lowest with 29.6%. Both the area of Fraxinus chiisanensis community of Mt.Minjuji and its population size are very small. Therefore, this area needs to be designated as Forest Genetic Resource Reserve.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.145-152
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• 2002

Saussurea chabyoungsanica was recorded in new species by Lim Hyoung Tak in 1997. In order to understand the entity of new species, we investigated the new distribution sites, vegetation structure and soil environmental factors. Additionally discovered distribution sites of S. chabyoungsanica were Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung, Mt. Duckhang, and Sukgaejae, which were located on ridge of the Taebaek Mountains. Those sites are typical limestone zones of Korea and among them Sukgaejae belongs to lower great limestone area and Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung and Mt. Duckhang belong to upper great limestone area. According to the result of phytosociological study, plant communities of S. chabyoungsanica were classified by 1 Community group, 4 Communities and 2 Subcommunities; Carex humilis var. nana-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community group in wide sense Quercus mongolica Community group, Lespedeza maximowiczii-Saussurea chabyounsanica Community, Galium kinuta-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Salvia chanryonica-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Zabelia coreana-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community. Environmental factor analysis of habitat showed that the distribution site of S. chabyoungsanica was ridge of North aspect and displayed pH $7{\sim}8$ typical of limestone. Soil moisture content was high, whereas organic matter content was low. Considering its high occurrence in sites of $1{\sim}10cm$ in soil depth, and of $30{\sim}45%$ in relative light intensity, major distribution sites were outcrops and boundaries between shrubland and forest. After community division by vegetation structure in habitat of S. chabyoungsanica, we investigated characters of soil environment by community. As a result of PCA analysis of soil sample by community, it was possible to divide community by characters of soil environmental factor. The cumulative value of contribution rate represented in second dimension space was 73% and the major factors for that value were soil texture, organic matter content and field capacity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.934-940
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• 2012

This study was carried out to serve the structure of Carpinus laxiflora community in the Moojangsa valley, Tohamasan district, Gyeongju National Park. We designated 16 quadrats ($10m{\times}10m(100m^2)$) for looking at the continuation of Carpinus laxiflora community as the climax forest community. As a result of TWINSPAN, plant community was classified into 5 different communities. 3 communities are Carpinus laxiflora community which have a little different subdominant species; 1) with ombrophilous broadleaf species, 2) with Quercus serrata, 3) with others. Species diversity index was ranged from 0.4899 to 0.9490. Carpinus laxiflora communities were expected to continue as the Carpinus laxiflora community, but Carpinus laxiflora - Quercus serrata communities were expected continue or shrink up of the Carpinus laxiflora. As this study, if we insist the Carpinus laxiflora community as the climax in the temperate zone in Korea then should be analyze more survey data in various area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2002

Saussurea chabyoungsanica was recorded in new species by Lim Hyoung Tak in 1997. In order to understand the entity of new species, we investigated the new distribution sites, vegetation structure and soil environmental factors. Additionally discovered distribution sites of S. chabyoungsanica were Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung, Mt. Duckhang, and Sukgaejae, which were located on ridge of the Taebaek mountains. Those sites are typical limestone zones of Korea and among them Sukgaejae belongs to lower great limestone area and Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung and Mt. Duckhang belong to uper great limestone area. According to the result of phytosociological study, plant communities of S. chabyoungsanica were classified by 1 Community group, 4 Communities and 2 Subcommunities; Carex humilis var. nana - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community group in wide sense Quercus mongolica Community group, Lespedeza maximowiczii- Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Galium kinuta - Saussurea chabyongsanica Community, Saliva chanryonica - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Zabelia coreana - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community. Environmental factor analysis of habitat showed that the distribution site of S. chabyoungsanica was ridge of North aspect and displayed pH 7∼8 typical of limestone. Soil moisture content was high, whereas organic matter content was low. Considering its high occurrence in sites of 1∼10cm in soil depth, and of 30∼45% in relative light intensity, major distribution sites were outcrops and boundaries between shrubland and forest. After community division by vegetation structure in habitat of S. chabyoungsanica, we investigated characters of soil environment by community. As a result of PCA analysis of soil sample by community, it was possible to divide community by characters of soil environmental factor. The cumulative value of contribution rate represented in second dimension space was 73% and the major factors for that value were soil texture, organic matter content and field capacity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to analyze characters of the vegetation structure, vegetation-environment relationships of Kyeryongsan forest community. Fifty plots were sampled in the valley forest of Donghaksa, Gabsa, Sanghasinri and Shinwonsa regions in Kyeryongsan. Field survey was carried out in August of 1999 to examine a vegetation type and measure a diameter. The classification by TWINSPAN, the DCCA ordination, and structure of stand were used to analyze data. The results of this study are as follows : 1. With the classification by TWINSPAN, the community was categorized into four groups, such as Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata, Zelkova serrata-Celtis jessoensis and Carpinus cordata communities. 2. The dominant species in Carpinus laxiflora community were Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora and Styrax japonica. The dominant species in Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community were Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Styrax japonica, Castanea crenata and Platycarya strobilacea. The dominant species in Zelkova serrata-Celtic jessoensis community were Quercus serrata, Castanea crenata, Lindera erythrocarpa, Zelkova serrata and Styrax japonica. The dominant species in Carpinus cordata community were Carpinus cordata, Carpinus laxiflora, Sapium japonicum, Cornus controversa and Zelkova serrata. 3. The results of the correlation between Kyeryongsan valley forest community and environmental factors by DCCA ordination method are as follows; The Carpinus laxiflora community was found in low elevation and steep slope area. The Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community was found in low elevation and lower slope area. The Zelkova serrata-Celtis jessoensis community was found in high elevation and lower slope area. The Carpinus cordata community was found in high elevation and midium slope area.