• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.77-96
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• 2018

We investigated and analyzed three Korean island sites (Bijin-do, Ae-do, and Bogil-do) and one Japanese site (Tachibanayama) of sword-leaf litsea (Actinodaphne lancifolia) forests, known as the climax forest, to discuss the vegetation succession sere of warm-temperature evergreen broad-leaved forests. We then reviewed the literature in Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan to consider the distribution characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forests, vegetation succession sere, and climax tree species. Although Mt. Tachibana and Ae-do showed the most advanced vegetation structure, the soil and ordination (CCA) analysis indicated that it was not enough to consider that the sword-leaf litsea forest was at the climax stage in the warm-temperature region. The Actinodaphne lancifolia forest is sparsely distributed in Korea and Japan while the common types of vegetation in the warm temperate zone region in East Asia are Machilus spp., Castanopsis spp., and Cyclobalanopsis spp. The vegetation succession sere of the Korean warm-temperature region is thought to have a secondary succession such as Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora, Q. serrata (early stage) through Machilus thunbergii, innamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Actinodaphne lancifolia (middle stage) to Castanopsis sieboldii, Q. acuta, Q. salicina (climax stage). However, Machilus thunbergii will be the climax species as an edaphic climax in places where there is a strong influence of the sea wind, or it is difficult to supply the seeds of Castanopsis spp. and Cyclobalanopsis spp.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the vegetation of wetland and terrestrial lands in Jangdo wetland conserved area in Korea and to analyze the characteristics of the vegetation changes in the recent years. From the plant community, there were evergreen broad-leaved forests of the Machilus thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata, and Machilus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata communities. Moreover, there were deciduous broad-leaved forests of the Salix koreensis, Mallotus japonicus, Mallotus japonicus-Pueraria thunbergiana and Celtis sinensis communities. Additionally, there were shrub forests of the Rosa multiflora-Rubus hirsutus, grassland of Molinia japonica-Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Imperata cylindrica communities, and plantation forest of the Pseudosasa japonica community. The area of the wetland vegetation (15%) was much narrower than that of the terrestrial land vegetation (85%). Comparing these results with those of the past 10 years, the wetland plant communities decreased by one-third and the proportion of neutral or dry plant communities increased. In order to mitigate landization succession of the wetland and maintain native wetland vegetation in this area, the expansion of the Salix koreensis community must be controlled to a suitable scale. In addition, it is urgently required to remove the invasive non-wetland plants, such as Pseudosasa japonica and Pueraria thunbergiana.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.649-652
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• 2009

Nutritional compositions in edible portion of Castanopsis cuspidata seeds were investigated. Moisture content of Castanopsis cuspidata was 24.72 (Wt. %), crude protein was 2.19% (Wt. %), crude lipid was 0.83% (Wt. %), ash was 1.04% (Wt. %), and carbohydrate was 52.63% (Wt. %) in Castanopsis cuspidata seeds. Major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine and histidine, and minor ones were alanine, serine, proline, and valine. Sucrose was the highest content of free sugar in the seed. Major fatty acids were linolenic acid (18:3), palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1). Major minerals were P, K, Mg, Zn and Ca at the level of 88.31, 26.00, 13.20, 10.90, and 3.93 mg/100 g, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.352-365
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• 1997

As a serials of researches for the restoration model of evergreen broad-leaved forests, the restoration strategies of the case study areas were proposed. Restoration type of vegetation were classified into an improvement type and a reconstruction type and a reconstruction type for Wando(Island). Improvement type of restoration was suggested for Mokdo(Island). Quercus acuta community, Q. salicina community, Neolitsea sericea community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Machilus thunbergii community, Cinnamomum japonicum community, etc. were suggested as a restoration goal of vegetation for Sando(Island). Machlus thunvergii community was suggested as a restoration goal of vegetation for Mokdo(Island). Also the species restoration olan of the Wando(Island) was prepared for Quercus salicina of Fagaceae and Ostrya japonica of Betulaceae those which the natural distribution and population size were very limited. There was no species which needed for species restoration urgently at Mokdo(Island).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.246-257
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• 2005

The flora was summarized as 176 taxa; 66families, 135genera, 147species,25varieties and 4forms in Mulgun-ni Windbreak Forest and 1531axa; 63families, 123genera, 138species, 13varieties and 2forms in Mijo-ri Windbreak Forest. The Specific Plant Species which is categorized by the Minisoy of Environment, Korea, was summarized as 24 taxa for the Degree I and 3 taxa for the Degree III in Mulgun-ni Windbreak Forest: Eusraphis japonica(Staphyleaceae), Aphananthe aspera(Ulmaceae), Ficus erecta(Moraceae), Puccinellia coreensis (Gramineae), Rhus succedanea(Anacariaceae), Koelreuteria paniculata(Sapindaceae) and 28 taxa for the Degree 1 and 7 taxa for the Degree III in Mijo-ri Windbreak Forests: Castanopsis cuspidata val. sieboldii(Fagaceae), Rubus h irsutus(Rosaceae), Elaeagnus macrophylla(Elaeagnaceae), Cinnamom urn japonic urn (Lauraceae), flex integra (Aquifuliaceae) and Lazoste lancEyolia(Lauraceae). From the enlisted vascular plants surveyed, the naturalized plants were 17 taxa in Mulgun-ni Windbreak Forest and 9 taxa in Mijo-ri Windbreak Forests with the Naturalization Index was 9.7 percent and 5.9 percent respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.8-24
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• 1981

This paper contains the results obtained by ecological investigation of flora in Sogumoon Island of the southern coast in Korea. Fifty varieties, 455 species, 322 genera and 104 family of Tracheophyta were recorded island showed a plant community predcominated by Pinus thunbergii grwon in miggle with Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Litsea japonica, Albizzia julibrissin, Carpinus coreana, Carpinus laxiflora, Mallotus japonica and Clerodendron trichotomum. Sixtythree species in Sogumoon Island and 64 species in Pogil Island of evergreen broad-leaved trees were recorded by this investitgations. The plant resources of this island were 203 species. The evergreen broad-leaved trees of this island wre valuable for landscaping material plants and the evergreenherbs were valuable for foliage-plants resources. The flora breaking in this island was due to cuttinf for fuel and grazing cattle and goats. Therefore Machilus thunbergii, Ardisia japonica, Ficus miponica, Kadsura japonica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, etc. should be preserved. Autochonous flora of Buxus microphyllac, Fius erecta, Machilus thunbergii, Kadsura japonica, Ardisia japonica, Mitchella undulata, etc. should be preserved.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2012

This study was conducted to provide basic information for conservation and restoration through investigation of vegetation structure on the Euchresta japonica Hook. f. ex Regel (Korean endangered species) in Mt. Halla in Jeju Island. Very few individuals were discontinuously distributed and restricted at 220 m above sea level, very steep slope ($40-50^{\circ}$), rocky area of north face of Donneko Valley. For investigation of environmental condition, we established $10{\times}20\;m$ quadrat and one control $20{\times}20\;m$ quadrat in the habitats. Thirty three species were found at habitat under 10-16 m Castanopsis sieboldii tree layer (70-80%). The principal causes of threat which were investigated in this study are competition among companies, very steep slopes, artificial management of valley. For restoration and conservation of habitats, it is needed to suitable plans.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2005

The Quaternary palynoflora from Cheongsu core, drilled on the western part of the Jeju Island, consists mainly of deciduous broad-leaved angiosperms and herbs. Dominant taxa are Pinaceae, Alnus, Castanea/Castanopsis, Ulmus/Zelkova, Chenopodiaceae and Compositae. Based on palynofloral composition, two palynostratigraphic zones are recognized. Zone I is characterized by a predominance of Alnus and Chenopodiaceae, and by the abundance of herbs. Zone II is dominated by conifers and deciduous broad-leaved angiosperms, including Abies, Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, Ulmus/Zelkova and Gramineae. The Cheongsu palynoflora can be correlated with Alnipollenites(Alnus)-Chenopodipollis(Chenopodiaceae)-Compositae Assemblage Zone of the East China Sea and is assigned to the Pleistocene in age. Ecology of main taxa and comparison with the present vegetation of Korea suggest a cool temperate climate and a low relief in the Jeju Island during the deposition of the Cheongsu core sediments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.327-357
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• 2011

This study compared the species composition and distribution of the forest communities between Korea and Japan using vegetation releve database. The study included the eastern and southern Korean Peninsula, Is. Jeju, Is. Ulreung, northern Kyushu, central part of Japan and Is. Tsushima and divided in fourteen region with major mountain as the center. Seventy-nine forest communities were classified by tabular comparison with the total of 1844 releves. In the composition table, fifty-four groups of plant species were listed. Some grew in one area exclusively, while others were present in multiple locations. This study showed the similarity and heterogeneity of species composition among study areas. We grouped fourteen types showing similar physiognomy for forest communities. The physiognomical features of the vertical vegetation zones in the study area were similar, however, dominant species and species composition were different between the regions. In the lowland zone, Castanopsis-Type dominated by Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii or Castanopsis cuspidata were distributed in the study area except for northern part of the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. Additionally, Persea thunbergii-Type was distributed widely in the lowest part of the study area, however, it showed the simplification of the species composition in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. In the hilly zone, evergreen forest composed by Abies firma-Type distributed in northern Kyushuand Is. Tsushima, but it was absent in the other study region. The difference in forest community was conspicuous, especially in the montane zone. Deciduous broadleaved forests composed Quercus(D)-Type and Fagus-Type widely distributed in the montane of study area. However, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica and Fagus multinervis flourished in Korea. On the otherhand, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, Fagus crenata and F. japonica distributed in Japan. In the sub-alpine zone, evergreen coniferous forest composed Abies-Quercus(D)-Type, Abies koreana-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type were distributed in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Jeju. Forests composed Taxus cuspidata var. nana-Type, Abies mariesii-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type distributed in the central part of Japan. As a result of DCA ordination, evergreen broadleaved forests of the whole study area showed the lower scores along the first axis, while deciduous and coniferous forests showed the higher scores. The forest types of western part of Japan were located the higer scores, forest types of the Korean Peninsula were located the lower scores, and forest types of Is. Jeju located in the middle. Warmth index (WI) and Annual range of temperature in climate factor were highly correlated on the first axis. The first axis reflected the gradient from oceanic climatic to continental one. The higher the altitude and further geographically, the lower the similarity among communities and the peculiarity of community appeared stronger. The historical background reflecting local flora has strongly influenced on development of community.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.3-19
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• 1978

Five species, Abies koreana Wilson (A. koreana), Castanopsis cuspidata var. Sieboldii Nakai (C. Cuspidata). Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (M. thunbergii), Styrax japonica (S. japonica), and Quercus acuta Thunberg(Q. acuta) growing in the southern part of Korea were selected for the investigation of wood properties. In order to evaluate the wood properties of these five species, anatomical, physical, mechanical, chemical and pulping characteristics were investigated. And this study also covered wood technological problems related to the drying, gluing, debarking, flooring, and wood workability so that these species might serve to the best advantage. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The trunk of A. koreana with many knots was straight. However, the trunks of S. japonica and C. cuspidata were crooked. 2. A. koreana showed the longest and the widest ill the fiber morphology; 2.97mm in length, 39.3${\mu}$ in width. In general, fiber width of all the species investigated were greater than those of other Korean hardwoods. 3. The specific gravity of Q. acuta was 0.74${\pm}$0.03, and that of A.koreana was 0.34${\pm}$0.02. The range of specific gravity of the other species was 0.47-0.52. 4. The adsorption of water was propotioned inversely with the specific gravity, but the adsorption of humidity was proportioned with the specific gravity. In spite of their medium density, S. japonica showed the greatest adsorption, and M. thunbergii the least. The water adsorption of cross section was twice greater than that of lateral direction, and there was a slight difference in between the radial and the tangential direction. 5. Shrinkage for tested five species was ranged from 5.36 to 10.24% in tangential direction, and 2.83~6.13% in radial direction. Q. acuta recorded the greatest shrinkage rate, and A. koreana the least. The greater was the specific gravity, the larger was the shrinkage rate. 6. The mechanical properties of Q. acuta were similar to those of Quercus mongolica which grow in Kangwon-Do. Strength properties of C. cuspidata, M. thunbergii, A. koreana were equivalent to those of other Korean commercial woods with similar specific gravity, except S. japonica which showed slightly higher strength than that of other species with similar density. 7. Higher glue joint strength for urea and phenol adhesieves was recorded in the species of M. thunbergii and C. cuspidata, however, high-density species(Q. acuta) and even low-density species(A. koreana) did not show good joint strength. 8. The attractive figure of M. thunbergii in texture seemed to he appreciated for decoration. And the grain and texture of other species were proper for furniture and building materials. 9. All of the species except Q. acuta were considered good for wood workability. 10. The denser the specific gravity was, the longer the drying time took. However, severe drying defects were formed in M. thunbergii whose density was medium. 11. All the species were considered suitable for the flooring wood expect A. koreana whose density was light. 12. Pentosan component in all the species was great, and the amount of extractives in Q. acuta was worth noticing. 13. Yield in kraft pulp was above the level of economic pulp yield, i.e. 45% in all species. 14. Debarking was easy in the species of A. koreana and M. thunbergii, and debarking after being boiled in water was the most efficient in all species.