• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1745-1753
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• 2001

본 연구는 한랭 환경 하에서의 인체의 국소 가온 자극이 생리, 감각반응에 끼치는 영향을 검토했다. 건강한 성인여자 7명을 대상으로, 기온 $25^{\circ}C$, 습도50%의 환경 하에서 균일한 국소 가온을 부하 했을 때 피부온, 고막온, 손가락, 발가락 혈류량, 온냉감, 쾌적감의 반응에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 국소가온에 의해 가온 부위 피부온은 유의하게 상승하고 가온 부위에 따라 상승도에는 유의한 차가 보였다. 2) 국소가온에 의해 고막온은 머리의 가온 시에 높은 상승, 전완의 가온 시에 상승하고, 다른 가온 부위에서는 하강의 경향이 보였다. 3) 국소가온에 의해 혈류량의 변화는 3개의 군으로 분류된다. 가온과 함께 손가락 혈류량이 증가하는 군, 발가락 혈류량이 변화하는 군, 양쪽의 혈류량이 적게 변화하는 군으로 나누어진다. 이것을 각 피험자의 평균 피부온 수준 즉 체온조절 수준과 관계 있는 것으로 논할 수 있다 4)국소 가온에 의해 각 부 위 피부온으로의 파급효과는 머리, 상완의 가온 시에 크지만 대퇴, 하퇴 다리의 가온 시에는 대부분의 부위에서 영향이 보이지는 않았다. 5) 이와 같이 국소 가온에 의 한 생리, 감각반응은 가온 부위에 따라 다르고 머리, 상완의 가온 시에는 생리반응이 크고 하퇴, 다리의 가온시에는 국소의 감각변화가 컸다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.475-484
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• 2003

동통조절을 위해 국소마취제는 치과임상에서 광범위하게 사용되어진다. 가장 널리 쓰이는 국소마취제는 리도카인이고 이는 마취효과의 지속 및 지혈효과 등의 목적으로 혈관수축제를 포함하고 있다. 대표적 혈관수축제인 에피네프린은 임상에서 1:300,000에서부터 1:50,000의 농도로 다양하게 사용되어진다. 수복치료를 위해서는 통상적으로 1:100.000농도의 에피네프린이 사용되고 있고 외과적 근관치료시 지혈효과를 위해서는 1:50,000농도의 에피네프린이 추천되고 있다. 이들 농도의 에피네프린을 포함한 리도카인으로 국소마취시 에피네프린의 농도가 치수의 혈류 및 치은의 혈류에 미치는 영향을 이해할 필요가 있고 그 영향이 전기치수검사에 대한 치수의 반응성에 미치는 영향도 이해할 필요가 있다. 따라서 혈관수축제를 포함한 국소마취제에 의한 치수혈류의 변화와 치수신경의 반응성을 이해하는 것은 중요하다 하겠다. 본 연구의 목적은 두 가지 농도의 에피네프린을 포함한 국소마취제로 마취시 나타나는 치수 및 치은의 혈류 변화를 치수신경의 반응성과 비교, 관찰함으로써 국소마취제가 치수 및 치은에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 함에 있다. 24세에서 27세까지의 10명의 피검자의 건전한 상악중절치를 시험에 이용하였다. Laser Doppler flowmeter의 probe을 고정하기 위한 splint를 간접법으로 인상용 putty를 이용하여 제작하고 치수 및 치은의 혈류량, 그리고 전기치수검사에 대한 반응성을 측정하기 위한 3개의 구멍을 만들었다. 피검자를 10분간 안정시킨 후 마취 전 10분간 정상 혈류량과 전기검사치를 측정하고 1:50,000 epinephrine과 1:100,00 epinephrine이 각각 함유된 2% 리도카인 용액 0.9 ml를 상악 좌측 중절치 치근단부위 협점막에 침윤마취하였다. 마취 후 70분간 치수 및 치은 혈류량을 laser Doppler flowmeter를 이용해 연속적으로 측정하여 그 수치를 컴퓨터에 저장하였고, 매 5분 간격으로 전기치수검사를 시행하여 그 측정치를 기록하였다. 매 시간 간격의 평균 혈류량을 정상 혈류량에 대한 백분율로 나타내고, 각각의 농도에서 최소 치수 및 치은 혈류량을 Paired t-test, Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Duncan's multiple range test. Fisher's exact test등을 이용. 통계분석 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 에피네프린이 함유되어 있지 않은 리도카인을 협점막에 주사시 혈류변화가 거의 나타나지 않았으나 1:50,000 및 1:100.000 에피네프린이 함유된 2% 리도카인을 협점막에 침윤마취시 치수 및 치은 혈류 공히 현저히 감소하였다(p<0.01). 1:50,000 에피네프린군은 1:100,000 에피네프린군에 비해 치수 혈류량이 현저히 억제되어 나타났으나(p<0.01), 치은 혈류량에서는 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내지 않았다(p>0.05). 두 농도의 에피네프린 군 공히 치은혈류는 치수혈류에 비해 유의하게 많은 감소를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 1:100,000 에피네프린 군에서 마취액 주입 후 치수혈류 최대감소가 가장 먼저 나타났고 이어서 전기검사에 대한 치수의 반응성 소실 및 치은혈류 최대 감소의 순으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 1:50,000 에피네프린군의 경우가 1:100,000 에피네프린군의 경우에 비해 마취지속시간이 길게 나타났으나 유의성은 없었다(p>0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2006

The aims of the study were to evaluate the effect of epinephrine-containing local anesthetics on pulpal blood flow (PBF) and to investigate its effect on cavity preparation-induced PBF change. PBF was recorded using a laser Doppler flowmeter (Perimed Co., Sweden) from canines of nine cats under general anesthesia before and after injection of local anesthetics and after cavity preparation. 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 1 : 100,000 epinephrine was administered by local infiltration given apical to the mandibular canine at the vestibular area and the same volume of isotonic saline was injected on the contralateral tooth as a control. A round carbide bur was operated at slow speed with isotonic saline flushing to grind spherical cavities with increasing depth through the enamel and into the dentin on both teeth. The obtained data was analyzed with paired t-test. Cavity preparation caused significant increase of PBF (n = 9, p < 0.05). Local infiltration of lidocaine with epinephrine resulted in decreases of PBF (n = 9, p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant change of PBF with the physiologic saline as a control. Cavity preparation on tooth anesthetized with lidocaine with epinephrine caused significantly less increase of PBF than in control tooth (p < 0.05). Therefore, the result of the present study demonstrates that local infiltration of 2% lidocaine with 1 : 100,000 epinephrine effectively reduces PBF increase caused by cavity preparation.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.228-239
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• 2000

1. Purpose : For many years, Soumin Seonghyangjeongkisan(少陰人 星香正氣散, SJ) has been used in Sasang(四象) constitutional medicine as a therapeutic agent for cerebral disease. The effects of SJ on the vascular system is not well-know. The purpose of this study is to make it clear the effects of SJ and composing drugs on blood pressure(BP) and regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF). 2. Method : We measured BP with Pressure Transducer, rCBF with Laser-Doppler flowmeter. Propranolo and methylene blue were used to determine the mechanisms of SJ effects. 3. Results and Conclusion : BP was not affected by SJ in rats, and rCBF was significantly increased by SJ in rats. rCBF was increased by Folium Perillae(蘇葉), Rhizoma Atractylodis(蒼朮), Pericarpium Arecae(大腹皮) and Rhizoma Arisaematic(南星), but decreased by Radix Saussurea(木香) in rats. The increase of rCBF is mediated by adrenergic ${\beta}-receptor$ and guanylyl cyclase which is enzyme producing cyclic GMP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to measure the changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and blood pressure (BP) in rats, following the intravenous injection of Schizandrae fructus water extract. The measurement was continually monitored by laser-doppler flowmeter and pressure tranducer in anesthetized adult Sprague-Dawley rats for 2 hours to 2 hours and a half through the data acquisition system composed of MacLab and Macintosh computer. The result of this experiment was as followed. Schizandrae fructus increased the changes of rCBF in rats significantly. The rCBF of Schizandrae fructus did not change by pretreated propranolol, atropine, L-NNA and indomethacin. But the rCBF of Schizandrae fructus was increased by pretreated methylene blue. Schizandrae fructus decreased the changes of BP, significantly. The BP of Schizandrae fructus did not change by pretreated propranolol, atropine, L-NNA and indomethacin. But the BP of Schizandrae fructus was decreased by pretreated methylene blue. There results indicated that Schizandrae fructus can increase the rCBF and decrease the BP, that is related to guanylyl cyclase activity.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.280-286
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic changes after endovascular stenting in patients with unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis using statistical probabilistic anatomical mapping (SPAM) analysis of basal/acetazolamide (ACZ) Tc-99m ECD brain perfusion SPECT. Materials and Methods: Eight patients (3 men and 5 women, 64.8$\pm$10.5 years) who underwent endovascular stenting for unilateral MCA stenosis were enrolled. Basal/ACZ Tc-99m ECD brain perfusion SPECT studies were performed by one-day protocol before and after stenting. Using SPAM analysis, we compared basal cerebral perfusion (BCP) counts and cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) index of the MCA territory before stenting with those after stenting. Results: After stenting, no patient had any complication nor additional stroke. In SPAM analysis, 7 out of the 8 patients had improved BCP counts of the MCA territory and 7 out of the 8 patients had improved CVR index of the MCA territory after stenting. Before stenting, the mean BCP counts and CVR index in the affected MCA territory were 47.1$\pm$2.2 ml/min/100 g and -2.1$\pm$2.9%, respectively. After stenting, the mean BCP counts and CVR index in the affected MCA territory were improved significantly (48.3$\pm$2.9 ml/min/100 g, p =0.025 and 0.1$\pm$1.3%, p =0.036). Conclusion: This study revealed that SPAM analysis of basal/ACZ brain perfusion SPEG would be helpful to evaluate hemodynamic efficacy of endovascular stenting in unilateral MCA stenosis.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.216-227
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• 2000

1. Purpose For many years, Taeumin Chungsimyoinjatang(太陰人 淸心蓮子湯, CS) has been used in Sasang(四象) constitutional medicine as a therapeutic agent for cerebral disease. The effects of CS on the vascular system is not well-known. The purpose of this study is to make it clear the effects of SJ and composing drugs on blood pressure(BP) and regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF). 2. Method We measured BP with Pressure Transducer, rCBF with Laser-Doppler flowmeter. Propranolol and methylene blue were used to determine the mechanisms of CS effects. 3. Results and Conclusion BP was not affected by CS in rats, and rCBF was significantly increased by CS in rats. rCBF was increased by Nelumbinis Semen(蓮于肉), Ophiopogonis Radix(麥門冬), Asparagi Radix(天門冬), Polygalae Radix(遠志), Zizyphi Spinosae Semen(酸棗仁), Longnae Arillus(龍眼肉), Raphani Semen, Chrysanthemi Flos(甘菊) in rats. The increase of rCBF is mediated by adrenergic ${\beta}$- receptor and guanylyl cyclase which is enzyme producing cyclic GMP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.506-510
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• 2010

As an attempt to develop new functional health beverage by using medicinal herb, we investigated the effect of medicinal plant extract (MPE) on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of rats. The changes of MABP and rCBF were determined by LDF methods. LDF allows for real time, noninvasive, continuous recordings of local CBF. MABP in MPE treated rats showed significant change of MPE 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. MPE i.v. administration showed significant increase of rCBF in a dose-dependent manner. Propranolol pretreated MABP showed significant change in the increase of MPE. rCBF of propranolol pretreated rats showed significant change from the i.v. injection concentration of 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. The ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative stress may have contributed to cerebral damage in rats, and the present study provides clear evidence for the beneficial effect of MPE on ischemia induced brain injury. Also, the action mechanism in elevation effect of MPE on rCBF might be concerned with the role of $\beta$-adrenoceptor. The exact component and mechanism remains for the future study.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2015

This study was to investigate the effects of the hot compress pack on alleviating local muscular discomfort, stiffness in limbs as well as the chronic pains such as migraine in terms of hemodynamics. In this study, the hot compress band was put on the neck and the local physiological change on the stimulation site and the cranial blood circulation change were examined. We recruited healthy volunteers (n=8, mean age: 32.13 (4.61)), who participated in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. Local skin color and temperature were measured for the local effect of the hot compress band and the changes of intra-cranial and extra-cranial blood vessels were examined with MR angiography (MRA) images. The skin temperature increased from $36.4^{\circ}C$ at the rest condition to $36.7^{\circ}C$ and $37.1^{\circ}C$ after 15 min and 30 min stimulation, respectively. The change of the extra-cranial blood vessels between pre-stimulation and post-stimulation of 30 min was significantly increased (+38.8%), while the change of the intra-cranial blood vessels was negligible. In this study, we demonstrated that the hot compress band on the neck yielded the increase of local skin temperature on the stimulation site and it made an effect on the extracranial circulation. In conclusion, the stimulation with a hot compress could facilitate the blood circulation, causing to relieve the muscular discomfort, stiffness in limbs as well as the chronic pains such as migraine.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.157-161
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• 1988

Cerebral rete mirabile는 잘 알려진 뇌혈관 질환으로 뇌혈관촬영상 내경동맥이 심한 협착 혹은 폐색, 뇌저부의 이상혈관망 형성 및 다수의 연수막동맥간문합과 경경수막 외내경동맥간문합의 특징적 소견을 나타낸다. 최근 방사성의약품의 발전과 함께, Tc-99m-HMPAO를 이용한 뇌SPECT는 뇌혈류역학의 평가, 병소의 조기발견 및 병소의 정확한 위치를 알기위한 상용진단 방법이 되었다. 저자들은 뇌 혈관촬영으로 확진된 10명 의 Cerebral rete mirabile 환자에서 뇌 전산화단층촬영과 Tc-99m-HMPAO를 이용한 국소뇌혈류 SPECT를 검토하였다. 대상환자중 남자는 3명, 여자는 7명이었으며, 연령분포는 6세에서 38세이었다. 1) Tc-99m-HMPAO를 이응한 국소 뇌혈류 SPECT는 뇌의 경색부위 뿐만 아니라 허혈부위까지 나타냈으며, cerebral rete mirabile에서의 뇌의 침습된 부위를 나타내는데 있어서 뇌전산화단층촬영보다 우월하였다. 또한 모든 예에서 뇌전산화반층촬영보다 더 넓은 허혈부위를 보여주었다. 2) 다른 허혈성 뇌혈관질환과 비교하여 cerebral rete mirabile는 비균질성 방사능을 나타냈고, 이는 측부순환로에 의한 것으로 추측된다. 3) Tc-99m-HMPAO를 이용한 국소뇌혈류 SPECT는 뇌의 허혈부위의 범위를 평가, 문합수술의 계획 및 cerebral rete mirabile의 경과를 추적하는데 유용한 검사이다.