• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.139-161
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• 2009

The idea of establishing an International Court of Air and Space Law (hereinafter referred to ICASL) is only my academic and practical opinion as first proposal in the global community. The establishment of the International Court of Air and Space Law can promote the speed and promote fairness of the trial in air and space law cases. The creation of an ICASL would lead to strengthening of the international cooperation deemed essential by the global community towards joint settlement in the transnational air and space cases, claims and would act as a catalyst for the efforts and solution on aircraft, satellite and space shuttle's accidents and cases and all manpower, information, trial and lawsuit to be centrally managed in an independent fashion to the benefit of global community. The aircraft, satellite and spacecraft's accidents attributes to the particular and different features between the road, railway and maritime's accidents. These aircraft, satellite and spacecraft's accidents have incurred many disputes between the victims and the air and space carriers in deciding on the limited or unlimited liability for compensation and the appraisal of damages caused by the aircraft's accidents, terror attack, satellite, space shuttle's accidents and space debris. This International Court of Air and Space Law could hear any claim growing out of both international air and space crash accidents and transnational accidents in which plaintiffs and defendants are from different nations. This alternative would eliminate the lack of uniformity of decisions under the air and space conventions, protocols and agreements. In addition, national courts would no longer have to apply their own choice of law analysis in choosing the applicable liability limits or un-limit for cases that do not fall under the air and space system. Thus, creation of an International Court of Air and Space Law would eliminate any disparity of damage awards among similarly situated passengers and shippers in nonmembers of air and space conventions, protocols, agreements and cases. Furthermore, I would like to explain the main items of the abovementioned Draft for the Convention or Statute of the International Court of Air and Space Law framed in comparison with the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the Statue of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the Statute of the International Criminal Court. First of all, in order to create the International Court of Air and Space Law, it is necessary for us to legislate a Draft for the Convention on the Establishment of the International Court of Air and Space Law. This Draft for the Convention must include the elected method of judges, term, duty and competence of judge, chambers, jurisdiction, hearing and judgment of the ICASL. The members of the Court shall be elected by the General Assembly and Council of the ICAO and by the General Assembly and Legal Committee of the UNCOPUOS from a list of persons nominated by the national groups in the six continent (the North American, South American, African, Oceania and Asian Continent) and two international organization such as ICAO and UNCOPUOS. The members of the Court shall be elected for nine years and may be re-elected as one time. However, I would like to propose a creation an International Court of Air and Space Law in extending jurisdiction to the International Court of Justice at the Hague to in order to decide the air and space convention‘s cases. My personal opinion is that if an International Court on Air and Space Law will be created in future, it will be settled quickly and reasonably the difficulty and complicated disputes, cases or lawsuit between the wrongdoer and victims and the injured person caused by aircraft, satellite, spacecraft's accidents or hijacker and terrorists etc. on account of deciding the standard of judgment by judges of that’s court. It is indeed a great necessary and desirable for us to make a new Draft for the Convention on a creation of the International Court of Air and Space Law to handle international air and space crash litigation. I shall propose to make a new brief Draft for the Convention on the Creation of an International Court of Air and Space Law in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.137-154
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• 1999

국내법의 국립공원계획 관련 내용들을 국제기준과 비교 분석해 본 결과 자연공원법에서 국립공원의 정의, 계획, 관리 및 이용에 관한 일부 내용들이 국제기준에 부합되지 않는 것으로 재확인되었고, 공원관리와 이용의 토대를 제공하는 각 공원계획들을 국제기준을 척도로 분석해 본 결과 현재 국제기준을 충족시키는 공원계획은 없었으며, 개선해야 할 문제점들이 확인되었다. 이러한 문제점들을 극복하고 한국의 국립공원을 국제기준에 부합되는 국립공원으로 계획하고 관리하여 국제적으로 인정받는데 기여하기 위해서는 국제기준에 준하여 자연공원법이 개정되고 국립공원계획이 변경되는 것이 바람직하다. 이를 위하여 본고에서는 국립공원계획의 근간이 되는 용도지구계획의 단계별 변경모델안을 표 6과 같이 새로 제안하였고, 제안한 모델을 한라산 국립공원에 사례 적용하여 그 실현 가능성을 확인하였다. 한국의 국립공원들도 국제기준으로 평가.분류하여 그 문제점들을 분석하고, 본고에서 제안한 모델안을 공원별 특성과 현황에 맞게 단계별로 적용하여 공원계획을 변경하며, 장기실행계획 및 관리안을 수립하여 실천한다면 한국에서도 국제적으로 인정받는 국립공원이 탄생하는데 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.1-28
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• 2007

Because the result of environmental pollution of one state is not limited to the national border but spills over into neighboring countries or global environment either directly or indirectly, international discussions on environment are crucial in domestic environmental law and policy. International environmental law demands differential obligation between developed and developing countries in the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibility'. The common but differentiated responsibility is the principle that draws distinction between developed and developing countries about global environmental issues, while recognizing the common responsibility of environmental protection for all nations. Environmental technology transfer or financial support from developed countries to developing countries, for example, has been discussed. The problem is the status of Korea. Korea's international environmental policy will be different by the distinction of responsibility for international environmental protection according to the status of developed and developing countries. International communities have never established a clear standard distinguishing developed from developing countries in any international laws. The WTO entrusts each country to decide whether it is a developing country or not. In the international environmental law, the status of a country is determined by the ability to negotiate. The status of Korea, thus, cannot be fixed in general international law. Rather, the Korean government is able to choose its own status strategically, It can be a policy choice to insist that Korea's developing country so as to reduce the burden of international responsibility. But, considering an economic indicator and environmental pollution indicator at which Korea ranks about 10th, the reality of Korea is much closer to a developed country. Positive policies such as development of environment-friendly technologies and products should be preferred to defensive assertion of developing country.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.193-208
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• 2018

"중재제도를 보완하고 중재의 공신력을 향상하며" 국제상사중재의 현대화 및 국제화를 강화하는 것은 새로운 시기에서 중국 중재사업의 발전방향이자 ""일대일로" 국제상사분쟁 해결시스템 및 기관의 설립에 관한 의견"의 필연적 요구이다. 다원적 분쟁해결시스템의 중요한 구성부분으로서, 국제상사중재는 독보적인 편의성, 종국성, 전문성 및 결과집행의 용이성 등 여러 장점으로 인해 상사거래에서 이를 선택하는 상사주체들이 점점 많아지고 있다. 유효한 중재합의는 중재절차 개시의 전제이지만 국제상사중재안건 중에서 서로 다른 국가 또는 지역의 분쟁주체들은 종종 각기 다른 국적으로 인하여 중재안건의 법률적용이 다르게 됨에 따라 법률효과가 크게 달라지는 경우를 직면하게 된다. 이런 경우, 중재분쟁의 효과적인 해결은 보증하기 어렵다. 본 논고는 중재합의의 효력문제를 연구대상으로 하고 중국 국제상사중재합의의 법률적용문제에서 출발하여 중국 국제상사중재합의와 관련한 법률규정과 사법실무를 결합하여 지금 중국 국제상사중재합의의 효력에 대한 인정에서 존재하고 있는 문제점들을 분석하고 상응한 건의를 제기함으로서 중국 중재법의 개정과 보완에 합리적이고 가능한 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.198-200
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• 2021

해양산업 전반에 디지털라이제이션이 도입됨에 따라 새로운 기술이 선박, 항만에 가파르게 적용되고 있다. 하지만 현재의 규정 프레임워크는 선원이 중심이 되어 운영되는 선박을 기준으로 구성되어 있어 새로운 기술을 적용하는데 규정적 측면에서 제한 사항이 많다. 새로운 디지털기술을 적용하기 위해 국제해사기구의 해사안전위원회에서는 98차 회의에서 자율운항선박 운항을 위해 규정식별작업(RSE)을 진행하였고 최근 103차 회의에서 작업을 완료하였다. 이 작업을 통해 자율운항선박을 운항하기 위한 주요 이슈를 선별하고 향후 작업에서 논의하기로 하였다. 국제협약을 수용하는 체계를 갖는 우리나라의 해사 관련법은 국제해사기구의 이런 논의는 상당한 영향을 가져올 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 새로운 기술 및 운용 기술을 해사산업에 적용하기 위해서는 우리나라의 해사 관련법을 분석하여 주요 이슈 및 향후 작업계획수립이 요구된다.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.129-148
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• 2008

국제거래에서 분쟁이 소송으로 발전될 경우 당해 사안에 적용될 준거법의 결정문제와 어느 나라의 법원에서 재판을 받을 것인가에 대한 국제재판관할권의 문제가 빈번히 대두되고 있다. 소송을 제기하는 당사자들로서는 자신에게 유리한 재판결과를 얻을 수 있는 법이 준거법으로 선택될 가능성이 있는 국가의 법원에 소송을 제기하는 소위 '포럼 쇼핑 (forum shopping)' 전략을 세우기도 한다. 이러한 포럼 쇼핑에 대응하기 위해 영미 판례법인 common law에서는 오래 전부터 forum non conveniens를 확립하였다. 본 논문에서는 forum non conveniens를 심리한 미국 대법원의 판단기준을 살펴보면 먼저, 적절한 대체관할지의 존재여부이며, 둘째 사적이익 부분에서 자국민이 현저하기 불리한 위치에 처하는지를 확인하고, 셋째 공적이익 부분에서 미국의 이익이 심각하게 침해되지는 않는지를 검토하여 판단하게 된다. 이러한 법리적 판단근거를 제시하고 이에 대한 적용사례를 분석하여 향후 무역거래를 포함한 일련의 국제계약에 있어 분쟁시 국내기업들이 미국법정에 재판받지 않고 국내법원으로 재판관할지를 선택할 수 있는 전략을 제시함으로써 패소가능성 등의 계약위험을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.44
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• pp.487-538
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• 2013

It is the most critical issue in recent international intellectual property licence disputes to decide the applicable laws to the license contracts. As Korea and the European Union(EU) reached free trade agreement(FTA), and the EU-Korea FTA entered into force on July 1, 2011, the FTA has boosted social, economic, cultural exchanges between the two. As a result of the increased transactions in those sectors, legal disputes are also expected to grow. This situation calls for extensive research and understanding of the choice of law principles applicable to international intellectual property license contracts in the EU. To decide the laws applicable to issues arising from international intellectual property license contracts disputes, the characterization of those issues is necessary for the purpose of applying private international law principles to them. In terms of characterization, intellectual property license contracts fall within contractual matters. In the EU, the primary rule of choice of law principles in contractual obligations is the Rome I Regulation. Because the choice of law rules, such as private international law principles, the Rome Convention(1980), and the Rome I Regulation, differ in the time of application, it is essential to clarify the time factor of related contracts. For example, the Rome I Regulation applies to contracts which were concluded as from December 17, 2009. Although party autonomy in international contracts disputes is generally allowed, if there is no choice of law agreement between the parties to the contracts, the objective test rule of private international law doctrine could be the best option. Following this doctrine, the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 1 provides the governing law rules based on the types of contracts, but there is no room for intellectual property license contracts. After all, as the rule for governing law of those contracts, the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 2 should be applied and if there are countries which are more closely connected to the contracts under the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 3, the laws of those countries become the governing laws of the contracts. Nevertheless, if it is not possible to decide the applicable laws to the license contracts, the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 4 should be applied in the last resort and the laws of the countries which are the most closely connected to the contracts govern the license contracts. Therefore, this research on the laws applicable to intellectual property license contracts under the Rome I Regulation suggests more systematic and effective solutions for future disputes in which Korea and the EU countries play the significant role as the connecting factors in the conflict of laws rules. Moreover, it helps to establish comprehensive and theoretical understanding of applying the Korean Private International Law to multifarious choice-of-law cases.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.303-325
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• 2015

The latest slogan put forth by the international space community is the safety, security, and sustainability of outer space activities. The security of outer space activities, in particular, would be defined as the secure state from space-based threats. The latter comprises passive threats (such as collision with other satellites and space debris) and aggressive threats (such as electromagnetic interference, arms race on the earth or in outer space, and military attacks). Has outer space been used for military purposes in practice? If so, does international law regulate the military space activities it? The use of outer space for military purposes is referred to as space militarization and space weaponisation. Satellites has been used in Gulf War, Kosovo War, and Afghan War, recently, and research and development on space weapons are under way. Since only the placement of weapons of mass destruction on orbit around the earth is prohibited in accordance with 1967 Outer Space Treaty, it may be asked whether other weapons may be placed on orbit. It will be necessary to analyze the stance of on the above question, by studying UN space-related treaties including UN Charter. New international space norms represented by PPWT, ICoC, and UN GGE Report are at the center of progressive development of international law. In conclusion, the author will signpost the various points on international norms to be codified on the use of outer space for military purposes.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.105-137
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• 2009

International Civil Aviation Convention contracted in 1944 adopted International Standards and Recommended Practices(SARPs) as Annexes to Convention for safety and order of International Air Transport and each contracting State shall establish and amend the law on the basis of the SAPRs. However, Any State which find it impracticable to comply in all respects with any such SARPs, or which deems it necessary to adopt regulations or practices differing in any particular respect from those established by SARPs shall give immediate notification to the ICAO of the differences between its own practice and that established by the SARPs and ICAO publish these difference notices as a supplement to annexes. Korea and neighboring countries contracting States with International Civil Aviation Convention are accomplishing standardization of regulation on the basis of SARPs in each State. Air Law of each State need to study on the trait and differences for safety of frequent air transport services around the Korean Peninsula, However, because Korea and Neighboring countries have differences of Air Law by reason of cultural differences and circumstance of each State. Korea and Neighboring countries mean Republic of Korea, The People's Republic of China, Japan and The Domestic People's Republic of Korea and study on Air Law of each state in this study. One of purposes of this study is to analyze the history and organization of each state and then to review how establishing own air law affect air law of each state. Another purpose is to make comparative study on differences between own regulation in Korea and neighboring countries and SARPs and then to review how the differences notice of each state affect air law of each state.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2007.12a
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• pp.46-48
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• 2007

VTS가 국제적으로 성공하기 위해서는 유엔해양법협약의 기본정신에 따라 IMO차원의 국제협약이 마련되어야 하며, 국내 이행입법이 도입되어 법적 실효성을 확보해야 한다. 또한 주변국가간 협력체제를 통한 광역 VTS의 도입으로 연안국의 관할권을 벗어나는 수역에서의 해양사고발생을 방지하고(사전 예방), 사고선박에 대한 해난구조체계(사후구제)를 효과적으로 운영하기 위한 국제법적 제도가 도입되어야 하므로, 이에 대한 기초검토로써의 의미를 가진다.