• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6135-6142
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• 2012

This study is conducted to understand the different characteristic of the inner and outer spacing of Sarangche Numaru according to their geographical location conditions during its construction in 15-16th century. The results showed; first, for hill-type, the side of the Numaru that is in contact with the Sarang Madang makes a short side of Sarangche Numaru regardless of the Orientation and for flatland-type, the side of the Numaru in contact with the Sarang Madang makes a long side of Sarangche Numaru. Secondly, for hill-type, Sarang Madang is not focused as the main view, instead it supports the view of the mountains that are around however, for flatland-type, Sarang Madang is focused as the main view therefore, an inner garden is formed inside Sarang Madang. Lastly, for hill-type, Cho Shan is used as an appropriative landscape while for flatland-type, Sarang Madang is used as the main view and an inner garden is formed because of the diversification of Sarang Madang's function.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2006

Digital filters designed using wavelet theory are applied to bathymetry data acquired from KR5 area of Korea Deepsea Mining Area. The filters used in this study are the linear B-spline wavelet filter and derivative of a Cubic B-spline filter. With proper tuning of the digital filters, we can identify the location and orientation of the abyssal hill and abyssal trough in bathymetry. These features obtained from the digital filters are well correlated with bathymetric image. This quantitative information, which can be used to understand the underlying geophysical processes, can be further processed to obtain the spacing, orientation and distribution of the abyssal hill. This wavelet analysis of bathymetry provides good data to select the mining site.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.38-55
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• 2021

Cherwon Castle is located in Pungcheonwon, Cherwon, in the center of the Korean Peninsula. Currently, it is split across the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Koreas. It attracts attention as a symbol of inter-Korean reconciliation and as cultural heritage that serves as data in making important policy decisions on the DMZ. Despite its importance, however, there has not been sufficient investigation and research done on Cherwon Castle. This is due to the difficulty involved in investigation and research and is caused by the site's inaccessibility. As a solution, the current investigative methods in satellite and aerial archeology can be applied to interpret and analyze the structure of Cherwon Castle and the features of its inner space zoning. Cherwon Castle was built on the five flat hills that begin in the northern mountainous hills and stretch to the southwest. The inner and outer walls were built mainly on the hilly ridges, and the palace wall was built surrounding a flat site that was created on the middle hill. For each wall, the sites of the old gates, which were erected in various directions , have been identified. They seem to have been built to fit the direction of buildings in the castle and the features of the terrain. The castle was built in a diamond shape. The old sites of the palace and related buildings and landforms related to water drainage were identified. It was verified that the roads and the gates were built to run from east to west in the palace. In the spaces of the palace and the inner castle, flat sites were created to fit different landforms, and building sites were arranged there. Moreover, the contour of a reservoir that is believed to be the old site of a pond has been found; it lies on the vertical extension of the center line that connects the palace and the inner castle. Between the inner castle and the outer castle, few vestiges of old buildings were found, although many flat sites were discovered. Structurally, Cherwon Castle is rotated about nine degrees to the northeast, forming a planar rectangle. The planar structure derives from the castle design that mimics the hilly landform, and the bending of the southwestern wall also attests to the intention of the architects to avoid the wetland. For now, it is impossible to clearly describe the functions and characters of the building sites inside the castle. However, it is believed that the inner castle was marked out for space for the palace and government offices, while the space between the outer and inner castle was reserved as the living space for ordinary people. The presence of the hilly landform diminishes the possibility that a bangri (grid) zoning system existed. For some of the landforms, orderly zoning cannot be ruled out, as flat areas are commonly seen. As surveys have yet to be conducted on the different castles, the time when the walls were built and how they were constructed cannot be known. Still, the claim to that the castle construction and the structuring of inner spaces were inspired by the surrounding landforms is quite compelling.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.27-37
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• 2012

This study investigated granite landforms formed by Hantan-gang fluvial erosion and deposition, or by weathering in the area neighboring the Seungil-gyo bridge in Cheorwon-gun Gangwon-do Korea, in which the contact zone of Myeongseongsan granite and Cheorwon lava plateau creates a unique landform. Major granite landforms are deeply weathered hill, sheet erosional landform, paleo-landform surface and paleosoil, micro-fluvial landforms such as pothole and groove, granite rampart, sand bar and boulder bar, former riverbed. And river cliffs on a weakly weathered dome act as a barrier to lateral shifting of the river.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 2014

The purposes of this study is to investigate spatial structure characteristics of earthen walled fortresses based on topography, which are locational and Plane morphology, Cross sections of earthworks. Target areas of this study are 37 earthen walled fortresses which are designated as cultural properties. This study is conducted with methodologies of literature review, field investigation, investigation on topography materials and relation analyses of topography&spatial structure. The results from study on spatial structure of earthen walled fortresses are as follows. First, Earthen walled fortresses on flat topography were adjacent to water systems like rivers or streams. Plane morphology showed regular shapes. The cross section morphology presented trapezoid the most with earthworks of which outer and inner walls were built. Second, More than 70% of earthen walled fortresses on hilly topography had water system within close range of approximately 1.5km. Plane morphology was mainly with more than 73% of irregular types. Cross sections of earthworks were of morphology with more than 86% of bordered type and another type leaning against existing topography like mountains. Third, 59% of earthen walled fortresses in mountain areas had water system within their close range, which indicated that they depended on external water system less than those with hilly topography. Plane morphology was mainly with more than 67% of irregular types. Cross sections of earthworks were of monoslope method with more than 94% of bordered type and another type leaning against mountains.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.85-100
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• 2011

We were to investigate the geomorphological environment of optimum location in the object of Bronze Age's dwelling site (hereinafter called dwelling site) of total of 205 units confirmed in the 'Cheonan Baekseokdong Relic Group' distributed in hill of the uppermost stream part in the watershed of Jangjae stream in Cheonan, Chungnam Province. To do this, we classified the hill of the object of investigation where dwelling sites were distributed as 8 units of slope micro-landforms and again by combining them with the grade of gradient of 5 units subdivided them into ultra-micro-landforms of total 40 units. On the foundation of this, in the viewpoints of 'gradients of each of micro-landforms' analyzed the 'number of dwelling sites' and 'dwelling site distribution density (measure: number of dwelling sites/1000m²) of 'Cheonan Baekseokdong Relic Group'. As the result, the optimum landform environment where the dwelling sites were located were found to be largely 5 units of ultra-micro-landforms - ① flat land of crest flat, ② gentle slope land of crest flat, ③ flat land of crest slope, ④ gentle slope land of crest slope and ⑤ semi-gentle slope land of crest slope. This analyzed material will be used from now on as basic material which can predict the distribution of dwelling sites of Bronze Age men who dwelled in the watershed of Jangjae stream.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.97-108
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• 2014

Naesung stream famous for 'sandy river', a tributary to the Nakdong River, flows through Yeongju-Bonghwa Basin, its drainage. If the dismantlement of granitic hills in basin is in final stage, weathering materials from hills into stream are finer materials like silty or sandy loam than coarse sand, because sand as weathering mantles is provided from granitic hills, in general. So the granitic hills in Yeongju-Bonghwa basin is dissecting present. As a results of the CIA analysis(A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM ternary diagram), chemical weathering of granitic grus in Yeongju-Bonghwa basin is too very weak for calcium and sodium to be dissolved and go as far as to be more weak than that of Jeongeup, Nonsan and Namwon, common granitic grus in Korean Peninsula. Therefore, the chemical characteristics of granitic hills in Yeongju-Bonghwa basin show that the alteration of weathering mantles just finished disintegration and is dissected at a standstill. Plenty of sands provided from granitic hills is filling the channel of Naesung stream.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.229-246
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• 2002

This study is a contribution to the geographical understanding of Daejeon Area, playing the role of principal center of Choongchong Province. This area has been urbanized associated with Daejeon Basin, an important natural unit in the middle part of South Korea. In order to understand Daejeon Area in geographer's view, it is necessary to elucidate geomorphological environment of Daejeon Basin and urban expansion pattern associating with it. Our research is converged into dual objectives: one, description and interpretation of basin's landforms; other, urban expansion relating with geomorphological condition. Daejeon's urban expansion has progressed from the border zone of Daejeon Basin toward into the basin, and then vice versa. Relating to rivers valleys in the basin, the urbanization in the basin has been extended from the river valleys of lower order toward those of higher order. Understanding of the geomorphological mosaique of Daejeon basin is an important base for that of urban mosaique of Daejeon City.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.99-110
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• 2010

This study elucidates the interrelationship between climatic, morpological, and hydraulic milieu in the drainage basins of Keum-gae river from the viewpoint of ecogeography. The region of this basin is located at low-relief hills. Because hills are made up of granitic regolith by deep weathering, the rate of permeability is very high. And, the speed of drainage is very fast, and the deficit of water easily revealed and BOD is very high. Therefore a great deals of efforts are needed for the maintenance of stable milieu.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.859-865
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• 2011

This study looked into 110 sites of orchard fields to investigate the relationships between the physical and chemical properties of soils, including heavy metal contents, and the topographic characteristics of the fields in Jeonbuk province. The topographic distribution of orchard fields in Jeonbuk province was local valley and fans, hilly and mountains, mountain foot slopes, alluvial plains, diluvium, and fluvio-marine deposits. Forty-six percent (46%) of total orchard fields were located in the hilly and mountains. Soil texture of the local valley and fans was mostly sandy clay loam, and the soil texture of other topographical sites were varied. Bulk density, porosity, and soil hardness were not different among the various topographic sites. The content of plant available water was the highest (19.5%) in the sites of diluvium. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ content were the highest in the sites of fluvio-marine deposits, whereas the contents of soil organic matter (SOM), available phosphorus, and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $Na^+$ were not significantly different among the topographic sites. Also, soil pH and SOM content were generally in optimal ranges for the fruit plants in the orchard fields, but other values were mostly higher than those in optimum. In addition, the contents of heavy metals were much lower than the levels of Soil Contamination Warning Standard.