• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2020

The coastal sand dunes have transitional characteristics of marine and inland ecosystems, and they have abundant biodiversity. This study investigated flora and vegetation and analyzed the landscape structure at seven beaches in Busan metropolitan city. As a result, the vascular species of the coastal sand dunes in Busan were identified as 178 taxa of 140 families. Vegetation landscape was damaged to the extent that no natural vegetation was found in 4 of 7 beaches (57%). The coastal dune vegetation was dominated by the Carex pumila community and Carex kobomugi community. The halophyte and invasive alien species were classified into 18 taxa (10% of all species) and 40 taxa (22% of all), respectively. The vegetation that made up the largest area was the Phragmites communis community of the salt marsh, and the species number of halophyte increased as the wetland area increased. This means that the maintenance and management of salt marshes is important to conserve the unique plant diversity of the region.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.83-116
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the flora and vegetation of Yokjido Island in Tongyeong-si, Korea. Vascular plants collected six times (from March of 2015 to January of 2016) were identified as 547 taxa in total, including 113 families, 354 genera, 487 species, four subspecies, 50 varieties, four forms and two hybrids. The first records from this region contained 314 taxa. In the flora of this area, endemic Korean species numbered eight taxa, and the red list of vascular plants according to the IUCN valuation basis numbered six taxa. In addition, 86 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants specially designated by the Ministry of Environment are included. Among the species investigated in this survey, 99 taxa were identified as specific species bio-geographically as compared floras of other terrestrial regions; 97 taxa of plants in southern areas and two taxa of limited distribution plants on the Korean Peninsula. In all, 74 naturalized plants were recorded in the investigated area. Samples of the forest vegetation of Yokjido Island were mainly classified as Pinus thunbergii community and the Alus firma community. Vertical structures of the communities were stable, and a DBH-class analysis showed that the dominant tree species would be maintained. If disturbance factors such as thinning could be halted, the composition of woody species and herbaceous species would change.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.507-524
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• 2022

In this study, we revealed the location environment and community structural characteristics after extensively investigating Korea's warm-temperate island areas and categorizing vegetation through TWINSPAN analysis. Based on it, this study aims to suggest the direction of the vegetation restoration plan for warm-temperate forests by deriving a restoration strategy for each vegetation type. The vegetation types were clearly divided into eight types, and communities I through IV were good evergreen broad-leaved forests dominated by Machilus thunbergii and Castanopsis sieboldii. On the other hand, communities V through VIII were Pinus thunbergii forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, and artificial forest, and retrogressive succession vegetation in the warm-temperate areas. The environmental factors derived from the DCA analysis were altitude (average temperature of the coldest month) and distance from the coastline (salt tolerance). The distribution pattern of warm-temperate forests has been categorized into M. thunbergii, C. sieboldii and Cyclobalanopsis spp. forest types according to the two environmental factors. It is reasonable to apply the three vegetation types as restoration target vegetation considering the location environment of the restoration target site. In communities V through VIII, P. thunbergiiand deciduous broad-leaved formed a canopy layer, and evergreen broad-leaved species with strong seed expansion frequently appeared in the ground layer, raising the possibility of vegetation succession as evergreen broad-leaved forests. The devastated land where forests have disappeared in the island areas is narrow, but vegetation such as P. thunbergii and deciduous broad-leaved forests, which have become a retrogressive succession, forms a large area. The restoration strategy of renewing this area into evergreen, broad-leaved forests should be more effective in realizing carbon neutrality and promoting biodiversity.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.129-144
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• 2010

We have studied the changes of the environmental and vegetational factors according to the hydro-seral stages in the shoreline of the lagoons, Korea. We have divided seral stages into 7 stages from open water stage to the stratified forest stage considering as the characteristics of water body, dominance of submerged and emergent plant, and development of the shrub, subtree and tree layer. According to the successional stage, water depth gradually decreased and water quality changed from seawater to brackish water and from brackish water to fresh water, organic matter in a soil layer gradually increased, and the litter layer grew up. As the development of the vegetation structure, the life-form of the vascular plants changed as follows; open water ${\rightarrow}$ submerged plant and floating-leaved plant ${\rightarrow}$ emergent plant and submerged plant ${\rightarrow}$ emergent plant ${\rightarrow}$ emergent plant, mesophyte and scrub ${\rightarrow}$ mesophyte. In the late seral stage, the 3 different forest types were established by the water retention or drainage and nutrient accumulation of the soil layer. Salix dominant forest developed in the wetted sites, the forest type dominated by Pinus thunbergii, Carex pumila and mesophytes developed in the well drained sites causing by sand substrate, and the forest type dominated by the planted or ruderals such as Pinus densiflora, Robinia psedo-acacia, Festuca ovina, Setaria viridis ect. developed in the sites composed of forest soil introduced by artificial reclamation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 2012

Pinus pumila, which occurs in the northeast Asia, is found limitedly in Daecheongbong area of Mt. Seorak in the South Korea. This population was chosen to study spatial pattern, genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure. There were 48 polymorphic and 30 monomorphic I-SSR markers. A total of 65 individuals which distributed in the study site (40 m ${\times}$ 70 m) showed weakly aggregate distribution (Aggregate Index = 0.871). A total of 40 genets were observed from 65 individuals through I-SSR genotype comparison. Proportion of distinguishable genotype (G/N), genotype diversity (D) and genotype evenness (E) were 61.5%, 0.977 and 0.909, respectively. In spite of the small number and the limited distribution, Shannon's diversity index (I = 0.567) was relatively high as compared with those of other plant species. Spatial autocorrelation using Tanimoto's distance showed that the genetic patch was established within 12 m. Based on Mantel tests, there was relatively low correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. Therefore, it seems the P. pumila population was formed by many parent trees in early stage. For ex situ genetic conservation of P. pumila, the sampling strategy is efficient at least above 12 m between individual trees.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.7-17
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to analyze vegetation type and stand structure of the red pine (Pinus densiflora) in Kangwon northern region for stable and sustainable management forests. The pine forests in study sites were classified into 3 communities, 5 groups, and 2 subgroups, total 7 vegetation units. Species with constance degree of more than 61% were P. densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Lindera obtusiloba, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Atractylodes japonica, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and Carex humilis. They were showing different characteristics by pattern according to their growing district. In the importance value (I.V.) analysis of each layer, P. densiflora showed highly in tree layer while in other layers Quercus spp. was high. Especially, young P. densiflora tree hardly appeared in the herb layer, but broad-leaved trees and shrub species showed high I.V.. Furthermore, the annual ring growth of P. densiflora was reduced while that of Q. spp. increased. According to analysis of stand structures and annual ring growths, it is considered that appropriate silvicultual practice methods should be employed to remove rival broad-leaved species for maintenance of sustainable red pine forests considering the characteristics of each stand.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.408-423
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• 2021

We established and monitored survey sites in seven regions of Mt. Jiri to investigate population decline and change of the Korean fir (Abies koreana) over a ten-year period from 2009 to 2018. With the exception of one site (Seseok), the six remaining ones all showed a four-layer stratification structure. The importance value of Korean firs in all of the survey areas decreased significantly by 28.5%, from 55.7% in 2009 to 39.8% in 2018. The average population of objects with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5cm or more in all survey sites was 711 objects/ha in 2018, and the cumulative death rate from 2009 to 2018 was 10.8%. Among the death types, DS (dead standing) was the most dominant, comprising 82.4% of the total survey area. However, in Banyabong 1, which had a high gradient of 35°, the death types other than DS accounted for 44.2%. We estimate that A. koreana can maintain a stable population as its distribution type for each diameter class in the Saeseokpyeongjeon site showed a reverse-J shape. The average annual ring growth in all survey sites was 1.09 mm/year, with the most abundant growth observed in the Seseokpyeongjeon site, which was formed mainly by a subtree layer. The growth ring survey showed the estimated average age of A. koreana population in the Byeoksoryeong and Banyabong 1 sites to be 102 and 91 years, respectively, a general downward trend of vitality since 2013.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.4
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• pp.565-576
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• 2011

This study was conducted to describe forest stand characteristics of the habitats of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum population from the ecological analysis of classification of vegetation types, importance values, species diversity, interspecific association and community similarity in Ulleung Island and Mt. Hambaek, in which investigated by 48 plots ($10m{\times}10m$). The vegetation studied was classified into 1 community group, 2 communities, 2 groups and 3 subgroups for a species unit and divided by 5 units for a vegetation unit. In the Fagus engleriana group (vegetation unit 1, 2 and 3), importance value of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum in herb layer showed relatively higher value than other units. Importance value of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum in herb layer had higher value. In the analysis of interspecific association, most of the species associated positively to A. victorialis var. platyphyllum belonged to habitat features of valley area and sub-alpine zone. Therefore, it was considered that the growing environment of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum population was closely correlated to soil moisture and air humidity.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 1993

Differences in community space of weed and rice were investigated among five types of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. The five types employed were three transplanting cultivations such as conventional hand transplanting, machine transplanting with 30-day-old seedling, and machine transplanting with 10-day-old seedling and two direct-seedlings such as flood direct-seeded rice by pregerminated seed and dry direct-seeded rice by dry seed. The greatest competition between rice and weeds as determined by growth rate of rice was found in between 10 and 11 weeks after transplanting (WAT) and/or seeding, irrespective of cultivation types. Competition injury due to weeds was greater in transplanting with 10-day-old seedling than with 30-day-old seedling. The greatest injury in growth of rice was found in direct-seeded cultivation. In transplanting cultivations space occupation by rice in lower than 80 cm height level was low as compared with that by weeds. Plant heights of dominant weeds such as E. crus-galli and E. kuroguwai were shorter by heading date, but taller after the heading date than those of rice. In direct-seeding community space was mainly occupied by the weeds. The pattern of community structure and competition injury caused by weeds showed a similar tendency obtained on the basis of species distribution, number, and dry weight of the occurred weeds.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.10-14
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• 2004