• Title/Summary/Keyword: 국왕

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A historical study of the Large Banner, a symbol of the military dignity of the Late Joseon Dynasty (조선 후기 무위(武威)의 상징 대기치(大旗幟) 고증)

  • JAE, Songhee;KIM, Youngsun
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.152-173
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    • 2021
  • The Large Banner was introduced during the Japanese Invasions of Korea with a new military system. It was a flag that controlled the movement of soldiers in military training. In addition, it was used in other ways, such as a symbol when receiving a king in a military camp, a flag raised on the front of a royal procession, at the reception and dispatch of envoys, and at a local official's procession. The Large Banner was recognized as a symbol of military dignity and training rites. The Large Banner was analyzed in the present study in the context of two different types of decorations. Type I includes chungdogi, gakgi and moongi. Type II includes grand, medium, and small obangi, geumgogi and pyomigi. Each type is decorated differently for each purpose. The size of the flag is estimated to be a square of over 4 ja long in length. Flame edges were attached to one side and run up and down The Large Banner used the Five Direction Colors based on the traditional principles of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. The pattern of the Large Banner is largely distinguished by four. The pattern of large obangi consists of divine beasts symbolizing the Five Directions and a Taoism amulet letter. The pattern of medium obangi features spiritual generals that escort the Five Directions. The pattern of small obangi has the Eight Trigrams. The pattern of moongi consists of a tiger with wings that keeps a tight watch on the army's doors. As for historical sources of coloring for Large Banner production, the color-written copy named Gije, from the collection of the Osaka Prefect Library, was confirmed as the style of the Yongho Camp in the mid to late 18th century, and it was also used for this essay and visualization work. We used Cloud-patterned Satin Damask as the background material for Large Banner production, to reveal the dignity of the military. The size of the 4 ja flag was determined to be 170 cm long and 145 cm wide, and the 5 ja flag was 200 cm long and 175 cm wide. The conversion formula used for this work was Youngjochuck (1 ja =30cm). In addition, the order of hierarchy in the Flag of the King was discovered within all flags of the late Joseon Dynasty. In the above historical study, the two types of Large Banner were visualized. The visualization considered the size of the flag, the decoration of the flagpole, and the patterns described in this essay to restore them to their original shape laid out the 18th century relics on the background. By presenting color, size, material patterns, and auxiliary items together, it was possible not only to produce 3D content, but also to produce real products.

The Palaces Weoldae(月臺) structure, in the latter half period of Joseon, and related rituals (조선후기 궁궐의 전각(殿閣) 월대(月臺)와 의례 - <동궐도>와 <서궐도안>을 대상으로 -)

  • Lee, Hyun-jin;Son, shin-young
    • (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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    • no.67
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    • pp.379-418
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    • 2017
  • Weoldae -which we can find inside Joseon palaces- is usually erected in front of important structures including the Main Hall(Jeongjeon, 正殿). There is no clear definition of its nature that we can find in official law codes or dynastic ritual manuals, and such records do not specify what kind of rules should be observed in creating them either. In illustrations of palaces such as and , Weoldae can be seen at structures such as the Main "Jeongjeon" Hall(正殿), Royal office(Pyeonjeon, 便殿), Royal Quarters(Jeongchim, 正寢), Queen's bedroom(Chimjeon, 寢殿), Quarters of the Crown Prince(Dong'gung, 東宮), and other structures. All these structures equipped with a Weoldae were related to special figures inside the royal family such as the king, the queen, the crown prince, and the crown-prince' son. These figures were literally above the law, and as such their treatment could not be defined by law. And these spaces were where they worked or rested while they lived, and where their posthumous tablets(Shinju, 神主) or portraits(Eojin, 御眞) were enshrined after they died. (When such spaces were used for latter purposes, they were designated either as 'Honjeon[魂殿, chamber of the tablet]' or 'Jinjeon[眞殿, hall of portrait']). Joseon was a Confucian dynasty with a strict social stratification system, and the palace structures reflected such atmosphere as well. We can see that structures described with Weoldae in and were structures which were more important than others that did not have a Weoldae. Among structures with Weoldae, the place which hosted most of the dynastic rituals was the Main Hall. In this Main Hall, the King swore an oath himself, passed the incense(香) himself during memorial services, and observed honoring ceremonies[Manbae-rye(望拜禮)] at the "Hwangdan"(皇壇) altar which was built to commemorate the three Ming Emperors. The so-called "Two Palaces[兩闕]" of Joseon shared a unique relationship in terms of their own Weoldae units and the rituals that were held there. In the early half of the Joseon dynasty period, Gyeongbok-gung(景福宮) and Dong'gweol(東闕) constituted the "Two palaces," but after the war with the Japanese in the 1590s during which the Gyeongbok-gung palace was incinerated, Dong'gweol and Seogweol(西闕) came to newly form the "Two palaces" instead. Meanwhile, Changdeok-gung(昌德宮) became the main palace[法宮], replacing the previous one which had been Gyeongbok-gung. In general, when a king moved to another palace, the ancestral tablets in the Honjeon chamber or the portrait in the Jinjeon hall would accompany him as well. Their presence would be established within the new palace. But king Yeongjo was an exception from that practice. Even after he moved to the Gyeong'hi-gung(慶熙宮) palace, he continued to pay visit to the Jinjeon Hall at Changdeok-gung. While he was positioned inside Gyeong'hi-gung, he did not manage the palace with Gyeonghi-gung as its sole center. He tried to manage other palaces like Changdeok-gung and Chang'gyeong-gung(昌慶宮) as well, and as organically as possible.

Study on the Guarding System in the latter "Choson" era (조선후기 호위제도의 고찰)

  • Lee, Sung-Jin
    • Korean Security Journal
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    • no.16
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    • pp.229-241
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    • 2008
  • he guarding system of the "Choson" era is completed by the Gyeongguk-daejeon(an administrative canon) at the kings "Sejong" and "Yejong", and it is supplemented at the King "Seongjong". "Geum-gun" is composed of "Naegeum-wi", "Gyeombok-sa", "Wirim-wi" and "Jeongro-wi" in the period before the Japanese Aggression of Korea in 1952, and in the period after the aggression war, the organization of the "Geum-gun" is changed repeatedly according to circumstances in the period after the aggression. They("Geum-gun") devote themselves to the protection of kings and the capital defense in the first period of the "Choson" era. The most important change of the "Geum-gun" is the practice of five military units system, three military units of them, "Hunryeon-dogam", "Eoyeong-cheong" and "Geumwi-yeong", take charge of the guard of kings and the capital defense, and "Chongyung-cheong" and "Sueo-cheong" take charge of the defense of the outer areas of the capital region with key positions located at "Namhan-sanseong" and "Bukhan-sanseong"(mountain fortress Walls). The function of the "Geum-gun" is extended through the aggressions, therefore the number of soldiers is increased greatly. The guarding system for the country and its royal family is frequently changed according to the improvement of the people's position with themselves-awakening and their understanding of realities. The reorganization of the "Geum-gun" including "Howi-cheong", "Geumgun-cheong", "Sukwi-so" and "Jangyong-yeong" is unavoidable to strengthen the royal rights that are weaken by deposing the king "Injo". The standing of the existing organizations is changed many times with financial problems. The enthronement of the king "Jeongjo" is a great epoch in the change of the guarding system.

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The Study of Military train through Soupjun in Early Joseon Dynasty (조선전기 습진(習陣)과 군사훈련)

  • Kwak, Nak-hyun
    • (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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    • no.35
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    • pp.359-385
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    • 2009
  • The study aims to investige how Soupjin, military training has been changed in early Joseon Dynasty. The conclusions are following these. First, Jin means military marching or attacking the enemy and Jinbeop means how to make Jin or traning but now Jinbeop indicates textbook of Jinbeop rather than practing it. Second, publishing Owijinbeop is completed as a result of continuous series of Jinbeop textbook and Owi systems are built up by military construction reorganization. Third, the total number of articles is 268 from Taejo to Seonjo in early Joseon Dynasty. They are divided into different parts according to kings. Forth, Taejo, Taejong, Munjong, Sejo, Yejong and Jungjong are the kings who take the lead of Jinbeop training directly. Among them Munjong and Sejo are highly considered that they edited and revised Sinjinbeop and tried to unify military organization. Besides Jungjong discussed Jinbeop textbooks which are published by prior kings and even make them be practiced. But after Imjinwaeran, Seonjo accepted the book Gihyosinseo by Cheokgyegwang in China and transformed our Jinbeop for protecting the country. Firth, We found that Hyangmyung and Jintoigyjak had been focused from Sejo to Jungjong. Because in this period Joseon had to find the way to protect the country from north Yeojin, But after Imjinwaeran Seonjo introduced Cheokgyegwang's Jeolgangjinbeop in China because of Japanese attacks.

『合部金光明經』 간행과 『高麗大藏經』 각성사업

  • 최연주
    • KOMUNHWA
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    • no.66
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    • pp.37-56
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    • 2005
  • 이 연구는 강화경판 『高麗大藏經』에 入藏된 『合部金光明經』과 13세기 중엽에 간행된 것으로 추정되는 口訣本 『合部金光明經』의 조성에 참여한 刻成人에 대해 살펴본 것이다. 국가적·범종파적 사업으로 전개된 각성사업에 『합부금광명경』이 조성되고 있는데도 불구하고, 구결본 『합부금광명경』 조성에 참여한 이들은 각성사업과 어떤 관련성을 갖고 있는지 검토해 보았다. 이에 『고려대장경』에 입장된 『합부금광명경』과 구결본 『합부금광명경』을 상호 비교해 본 결과 경전의 내용과 板式, 그 구성 체계가 相異한 본이었다. 그리고 彫成에 참여한 각성인을 조사해 본 결과 『고려대장경』에는 ‘부령’이었고, 구결본은 ‘存植’, ‘立成’, ‘正安’, ‘孝兼’ 등이었다. ‘存植’, ‘正安’, ‘孝兼’은 고종 24년부터 16년간 전개된 각성사업에 참여한 각성인들과 동일 인물이었다. 특히 ‘孝兼’은 자신을 비구라고 밝힌 점으로 볼 때 당시 활동하던 刻字僧으로 파악된다. ‘存植’과 ‘正安’은 고종 33년에 간행된 『禪門三家拈頌集』과 13세기 중엽에 간행된 『圓覺類解』, 『弘贊法華傳』의 조성에도 참여하고 있는 것으로 보아 전문 刻手로 보여진다. 그래서 각성사업에 참여한 각성인들은 각자의 여건에 따라 활동하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 『合部金光明經』은 『妙法蓮華經』·『仁王經』과 함께 호국삼부경 중의 하나로서 고려시기에 수시로 간행되고 있었다. 『금광명경』은 국가를 보호하고 내우외환을 소멸시키기 위해 왕실을 비롯한 관료층들이 깊이 존신하고 권장하려 하였던 불교 경전이었다. 특히 대외관계상의 위기상황에는 『금광명경』을 바탕으로 하는 功德天道場이라는 호국적 성격의 법회를 개최되고 있었다. 따라서 『합부금광명경』의 간행 배경에는 『고려대장경』이 국왕을 정점으로 반외세력인 몽고군을 격퇴시키고, 또 최씨무인정권으로부터 왕권을 회복시키고자 시대적 분위기가 적극 반영되어 있다. 구결본 『합부금광명경』의 간행은 민족적·국가적 사업이었던 각성사업에 적극 동참하면서 현실을 직시하고 고려 불교의 창조적 발전은 물론 외세의 침략으로부터 조국을 지키고자 하는 호국의식을 바탕에 두고 있었다. 〔주제어〕『高麗大藏經』, 『合部金光明經』, 刻成人, 최씨무인정권, 護國經

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외규장각에 소장되어 있었던 천문학 관련 도서

  • An, Sang-Hyeon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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    • 2011.04a
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    • pp.19.3-19.3
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    • 2011
  • 1631년 정두원이 명나라로부터 가져온 네 권의 과학서와 한 편의 보고서 가운데, 치력연기(治曆緣起)라는 책과 서양공헌신위대경소(西洋貢獻神威大鏡疏)가 강화도의 외규장각에 소장되고 있었다. 이 점에 유의하여 강화도 외규장각에 소장되어 있었던 천문학 및 수학 관련 서적을 조사해 보았다. 외규장각 소장 도서의 목록에 해당하는 외규장각형지안(外奎章閣形止案)을 조사하여, 소장 도서의 내역과 소장 상태의 변천을 알아낼 수 있다. 그 결과 서양공헌신위대경소는 1791년 신해박해 때 천주교 서적으로 오인되어 소각되었고, 치력연기는 1866년 병인양요 때 프랑스 해군에 의해 소각되었음을 알 수 있었다. 외규장각에는, Napier의 대수(logarithm)에 관한 아이디어가 반영되어 있는 쟈크 로우(Rho)의 주산(籌算)이란 책이 소장되어 있었고, 조선조 양대 물시계에 관한 보고서인 흠경각영건의궤(欽敬閣營建儀軌)와 보루각중수의궤(報漏閣重修儀軌)가 있었으며, 조선 국왕들이 천문에 관해 작성한 어제 및 어필이 소장되어 있었으며, 천문류초(天文類抄)와 천기대요(天機大要)와 같은 널리 사용되던 천문 및 음양학관련 서적이 소장되어 있었다. 특히, 1866년 프랑스 해군에 의해 약탈되어 현재 프랑스 파리 국가도서관에 소장되어 있는 천상열차분야지도는 숙종석각의 탁본으로 추정된다. 현재 10여 개의 탁본이 국내외에 남아 있으나, 최근 프랑스로부터 반환되게 된 외규장각 도서 내역에 천상열차분야지도가 포함되지 못하였다. 이와 관련하여 약간 토의하고자 한다.

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The Distribution and Scale of Book in the Reign of King Jeong-jo as "Kyujangjeonun" ([ "규장전운" ]을 통해서 본 정조조의 서적 반사와 그 규모)

  • Shin, Seung-Woon
    • Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.293-316
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    • 2004
  • The best way of getting knowledge is reading in the Cho-sun dynasty, so getting books is the most interesting thing to the scholars. The most important way of getting books for scholars in Cho-sun dynasty is taking Bansabon published and given to scholars by government. but there is few data and few concrete studies of it. This study deals with the object and the scale of distribution of books on the basis of Bansagi ; king Jeong-jo published 『Kyujangjeonun』 distributed about 1,500 volumes to scholars and govermment agencies.

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Investigation of Paper Characteristics on Old Documents Related to the Head Family of Admiral Yi Sun-sin (이충무공 종가 관련 고문서의 지질 특성 조사)

  • Ahn, Ji Yoon;Bae, Su Bin
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.407-420
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    • 2018
  • Old documents related to the head family of admiral Yi Sun-shin have been preserved by the descendants of Deoksu Yi clan and various kinds of documents have remained even today. Seven documents issued by the king,"Goshin Gyoji", "Jeunggik Gyoji", "Gyochub", "Gyoseo", "Yuseo", "Hongpae", and "Chikmyung", showed the time when they were made. Because they have been kept in their original form, these documents make it possible to identify the characteristics of the paper used to create documents during that time and to compare the records in those documents with other cultural properties based on scientific investigation and analysis of conservation treatment processing. The characteristics of Oebal-tteugi(Heulim-tteugi) in the papermaking process were identified through the shape of the surface fibers, and Dochim processing was found in most of the old documents with the help of density measurement and paper surface analysis. All the papers were found to be made of paper mulberry, and bast fibers of mature mulberry were mainly used for the process.

견우성은 어느 별인가?

  • Kim, Dong-Bin;An, Sang-Hyeon;Song, Du-Jong;Lee, Yong-Sam
    • Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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    • 2009.10a
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    • pp.31.3-31.3
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    • 2009
  • 견우와 직녀의 사랑 이야기가 얽혀 있는 두 별은 여름철을 대표하는 별들로서 중국 문화권에서는 지난 수 천 년 동안 매우 인기가 높은 별이었다. 두 별은 중국의 춘추전국시대의 노래를 모아 놓은 시경(詩經)에 이미 등장하고 있고, 서기 408년에 조성된 고구려의 덕흥리 고분 속에 있는 벽화에도 그려져 있다. 고려시대에는 이 별들에 대한 국가적인 제사를 지냈으며, 조선 시대에는 칠월칠석에 국왕이 신하들과 어울려 잔치를 베풀고 칠석시(七夕詩)를 지어서 책으로 편찬하는 일도 있었다. 한편 견우성은 주로 농사와 관계된 별점을 가지고 있었고, 시각제도와 긴밀한 관계가 있는 28宿(수)의 하나였으므로 천문학자들이 지속적으로 관심을 갖고 관측한 별이다. 그러한 관측의 결과는 고려사, 조선왕조실록, 승정원일기 등에 다수가 남아 있다. 그런데 동양 천문학에서 이미 널리 다루어졌던 문제 가운데 하나는, 바로 이 문학적 견우성과 천문학적 견우성이 일치하지 않는다는 것이다. 지금 일반 시민들에게 견우성은 독수리자리의 알테어(Altair)로 알려져 있다. 그러나 모든 사서와 고대 천문서 및 천문도가 지칭하는 견우성은 염소자리의 다비(Dabih)라는 별이다. 견우성이 28宿(수)의 하나라는 사실은 그 별(별자리)이 황도와 백도 근처에 있어야 함을 의미한다. 따라서 알테어는 적위가 높아서 도저히 28宿(수)에 속할 수가 없다. 게다가 알테어는 은하수 속에 들어가 있으므로, 견우와 직녀가 은하수를 사이에 두고 마주보고 있다는 일반적인 설화와도 어긋난다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 현재 대다수의 서적과 매체, 그리고 일반인을 대상으로 한 행사와 천문관에서 상영되는 프로그램들에는 모두 알테어를 견우성으로 하여 설명하고 있다. 이러한 불일치는 상당한 혼란을 초래하고 있는 상황이다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 불일치가 천문학적인 견우성과 인문학적인 견우성의 불일치로 보고, 이 문제를 실증적으로 접근해 본다. 즉, 고려사, 조선왕조실록, 승정원일기에 실려 있는 견우성 엄폐 관측 기록을 조사하여 한국사에서 전문 천문학자들은 어느 별을 견우성이라고 보아왔는지 알아보고, 또한 일반인들이 지은 시문에는 어떤 별을 견우성으로 여겼는지 고찰한다. 아울러 역사적으로 이 문제에 대한 선인들의 생각을 짚어보고, 중국과 일본의 학자들은 이 문제를 어떻게 바라보고 있는지를 살핀 다음, 마지막으로 현실적으로 이 문제를 어떻게 해결할 수 있는지 고찰해 본다.

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Reconsideration of Gagakgo's Staff and Period of Existence in Joseon (조선 가각고의 인력구성과 존재시기에 관한 재고찰)

  • Lee, Hyeongjung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.23-37
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    • 2020
  • This paper aims to elaborate on the reality of Gagakgo (架閣庫) by looking into its staff and abolition, given how Gagakgo was originally where diverse archives in Joseon were preserved. This study on Gagakgo, therefore, could be used as a basic reference to grasp the reality of the Joseon's Records Centers and Archives. This institution was changed as a labor organization following changes in the political environment. As a result, the status and operational aspects of the institution also changed. Gagakgo was abolished once during King Sejo (世祖)'s reign and then restored during the period between King Hyojong (孝宗)'s and YoungJo (英祖)'s reign. This restored institution also performed the same role as before. This paper serves as reference to better understand the system of Gagakgo and the archival preservation system in Joseon.