• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.307-330
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• 2017

This paper attempts to elaborate on features of cross-border interaction conducted on Dan-dong, the main city of China-North Korea trade. Through the deep interview with some trader or firms and also questionnaire survey, this paper can reveal the supremacy of informal or non-market mechanism in the cross-border trade and inter-firm linkages, and also trader and firm's rent-seeking behaviour. These features show the uniqueness of border regime between China and North Korea. Even though it is getting more porous than before, I argue that China keeps the stance toward quite controlled borderland. As the proof of this argument, I show that main tenet of China's bordland policies is the borderland stability rather than the development. The striking one is the 'Prosperous Borders, Wealthy Minorities Program(??富民行???)'. In spite of the program's title, its utmost purpose is to secure the 'borderland stability and territorial integrity' rather than to enhance the border's openness and borderland's development.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.251-276
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• 2020

The purpose of this article is to critically read Globalizing Borderlands Studies in Europe and North America to examine trends in border studies conducted so far in Europe and North America and to discuss the expandability and limitations of the narrative. It introduces a variety of case studies covering the borderlands of Europe and North America from ancient to modern times. It consists of a total of 10 chapters, in addition to the introduction chapter to clarify the purpose and definition of the collaboration and the short conclusion chapter on the prospects for the future of borderlands studies. This volume has some important implications for current borderland research in two main respects. First, it can introduce us we the areas and targets that the leading researchers from European and North American academia (usually the United States') have paid attention to. It also examines the current status of borderland research and predicts whether it will be possible to study various border areas where exist in other regions (especially in Asia) based on accumulating academic achievements, as well as the possibility of expansion of so-called 'globalization'. Second, it introduces the borderland as a conceptual space, beyond the border area as a physical space that is commonly thought of when it comes to 'border'. Cases of "conceptual borderlands" can be applied to a number of topics ranging from an individual's identities to the methods of governance, religions, economies, social institutions, families, labor issues, public health services and gender issues. There are, however, also some questions to be noted in the volume: the lack of consistent use of terminology, which can be considered general problems of collaboration studies; the fact that the authors still tend to understand borderlands within the imperialist discourse, perhaps because of their academic background is situated mainly in Europe and North America; the borderlands cases described here as the areas of conflict and struggle only. Nevertheless, the book is of significance in that it suggests a possibility of various borderlands studies and helps us to have better understanding of the current geopolitical situation imposed on the Korean Peninsula, which is located on the borderland between the continental and maritime powers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.119-124
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• 2000

인터넷 기술의 급속한 발전과 이를 기반으로 확산되고 있는 인터넷 경제활동은 기존 산업부문 전 범위에 걸쳐 이루어지고 있으며, 인터넷을 통한 전자상거래는 이미 폭발적으로 팽창하고 있다. 또한, 일부의 역기능에 대한 우려에도 불구하고 향후 세계경제의 흐름이 전자상거래를 중심으로 이루어질 것이라는 인식이 공유되고 있다. 이러한 전자상거래는 기존의 거래관계를 대체하며 관련 산업에 여러 측면에서 막대한 파급효과를 발생시키고 있다. 국경이 없는 인터넷 전자상거래의 경우 국제거래 활성화로 인하여 기존의 수출입부문에 있어서 급변이 예상되고 있으며, 전자상거래에 대한 접근성이 높아짐에 따라 관련 산업의 새로운 시장수요 창출은 물론이고 기존의 시장수요를 촉진하는 측면에서도 시장에 대한 영향력은 지대해지고 있음을 부인할 수 없다. 그러나, 이러한 막대한 영향력에도 불구하고, 소프트웨어를 다운로드받거나 영상자료 등을 검색할 때에 조세는 누가, 어떻게 납부해야 하는지, 관세는 어떻게 부과하고 징수할 것인가 둥둥 전자상거래는 해결해야 될 많은 문제가 산적해 있는 것도 사실이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 EC와 관련한 조세문제에 대한 국제적 주요 논의 동향을 살펴보고, 특히 EC의 관세부문에 논의 초점을 맞추어 EC에 의한 관세인하 및 무관세화가 각국의 경제에 어떠한 영향을 미칠 것인가를 간단한 게임과 소국경제를 가정한 부분균형분석모형을 이용하여 고찰해 보고자 한다.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.293-313
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• 2016

In the East Asian region, the advancement of trade networks is being facilitated, which turns out that economic integration across borders is being advanced due to FTA expansion, freedom of business activity growing through the reform of regulatory system in each country, and the processing of division of labor between processes across borders. Trans-Pacific Partnership(TPP), which is a U.S. led multilateral FTA, was signed on February 4 2016 in Auckland, New Zealand by 12 countries, by which changes in the East Asia Trade Network are also expected. For this reason, this study examined the impact that TPP would have on East Asia Trade Network. According to the result of this study, it was determined that TPP, as the regulation and system which will lead globalization of the supply chain, will change Supply Chain structure and result in a positive effect on Value Chain. This will have a significant impact on the East Asian trade network, and connect to enhanced competitiveness of participating enterprises. In addition, TPP seems to be the basis for realization of FTAAP(Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific) in the future, Therefore, Korea who has high Degree of Dependence upon Foreign Trade will have to pay make political effort to effectively deal with this changing trading environment in East Asia.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2015

North Korean leader Kim, Jung-Il visited Beijing, China, May 2010, when he made a common recognition with Chinese President Hu Jintao on construction of the Rasun SEZ and the Hwanggumpyong-Wyhwado SEZ for development of Economic cooperation between N.Korea and China and accelerating establishment of SEZs in N.Korea. However, after N.Korea's third nuclear test on Feb. 2013, the relationship between N.Korea and China became a little worse. Recently, three nations' border region near Rasun in N.Korea is reconsidered that it is very important place for collaboration between and among 2, 3 or 4 countries, S.Korea, N.Korea, China and Russia. This thesis examined these changes of cooperation and plans among the countries near the border region and proposed some measures for participation of S.Korea on the projects in the Rasun region.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.289-303
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• 2015

This paper is an introductory research to theorize women migrants' positionality in the era of globalization and the feminization of migration. It particularly examines three recent theoretical approaches within feminist studies and their application to the feminist migration study. Migration means a process of continuous negotiations of one's social and material positions within ever changing relations and situations through crossing various borders including national boundaries. Women migrants face multifaceted oppressions due to gendered relation and greater challenges to transform their identities. They embody politics of location through migration. The paper revolves around theories that explore a potential of feminist subjectivation of marginalized women such as female migrants through their identity negotiation and transformation. The theories in questions are Borderlands and the New Mestiza introduced by Gloria $Anzald{\acute{u}}a$, Intersectionality of oppressions, and Transpositions and the Nomadic Subjects by Rosi Braidotti who borrowed the theories of Deleuze and Guattari through feminist critiques. These theories all represent power relations and subject transformations through spatial metaphors. rough spatialized understandings, the paper proposes interlocking relations among space, gender and migration, and explores conceptual tools as well as epistemological insights for Korean migration study.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.429-438
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• 2023

The forest in the lower Tumen River serves as an important ecosystem spanning the territories of North Korea, Russia, and China, and it provides habitat and movement corridors for diverse mammals, including the endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris) and Amur leopard (Panthera pardus). This study focuses on the Mijiang area, situated as a potential ecological corridor connecting North Korea and China in the lower Tumen River, playing a crucial role in conserving and restoring the biodiversity of the Korean Peninsula. This study aimed to identify mammal species and estimate their relative abundance, occupancy, and distribution based on the 48 camera traps installed in the Mijiang area from May 2019 to May 2021. The results confirmed the presence of 18 mammal species in the Mijiang area, including large carnivores like tigers and leopards. Among the dominant mammals, four species of ungulates showed high occupancy and detection rates, particularly the Roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and Wild boar (Sus scrofa). The roe deer was distributed across all areas with a predicted high occupancy rate of 0.97, influenced by altitude, urban residential areas, and patch density. Wild boars showed a predicted occupancy rate of 0.73 and were distributed throughout the entire area, with factors such as wetland ratio, grazing intensity, and spatial heterogeneity in aspects of the landscape influencing their occupancy and detection rates. Sika deer (Cervus nippon) exhibited a predicted occupancy rate of 0.48, confined to specific areas, influenced by slope, habitat fragmentation diversity affecting detection rates, and the ratio of open forests impacting occupancy. Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) displayed a very low occupancy rate of 0.06 along the Tumen River Basin, with higher occupancy in lower altitude areas and increased detection in locations with high spatial heterogeneity in aspects. This study confirmed that the Mijiang area serves as a habitat supporting diverse mammals in the lower Tumen River while also playing a crucial role in facilitating animal movement and habitat connectivity. Additionally, the occupancy prediction model developed in this study is expected to contribute to predicting mammal distribution within the disrupted Tumen River basin due to human interference and identifying and protecting potential ecological corridors in this transboundary region.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1565-1569
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• 2008

지난 수십 년 동안, 아시아 태평양 지역 각국은 수자원 접근성 및 인프라의 확충을 포함한 물관리의 다양한 측면에서 현저히 발전하였다고 평가되고 있다. 그러나 급속한 인구 증가 및 경제 성장, 도시화, 기존 수자원의 고갈 등은 아태 지역의 물 수요가 여전히 충족시키지 못하는 원인이다. 또한 기후변화로 인한 환경적 변화를 고려하여 모든 수자원정책의 입안 및 계획이 이루어져야 한다. 경제적 성장률은 전반적으로 높았지만 빈곤 문제는 역시 도시나 농촌을 구분할 것 없이 만성적인 문제로 남아 있으며, 아태 지역 개도국 인구의 16%가 영양실조 상태이며, 2015년까지 그 수를 반감하자는 밀레니엄 개발목표(Millenium Development Goals, MDGs) 달성은 아직 갈 길이 멀다. 또한 아태 지역은 물 관련 재해에 대해 전 세계에서 가장 취약한 지역이며 그로 인한 지속가능한 발전이 지체되고 있다. 1960년부터 2006년까지 물 관련 재해로 인한 전 세계 사상자의 80%에 달하는 60만 명의 사상이 아태 지역에서 발생하였으며, 80억 달러의 경제적 손실이 있었다. 홍수, 가뭄, 쓰나미, 폭풍, 해일 등으로 인한 사회경제적 피해는 최근 들어 더욱 확산되고 있다. 지난 10년간의 급속한 인구 증가로 많은 인구가 범람지대 및 기타 재해 취약 지역에 거주하게 되었으며, 이는 물 인프라 확충을 위한 많은 투자를 요하고 있다. 2006년 3월 멕시코에서 개최된 제4차 세계물포럼의 지역별 추진과정에서 아태 지역은 생태계, 인구, 정치적 제도 및 사회경제적 환경 등 각국의 다양성이 이와 같은 공통된 물문제 해결에 기반이 될 수 있는 요소임에 공감하고 지속적인 수자원 확보와 올바른 수자원관리에 공동의 노력을 기울여 효율적인 메커니즘을 구성을 통해 아태 지역의 사회경제적 발전을 촉구하기로 하였다. 이에 아시아 태평양 물포럼(Asia-Pacific Water Forum)이라는 새로운 이니셔티브가 구성되었고 물 관련 재원 조달 및 인프라 확보를 통해 국경을 초월하는 협력을 증진하고 재해 관리와 조화로운 수자원 개발과 생태 보호등을 위한 일관된 수자원정책 수립과 프로그램 개발 등을 목표로 설정하여 활동을 시작하였다. 아시아 태평양 물정상회의(이하 아태 물정상회의, Asia-Pacific Water Summit(APWS))는 이러한 목표 달성을 구체화하기 위해 각국의 지도자 및 정책입안자에 밀레니엄 개발목표(MDGs) 달성을 위해 물 문제가 얼마나 중요한지 부각시키고 실질적인 정책 결정에 기여하기 위해 제안되었다. 제1차 아태 물정상회의가 2007년 12월 3-4일 양일에 걸쳐 일본 벳부에서 개최되었고, 2008년 G8 정상회담이나 2009년 제5차 세계물포럼에 직접적으로 연계되어 지역 협력을 주도한 가운데 아태 지역 뿐 아니라 전 지구적으로 인류 및 사회 발전을 위한 이정표로 새로운 수자원 네트워크 발돋움의 계기가 되었다.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.91-114
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• 2007

With rapid economic development in China, cargoes from and to China are growing significantly. The 3 Northeast Provinces of China(named Liaoniang, Jilin, Heilongjiang provinces), bordering the Korean Peninsular, is not exception in development of international trade. However long distance from the 3 Northeast Provinces to seaports generates huge transit time and costs because Dalian port is far away almost 1,000km from Jilin and Heiloongjiang Provinces. The new intermodal transport route through the port of Jarubino located in the Russian Far East is under way to reduce the costs incurred from inland transport. This paper investigates the competitiveness of the new international intermodal transport route from the 3 Northeast Provinces in terms of transit time and transport costs. According to the results of this research, The establishment of the new international intermodal transport with development of Jarubino port is expected to increase the competitiveness of trade cargoes from the 3 Northeast Provinces while Korea has a good opportunity to join the port development in the Russian Far East. Futhermore the port of Busan is also benefited the growing transit cargoes from the new intermodal transport route.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.277-286
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• 2017

Mt. Baekdu which located the border of North Korea and China, is known as a potentially active volcano in a typical mountainous terrain. A lahar on the volcanic area is one of the important hazard that can cause the loss of life and property damage. In order to comprehensively address the impact of lahar hazard at Mt. Baekdu, we simulated lahar inundation area using Laharz_py. We assumed 750 m of additional elevation for DEM to draw proximal hazard zone boundary (PHZB) of Mt. Baekdu that H/L ratio are selected 0.10. And lahar volumes for simulation were estimated to $1{\times}10^6$, $5{\times}10^6$, $1{\times}10^7$, $5{\times}10^7$, $1{\times}10^8$, $5{\times}10^8$, $1{\times}10^9m^3$, respectively. In the results, 15 streams are located near a proximal hazard zone boundary, Amnok (Yalu) river (south), Toudaosonghua river, Jinjiang river and Huapi river (west-southwest), Songjiang river, Xiaosha river, Caozi river and Sandaosongjian river (west-northwest), Toudaobai river, Erdaobai river and Sandabai river (north), Wudaobai river-1, -2, -3 (northeast) and Duman (Tumen) river (east). The results of this study can be used as basic data to make a hazard map for reduce the damage that can be caused by volcanic hazards occurred on Mt. Baekdu.