• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.391-416
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to provide an ideal agreement proposal for the satisfactory settlement of FTA origin criteria negotiations, which will be the most severe issue in both inter-governmental FTA negotiations to begin in the near future. Towards this end, we, the authors, based on our nine FTA related agreements already concluded with other countries, researched the concrete origin criteria in the previous origin agreements, analyzed the characteristics of these agreements, and derived the ideal origin rule. As a result, we came to the conclusion that in consideration of Korea and China's FTA's substantial transformation test, it's better to choose any one criterion from the following. Criterion 1: CTH (Change of Heading) and Criterion 2: Value Added Criteria by 40% within region. In addition, we also did that in calculating the ratio of value added, the calculation method and price criteria should be more simple and standardized. It led to the conclusion that the objective deduction method should be used mainly and that CIF or FOB should be used as the price criterion.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.35-53
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• 2021

Over the past 20 years, Korea's number of international passengers and freight transportation records has increased by 8.6% per year, respectively. However, despite the development of sea lanes and increased voyages, there have been constant calls for improving the inefficient management of international passenger ports. Hence, this paper presents improvements and further directions for international passenger port management. Focusing on the Incheon International passenger port as a representative case study, the main results show that the most important, urgent, possible measures for improving the port management include (i) the expansion of customs personnel and implementation of a 24-hours customs clearance system in operation, (ii) installation of buffer facilities between the ferry and ferry cargo and establishment of hinterland specialized in car ferry freight in a facility, and (iii) clear standards for cost-bearing subjects and limitation of high cost related to terminal use in institution. These results imply the need for government policy access and investment reflecting stakeholder opinions at various levels, such as operation, facilities, institution, and so forth, for efficient management of international passenger ports.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.52-63
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• 2009

WTO/TBT aims to reduce impediments to trade resulting from differences between national regulations and standards. Where international standards exist or their completion is imminent, the Code of Good Practice says that standardizing bodies should use them, or the relevant parts of them, as a basis for any standards they develop. Drawing is a formal and precise way of communicating information about the shape, size and, features. In addition, drawing is a part of the universal language of engineering. However there are many differences between international landscape drawing standard ISO 11091 and Korean landscape drawing practice(KLDP). The result of a comparison of ISO 11091 with KLDP and suggestions for international standardization of KLDP are summarized as follows. First, Among the 33 kinds of conventions from ISO 11091, 2 similar kinds and 15 different kinds from KLDP and 16 kinds of conventions which exist only in ISO 11091 appeared-for the international standardization of KLDP, it is necessary to make an extensive alteration of KLDP. Second, Europe Unity countries accepted ISO 11091 and are using it as their national standard for landscape drawing. Even Japan has accepted ISO 11091 on their civil engineering drawings and is using it as their national standard. Therefore, we need to hasten KS standard enactment based on ISO 1091. Third, For the KS standard of construction drawings, the degree of international standardization is rising even though there are still differences from the ISO standard. Therefore, since the burden on the international standardization of KLDP is expected to be weighed, preparations should be quickly brought about in the practice fields. Fourth, Since in the landscape planting ordinances of local independent governments is the standard presented by categorizing trees into evergreen and deciduous, such parts should be modified and introduced when enacting the KS standard based on ISO 11091. Fifth, For the enactment of the KS standard for landscape drawings, a wide range of opinions should be collected by the relevant landscape organization by installing a committee, and based on its recommendation, an application for the KS standard enactment of landscape drawing should be made to the chief of Ministry of Knowledge Economy.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2001

There is no doubt that electronic commerce facilitates international trade and lower transaction cost and help firms make the best of the opportunities of market access. The comprehensive programs had been implemented to provide better electronic commerce environments by international organizations such as OECD, UNCITRAL, APEC and etc. Especially, WTO plays the most important role to implement efficient forms and rules on electronic commerce after Seattle 3rd Ministerial Conference. Member countries recognize the need to conduct the electronic commerce in compliance with the principles and rules of WTO. However, there are many issues to be solved such as the clarifications of concepts and definitions, the possibility of adaptation of technological neutrality In GATS, the Imposition of taxation in electronic commerce transactions and the methods of protecting copyright as well as trademark. The Implementation of concrete forms and rules of electronic commerce in the WTO will be influential to international trade as the member countries have to adapt them In their transactions. Considering that further discussion will be continued in GATS, we need to analyze the problems and strategies for electronic commerce.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.43-68
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• 2000

전자상거래는 비대면(非對面) 거래로 모든 제반과정이 진행되기 때문에 상대에 대한 신뢰성의 문제가 크며, 거래 당사자와 거래 내역에 대한 입증을 해줄 인증기관이 필요하게 된다. 현재 미국의 베리사인 등 사설인증업체가 국내전자상거래 업체의 인증업무를 담당하고 있는 실정이다. 또한, 인증은 필연적으로 관련 기술의 표준화가 수반되는데 이에 대한 국내기술이 미흡하므로 국제동향을 고려한 국내인증기술의 개발이 시급하다. 특히, 글로벌 전자상거래에서는 인증기관에 대한 문제가 더욱 절실한데 문제는 어떠한 형태로 어떤 기관이 주축이 되어 인증체계를 구축하는가 하는 것이다. 현재, 인증체계는 네트워크 방식, 계층구조, 혼합형의 세가지가 논의되고 있으며, 각각의 장단점이 존재하므로 이에 대한 심도있는 논의가 필요하다. 하지만, 이들 가운데 대부분의 국가에서는 계층구조를 바탕으로 한 네트워크 방식이 주류를 이루고 있음에 주목할 필요가 있다. 이러한 체계는 국가별로 상이할 수 있지만, 문제는 글로벌 전자상거래를 활성화하기 위해서는 보다 일관된 형태의 인증체계 구축이 필요하다는 점이다. 현재까지 이와 관련한 논의는 초보적인 단계를 벗어난 실정이며, 미국 EU 등 일부국가와 UNCITRAL, OECD, ICC, WTO 등 관련 기구에서 다양한 의견을 제시하고 있는 상태이다. 이러한 문제는 단시일 내에 해결되기는 어려울 것으로 보인다. 다만, 단기적으로는 관련국가들간의 상호인증을 통한 해결이 선행될 것이며, 이를 바탕으로 글로벌 인증체계가 실현될 것으로 판단된다. 이와 관련하여 인증과 관련한 국내 시장은 출범 초기 단계로서 글로벌 인증 관련 국 내관련 법적 제도적 보완이 필요하며, 이와 아울러 인증서비스를 이용할 사이버무역업계 및 정부 관련 기관 등의 관심이 촉구된다 하겠다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.89-118
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• 1987

본고(本稿)는 산업별(産業別) 시장개방압력(市場開放壓力)과 대응(對應)의 양태(樣態)를 실증정치경제학적(實證政治經濟學的) 접근(接近)을 통해 분석함으로써 한미무역마찰(韓美貿易摩擦)에 대한 정책시사점을 도출하는 데 목적이 있다. 이론적 분석에 있어서는 우선 시장개방(市場開放)을 "국제공공재(國際公共財)"로 정의하고 이에 대한 수요와 공급구조를 정형화함으로써 이론적(理論的) 분석(分析)틀을 제시하였다. 시장개방수요(市場開放需要)는 상대국 시장에서의 기대이득(期待利得), 무임승차자(無賃乘車者)인 제(第)3국(國)에 비한 국제경쟁력 수준, 대정부(對政府) 로비의 강도(强度) 등의 정(正)의 함수(函數), 반면 시장개방의 공급은 시장개방에 따른 기대손실(期待損失)의 부(負)의 함수(函數), 시장개방에 대한 대정부(對政府) 반대(反對)로비 강도(强度)의 정(正)의 함수(函數)로 가설화하였다. 자료분석 결과는 대체로 이론모형(理論模型)의 시사점을 지지하는 것으로 나타났다. 한국의 국내보호율(國內保護率)이 높을수록, 미국내(美國內) 산업집중률(産業集中率), 기술집약도(技術集約度)가 높을수록 미국의 개방압력은 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 개방 후 미국의 시장점유율은 대부분 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 분석결과는 시장개방의 수요결정요인(需要決定要因)이 상대적으로 공급결정요인(供給決定要因)을 압도하는 경향을 보여주었다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)의 주요 정책시사점으로서, 개방압력을 완화시키기 위해서는 시장개방에 따른 기대이득(期待利得)을 낮추고, 개방에 대한 반대를 약화시키기 위해서는 국내기업의 "렌트" 추구(追求) 유인을 사전에 제거할 필요성이 부각되었다.

• Bulletin of Korea Environmental Preservation Association
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• s.379
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• pp.14-29
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• 2009

최근 세계 경제는 사상 유래를 찾기 힘든 경제위기에 홍역을 앓고 있다. 국제유가를 비롯한 원자재가격은 수급불균형과 정치적 이슈, 그리고 투기자본의 유입이 어우러져 급등락을 거듭하고 있다. 또한, 지구온난화를 막기 위해 국제사회에서 추진하고 있는 기후변화협약도 큰 어려움을 겪고 있다. 선진국들은 배출권 거래제도 시행, 탄소세 도입 등을 통해 본격적인 환경 무역시대가 도래에 대비하고 있으며, 포스트 교토체제에 대한 협상도 본격화 되고 있어 대응이 시급한 실정이다. 자원 환경위기의 시대에 녹색성장은 불가피한 선택이 되었으며 우리나라에서도 온실가스 감축을 위해 많은 노력을 하고 있다. 정부에서는 탄소포인트제도 도입과 10대 녹색기술 산업 육성, 그린 뉴딜을 통한 녹색일자리 4만 3천개 창출 등 기후변화 대응을 위한 정책들을 추진하고 있으며, 또한 저탄소 녹색성장의 한 주축으로 신재생 에너지 기술개발 및 보급의 확대를 통해 세계시장 선점을 위해 매진하고 있다. 환경부에서는 폐기물에너지화, 기후변화대응, 환경산업육성 등 '저탄소 녹색성장'을 이끌 사업과 '경제 살리기'에 역점을 두고 2009년도에는 환경부 소관예산 '08년 예산 3조 5,914억원 대비 5,008억원(13.9%) 증액된 총 4조 922억원을 투자할 계획이다. 이에 본지에서는 지난호에 이어 저탄소 녹색성장을 위한 녹색자원 기술 육성II로 주제를 잡고 "온 국민이 참여하는 기후변화 대응 정책 추진", "녹색성장 정책 추진에 있어 기업체 지원방향", "우리나라 신재생에너지 기술개발현황과 앞으로의 과제", "가정에서 온실 가스 줄인만큼 혜택받는 탄소은행"등에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.77-81
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• 2004

As developing for dozens of years, East Asia has been a central area of world economic and trade growth. The containerization of East Asia also goes up rapidly. With the development of this area, countries all try hard to dispute the status of international shipping centre. The competitors of Shanghai Port are Busan Port, Kobe Port and GaoXiong Port. This thesis analyses these three Ports and Shanghai Port‘s information. The main point is Shanghai Port’s merits and faults, and also compares these four ports‘ competition of soft and hardware. At last, this thesis expatiates some concrete measures of Shanghai Port's constructing.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.43-93
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• 2012

This paper examines the performances of economics for Southeast Asian studies and finds the relationship between economics and Southeast Asian studies in Korea. Based on this we try to find the direction and the way how economics contributes to Southeast Asian studies. First of all, we look into several journals on area studies, such as Review of Southeast Asia, and find out that economics researches on Southeast Asia are much fewer than expected. This shows that Korean economists are not much interested in the issue of Southeast Asia and reflects the academic differences as discipline in economics and interdisciplinary Southeast Asian studies. However, we could find the common area that economics and Southeast Asian studies can share. Also, we suggest some points that economics contributes to development of Southeast Asian studies toward a independent academic discipline. It includes the theory and methodology of international, and development economics. The rapid development of information and communication technology and the economic integration by globalization needs new and modified economic theory and methodology for research on Southeast Asia. Adopting the objective and statistical methodology of economics could level up Southeast Asian studies as social science. Also, Southeast Asian studies need to recruit more actively economics research topics and methodology. Economics could attribute to the development of Korean Southeast Asian studies.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.3-22
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• 2021

This article examines the Challenge through Annulment of ICSID Arbitral Awards. Either party may request annulment of the award by applying in writing addressed to the ICSID Secretary-General on one or more of the grounds under Article 52 of the ICSID Convention. The annulment proceedings must focus on the award itself. Because committees have no inherent supremacy over the arbitral tribunal, they should not review the tribunal's findings on evidence, damage, interest, and cost findings. Otherwise, the parties would have, in effect, two opportunities, and that will almost certainly weaken the reliability of the entire ICSID system. In short, because of the limited scope of review under ICSID annulment and because annulment is not an opportunity for the parties to re-try the case, committees should not allow new arguments or new evidence. Since an annulment committee is not a court of appeals, it cannot create a new res judicata. Committees can only decide not to annul an award, thus confirming the existing res judicata or annul the award, in which case the affected decision ceases to be res judicata. An obvious annulment decision stipulating which particular findings of the award remain res judicata should prevent any uncertainty in resubmission proceedings.