• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.245-253
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• 2003

Puorpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of $^{99m}Tc$ DMSA scintigraphy on the dignosis of a renal scar in children with urinary tract infections. Materials and Methods: Eighty three patients were included in this study, who were diagnosed as the urinary tract infection on the basis of symptom, urinalysis and urine culture. $^{99m}Tc$ DMSA scintigraphy and voiding cystoureterography were peformed within 7days before the treatment in all patients. We classified the scintigraphic findings as follow s : 1 ; a large hypoactive upper or lower pole. 2 ; a small hypoactive area. 3 ; single defect resulting in localized deformity of the outlines. 4 ; deformed outlines in a small or normal sized kidney. 5 ; multiple defects. 6 ; diffuse hypoactive kidney without regional impairment. Follow-up scintigraphy was done at least 6 months after the initial study. When the abnormality on the initial scintigraphy was not completely resolved on the follow-up scan, the lesion was defined as containing a scar. Results: One hundred and fifteen renal units of 166 units(69.3%) showed abnormal findings on the DMSA scintigraphy. 65 units(56.5%) was diagnosed as containing renal scars on follow-up scintigraphies. Incidences of renal scar among renal units showing pattern 3, 4 and 5 on the initial scan was 75%, 78% and 78%, respectively. Whereas many of renal units showing 1, 2 and 6 pattern were recovered(65%, 76%, 50%). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of pattern-based DMSA scintigraphic findings on the diagnosis of renal scar was 76.9%, 85.1% and 81.9%, respectively. VUR was significantly associated with the renal scar when the initial DMSA shows unrecoverable findings(pattern 3, 4, 5). Odds ratio of the renal scar in a kidney showing unrecoverable initial scintigraphic findings was 19.1. Odds ratio in a kidney with mild or moderate-to-severe VUR was 3.5 and 14.4 respectively. Conclusion: In the urinary tract infection, renal scar was significantly developed in a kidney showing unrecoverable findings on the initial DMSA scan and VUR on voiding cystoureterography.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2001

The treatment of maxillary cancer has been commonly performed by the surgery and radiation therapy, alone or in combination. Multimodal treatment has been introduced with improvement of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Multimodal treatment for the maxillary cancer is composed of surgery, radiation therapy, and regional intra-arterial chemotherapy. The present study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the multimodal treatment with Morita's method, with a slight modification, for the maxillary cancer. Twenty-four cases of the maxillary cancer were analyzed. The multimodal treatment increased the 5-year-survival rate up to 66% and reduced the need for maxillectomy. This method made the morphological and funtional preservation possible. This method may be recommended for the treatment of maxillary cancer.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.267-275
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• 1993

Eighty five patients of oral cavity cancer, treated with radiation at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, during the period from March 1985 to September 1990 were analyzed retrospectively. Among 85 patients, 37 patients were treated with radiation only and 48 patients were treated with radiation following surgery. And 70 patients received external irradiation only by $^{60}Co$ with or without electron, the others were 7 patients for external irradiation plus interstitial implantation and 8 patients for external irradiation plus oral cone electron therapy. Primary sites were mobile tongue for 40 patients, mouth floor for 17 patients, palate for 12 patients, gingiva including retromolar trigone for 10 patients, buccal mucosa for 5 patients, and lip for 1 patient. According to pathologic classification, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common (77 patients). According to AJC TNM stage, stage I + II were 28 patients and stage III+IV were 57 patients. Acturial overall survival rate at 3 years was $43.9\%,$ 3 year survival rates were $60.9\%$ for stage I + II, and $23.1\%$ for stage III+IV, respectively. As a prognostic factor, primary T stage was a significant factor (p<0.01). The others, age, location, lymph node metastasis, surgery, radiation dose, and cell differentiation were not statistically significant. Among those factors, radiation plus surgery was more effective than radiation only in T3+T4 or in any N stage although it was not statistically sufficient (p<0.1). From those results, it was conclusive that definitive radiotherapy was more effective than surgery especially In the view of pertainig of anatomical integrity and function in early stage, and radiation plus surgery was considered to be better therapeutic tool in advanced stage.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.521-521
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• 2012

우리나라는 산악지역이 국토의 대부분을 차지하고 있어 전체유역을 놓고 볼 때 대하천이 차지하는 부분보다는 중소하천이 차지하는 부분이 상대적으로 크고, 교량의 길이가 짧은 소교량이 수적으로 많은 부분을 차지하고 있다. 그중에서도 특히 중소하천의 유량은 시간적으로 매우 빠르게 변화하며 유속 또한 급속히 빨라져 하상의 변형이 순식간에 일어나고 있다. 이와 같은 시간적, 공간적인 호우특성과 지형특성으로 인하여 중소하천에 위치한 교량은 특히 세굴에 매우 취약함을 보여주고 있다. 하천에 건설되는 교량의 수명이나 안정성에 세굴이 미치는 영향은 매우 크며, 특히 우리나라와 같이 홍수 시 단기간에 걸쳐 유량이 급증하는 경우 유속에 의한 교량 기초의 급격한 세굴은 예상치 못한 교량 붕괴 사고를 초래할 수 있다. 현재 국내 소하천에 설치된 교량은 약 3,470개소(지방도 기준)로 다양한 하부구조로 설계되어 있다. 이렇게 하천 내에 세워진 교량과 같은 횡단 구조물들은 그 크기에 상관없이 하천의 형태에 영향을 미치게 된다. 그중에서 교량 세굴은 하천 횡단구조물로 인하여 발생되는 가장 중요한 문제 중의 하나로써 교량 건설 시 교각에 영향을 주는 세굴을 예측하고 방어하기 위하여 다양한 방정식을 통하여 신설교량의 교각세굴을 예측한다. 하지만 대부분의 교량 세굴 공식들은 실험실에서의 실험 결과를 토대로 개발되었기 때문에 이들 공식들이 산정한 국소 세굴량이 얼마나 정확한지는 실제 현장 관측 자료와의 비교를 통해서만 검증할 수 있다. 세굴 공식들의 산정 결과를 현장 실측자료와 비교하는 연구는 그 동안 다양하게 시도되었으나, 통일된 결론에는 도달하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 세굴깊이 산정 시 일반적으로 사용되어지고 있는 세굴공식들 중 소하천 교량 규모에 적용 가능한 공식들을 선별하고, 각 세굴심 추정공식에 속한 변수별 특성분석을 위하여, 5가지의 독립변수를 설정하여 국부세굴의 현장 측정값과 예측공식의 비교결과에 대하여 불일치율을 비교분석하였다. 그 결과, 모든 공식들의 불일치율의 기하 평균이 1보다 큰 것을 보여주고 있다. 즉, 모든 공식들이 과대 추정의 의미로 정확성면에서 우수한 공식들은 불일치율의 기하 평균이 1에 가깝고 기하 표준편차가 작은 공식들이 나타났으며, 이런 점에서 Froehlich 공식, Inglis-Poona II, Blench-Inglis I, Breusers 공식 등의 기하평균이 1에 가장 근접한 결과를 나타내었다. 각 세굴공식 세굴심 산정결과의 불일치율을 각각 5가지의 변수별로 도시하여 분석하였으며, 그 결과로 소하천에 대하여 적용 가능한 공식과 소하천에 적용 시에는 과다추정의 우려가 있는 공식으로 분류되어 면밀한 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1994

When cells are exposed to low doses of a mutagenic or clastogenic agents. they often become less sensitive to the effects of a higher dose administered subsequently. Such adaptive responses were first described in Escherichia coli and mammalian cells to low doses of an alkylating agent. Since most of the studies have been carried out with human lymphocytes, it is urgently necessary to study this effect in different cellular systems. Its relation with inherent cellular radiosensitivity and underlying mechanism also remain to be answered. In this study, adaptive response by 1 cGy of gamma rays was investigated in three human lymphoblastoid cell lines which were derived from ataxia telangiectasia homozygote, ataxia telangiectasia heterozygote, and normal individual. Experiments were carried out by delivering 1 cGy followed by 50 cGy of gamma radiation and chromatid breaks were scored as an endpoint. The results indicate that prior exposure to 1 cGy of gamma rays reduces the number of chromatid breaks induced by subsequent higher dose (50 cGy), The expression of this adaptive response was similar among three cell lines despite of their different radiosensitivity. When 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, was added after 50 cGy, adaptive responses were abolished in all the tested cell lines. Therefore it is suggested that the adaptive response can be observed in human lymphoblastoid cell lines, which was first documented through this study. The expression of adaptive response was similar among the cell lines regardless of their radiosensitivity. The elimination of the adaptive response by 3-aminobenzamide is consistent with the proposal that this adaptive response is the result of the induction of a certain chromosomal repair mechanism.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.247-253
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• 2006

Pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland typically presents as painless, mobile mass of long duration, and originate in the superficial lobe but, more rarely these tumors may involve the deep lobe of the parotid gland. The average size of a parotid neoplasm is 2 to 4 cm. The effective treatment of parotid pleomorphic adenoma is surgical excision. The simple excision or enucleation resulted in recurrence rate of 45% in benign tumor. Therefore, the superficial parotidectomy with identification and preservation of the facial nerve is now the most widely accepted surgery. We report a case of the huge pleomorphic adenoma of the left parotid gland in a 67-year-old man who complained the large mass, measured about $10\times7\times5$cm-sized, in front of the left ear and on the mandibular ascending ramus. The diagnosis was confirmed by the clinical examination, computed tomographic scan, fine needle aspiration, and incisional biopsy. Superficial parotidectomy including the tumor and preservation of the facial nerve using the modified Blair approach was performed. And satisfactory results have been obtained cosmetically and functionally.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.171-174
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• 2001

This case describes a case of desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible. A 9-year-old boy was seen with a history of progressive swelling and expansion of the left mandible for one month period. Desmoplastic fibroma was diagnosed on histopathologic examination This report reviews the diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis and surgical treatment of choice in brief of this uncommon primary bone tumor of the oral and maxillofacial region.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 1998

Background: To avoid the major mobidity associated with bilateral radical neck dissection, modified radical neck dissection has become established as an effective adjunctive procedure in the management of head and neck cancer. But several studies reported early postoperative internal jugular vein(IJV) occlusion in patients who underwent modified radical neck dissection. Objectives: To determine internal jugular vein patency following modified radical neck dessection performed in various head and neck cancer and to identify factors associated with venous occlusion. Materials and Methods: From Aug. 1996 to Oct. 1997, twenty three patients underwent either unilateral or bilateral modified radical neck dissection; 19 males and 4 females, ranging in age from 28 to 75 were retrospectively examined. All patients had a preoperative doppler imaging or CT or both for their initial evaluation. A follow-up examination was obtained(after a minimum postoperative period of 2 months and a maximum one of 4 months). Results: Thirty-four IJVs were examined. All but six IJVs examined were found patent postoperatively. The preservation rate of patency of the IJV in modified radical neck dissection was found to be high(28 of 34 IJVs or 82%). Conclusion: The preservation rate of patency of the IJV in modified radical neck dissection was found to be high. These results favor the use of modified radical neck dissection for IJV preservation, particularly in bilateral neck dissection. A retrospective chart review revealed that trauma of the vessel and extrinsic compression of the vein by the musculocutaneous flap or recurrent carcinoma in the neck may be the cause of the vein occlusion.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Information Technology Applications Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.3-13
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• 2002

고석하 등(2002)은 인터넷 소매상이 상품 품목의 명목 가격과 배송료를 이용해서 고객의 일회 총 구매 비용을 조절한다는 것을 밝혔다. 고석하 등(2002)은 같은 내용의 상품 조합을 인터넷 시장에서 구매하기 위한 비용과 전통 시장에서 구매하기 위한 비용을 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 그 교호작용과 함께, 상품 종류와 일회 구매액/가격의 크기의 두 요소가 인터넷 시장의 전통 시장에 대한 총 구매비용 할인율의 변동의 약 60％내지 80％를 설명할 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다. 한편, 구매액/가격은 인터넷 시장에서의 해당 산포도(전통 시장의 그것에 대비한)에는 거의 영향을 미31지 못하며, 상품의 종류도 산포도에는 할인율에서와 같이 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 인터넷 시장의 가격이나 구매비용 산포도는 상품 특성이나 구매액 크기 이외의 다른 요인에 의해서 주로 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 가격 요인 이외의 경제적 경쟁요인에 관한 실증연구로서, 2002년 6월 17일부터 20일까지, 소프트웨어, PC와 주변기기, 휴대폰, 가전제품, CD, 화장품, 그리고 책의 7가지 산업 전문 쇼핑몰과 종합 쇼핑몰을 대상으로, 인터넷 시장에서 수행되고 있는 경제적인 비가격 경쟁요인에 관한 실증 조사를 실시하였다. 조사 결과, 인터넷 시장에서 수행되고 있는 경제적인 비가격 경쟁요인은 매우 다양하며, 상품별로도 다른 특성을 보이고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 인터넷 소매상의 경제적인 비가격 경쟁요인은 크게 배송료 면제와 배송료 외 인센티브 제도로 구분된다. 본 논문에서는 경제적인 비가격 경쟁요인의 모든 경우의 수를 고려할 수 있도록, 코드표를 작성하여 정리하고 분석하였다.기호로 인식하였다. 실험결과, 표준패턴을 음표와 비음표의 두개의 그룹으로 나누어 인식함으로써 DP 매칭의 처리 속도를 개선시켰고, 국소적인 변형이 있는 패턴과 특징의 수가 다른 패턴의 경우에도 좋은 인식률을 얻었다.리되고 이원화된 코드체계와 데이터 형태의 이질화를 통일하는 방법으로 데이터웨어하우스 시스템을 제시하였다. 결국 병원에서 데이터웨어하우스 시스템의 구축은 임상, 연구, 교육의 유기적 순환관계를 정립하여 지식의 순환적 고리인 수집, 공유, 확산, 재창출을 지속적 유지할 수 있는 인프라를 구축해 준다. 반면 상이한 정보들간의 충돌과 이에 따른 해석의 오류로 잘못된 의사결정을 위한 정보를 제공할 수 있고 기초정보의 접근 및 추출의 유용성에 의해서 정보유출에 대한 문제가 한계점으로 나타났다.로세스 개선을 위해서 무엇을 정말로 필요로 하는지를 밝힘으로써, 한국 소프트웨어 산업의 현실적인 특수성을 고려한 소프트웨어 프로세스 평가와 개선 모델의 개발을 위한 기초적인 자료를 제공할 것으로 예상된다. 또한, 본 연구 결과는, 우리나라 소프트웨어 조직들이 실제로 무엇을 필요로 하는지를 밝힘으로써, 우리나라의 소프트웨어 산업을 육성하기 위한 실효성 있는 정책 입안을 위한 기초 자료를 제공할 것으로 예상된다.를 검증하려고 한다. 협력체계 확립, ${\circled}3$ 전문인력 확보 및 인력구성 조정, 그리고 ${\circled}4$ 방문보건사업의 강화 등이다., 대사(代謝)와 관계(關係)있음을 시사(示唆)해 주고 있다.ble nutrient (TDN) was highest in booting stage (59.7%); however no sig

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2007

The present study examined the epidermal changes of adhesive disks which occur during attachment in Parthenocissus tricuspidata using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Several adhesive disks, each covered with a bract, develop from the shoot apical meristem during early development. In the initial stage, the adhesive disks are club-shaped and their upper and lower epidermis are indistinguishable. However, in the actively growing stage, they become spherical and both epidermis are clearly differentiated into the adventitious roots. Prior to wall attachment, the adhesive disks exhibit adaxial convex and abaxial concave shapes, and electron-dense substances are abundant in the vacuoles of epidermal cells. The peripheral area of the adhesive disk is adhered first to the wall surface, while the central area is drawn inward in a vacuum-like state during attachment. As the attachment progresses and the electron-dense substances continue to discharge, the upper and lower epidermis rapidly undergo deterioration and the disks shrink considerably. At this stage, structural changes of the lower epidermis occur much faster than in the upper one. The discharged substance is accumulated on the wall surface, and this aids the attachment of adhesive disks on the wall for long periods. In this manner, the shape and structure of the adhesive disk epidermis change drastically from initial growth to the mature stage. Further, the role of electron-dense substance and shrinkage of the disk during attachment has been discussed in Parthenocissus tricuspidata.