• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping ability of three Ni-Ti file systems used by dental students or the experts and consequently to aid in choosing a proper systems for educational courses of dental students and beginners. Fifty students and ten dentists who have clinical experience over two years prepared 180 simulated root canals in resin blocks with three Ni-Ti systems; $ProFile^{(R)}\;(PF),\;HeroShaper^{(R)}\;(HS),\;K3^{TM}\;(K3)$. After preparation, the Ni-Ti files were evaluated for distortion and canal preparation time was recorded. The images of pre- and post-instrumented canals were scanned and superimposed. Amounts of increased canal widths, deviation, and centering ratio were calculated at apical 1, 3 and 5 mm levels and statistical analysis was performed The results were as follows : 1. HS showed the shortest preparation time and instrumented canal width in K3 was significantly larger than other groups (P<0.05). 2. At 1 and 3mm levels, all groups had outward deviation. In student group, at the 1mm level, PF had the least deviation (P<0.05). 3. In the centering ratio, the PF had the best centering ability compared to the others at 5mm level. At 1 and 3mm levels, HS and PF had better abilities than K3. Student group had better ratio than the expert at 3mm level with PF (P<0.05). Based on the results, it is surmised that the $ProFile^{(R)}$ is the safest and most ideal instrument for students and beginners.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.62-80
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• 1988

The main purpose of this study was to find out the actual status of safety and heal th education activities in the manufacturing industries through survey of 136 plants in Seoul City and Gyunggi- Province Area which employ nurses being charged in the safety and health care services to the employees. A questionaire was mailed to the employees on the Mar. 2, 1987. Total 634 responds from 87 industries were collected by Apr. 20, 1987. Among the total, 618 responds from 80 industries were included in the analysis. The major findings obtainded from this study are summarized as follows; 1. Safety and health education activities in each industry: 1) The $67.6\%$ of safety directors surveyed were performing the education to the employees. And in case of medical directors, it was $18.8\%$ of them. 2) Periodically, annual safety' and health education programs were being drawn up in the $65.0\%$ of the industries (52 companies). And the $60.6\%$ of the planners were safety directors of safety staffs in charge. 3) It was only $27.5\%$ of the companies surveyed in which the safety and health education were performed more than an hour every month. In the $22.5\%$ of the companies, neither safety programs nor health education activities were performed. 4) In the $47.5\%$ of them, safety and health educations were performed in cooperation with related agencies such as health center. 2. The rate of employees participated in safety and health educations; 1) The received rates by subjects of the educations when labors were newly employed to their companies were as follows; education regarding danger and profer handling method of machinery and appliances: $64.2\%$, education regarding noxiousness and handling method of raw materials: $42.2\%$, etc. 2) The $63.6\%$ of the labors received educations on safety and health when they changed their work places. 3) The $74.8\%$ of the labors received specific safety and health educations. 4) The general safety and health educations were received by the $47.2\%$ of management and clerical personnel and $50.0\%$ of labors pre and post physical examination. 3. The main reasons of inactive performance of the educations were as follows; lack of knowledge and inexperience of the occupational safety and health staffs, lack of cooperations between themselves and low need of workers for safety and health education, etc. 4. The preferable subjects of educations for workers; (1) pre and post education of physical examination, (2) education regarding the prevention of accidents. (3) general health care, sex education and family planning, etc. As a result of this study, we can conclude that the safety and health education work in industries as the subject of this study is on the incipient stage. Appropriate measures are to be taken for the activation of safety and health education work such as; continuous public relations, financial and technical supports of the government, training of professional/occupational safety and health staffs, efforts of workers to receive the education and collaborations of the employers.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.99-116
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• 1988

This study examined the effect of Health Education on the aged. One of the Study objectives was to improve knowledge. attitude and self-care practice about diabetes of the aged who have responded positive in the urine sugar test. The other study objective was to find out factors influencing knowledge. attitude and self-care practice about diabetes. and the relationship among the three variables. The subjects, consisting of 45 positive responders in the urine sugar test, were selected from the elderly who attend elderly citizen center in southern part of Seoul Then they were divided into an experimental and a control group. The study design was set to compare the pre and post test data between the experimental and the control group with the measures of results from Health Education services including nursing care intervention programs on the aged diabetics. The first data collection was carried out in August. 1986 through questionaires and urine sugar testing. The second data collection was done in September, 1987 through the same methods. The results of the study are summarized as follows; 1. General characteristics of the subjects The experimental group has 9 females and 14 males and the control group has 12 females and 10 males. As for the educational level, more than half of the subjects in both group had completed at least 6 years of education. And there was no significant difference in urine sugar levels between the two groups. 2. The effect of Health Education on the extent of change in knowledge, attitude and self-care practice about diabetes was found to be significant. The first hypothesis that knowledge, attitude and self-care practice about diabetes in the aged will be unchanged by Health Education. was rejected by increased the three variables and decreased urine suger level in the experimental group. The second hypothesis that knowledge, attitude and self-care practice about diabetes wouldn't be concerned with each other, was rejected. That is. the three variables and urine sugar levels showed a significant positive relationship with each other but diabetic knowledge to urine sugar level had an insignificant positive relationship. The third hypothesis that the amount of learning Health Education will have no relationships with knowledge. attitude and self-care practice about diabetes. was rejected. That is, the more number of times an elderly person participated in Health Education. they increased their diabetic knowledge. attitude and self-care practice and decreased their urine sugar level. 3. Except for Health Education, an other factor influencing diabetic knowledge was educational level. And an other factor influencing the diabetic attitude was experience of the diagnosis of diabetes. 4. Except for Health Education. the other factors influencing self-care practice were experience of the diagnasis of diabetes, sex and experience of the hospitalization for diabetes. But factors influencing urine sugar level weren't found. Although the results seem to be plausible, this study is not without its problems. In paticular, the sample used is limited in its scope and size. So, more empirical work needs to be done for other diseases as well as diabetes before any general conclusions are to be made.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.341-366
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• 2013

The term, Mittelstand, has no exact english translation for the definition, but, today, Mittelstand refers to small and medium-sized enterprises(SME), mostly family-owned firms in Germany. The Mittelstand is called the backbone of the German economy because it drove the economic miracle after World War II. During the global recession and the euro zone's debt crisis in recent years, in which european businesses have faced the near-collapse of competitiveness particularly in manufacturing, the German exports are booming and exceeded exports of China in 2012. Most importantly, the Germany economic performance has been widely attributed to the strength of the Mittelstand. Many of countries, even some leading public companies are seeking to emulate the success of the Mittelstand. Investors evaluate that many of Germany's investable "hidden champions" are Mittelstand companies. The purpose of this study is to present some of answers to the following questions: Firstly, what makes the German Mittelstand so successful? Secondly, what does the success of the German Mittelstand mean for the Korean SMEs in global competitiveness? Thirdly, what Korean government has to do improve the global competitiveness of the Korean SMEs? Some discussions in this study mention the managerial implications for Korean exporting SMEs particularly in manufacturing. Several factors that account for the success of the German Mittelstand are technological excellence and the tradition of family-owned management, concentration on niche market and globalization, and institutional supports. There are some of important lessons to be learned from the German Mittelstand. If the purposes of Korean SMEs want to remain in the sustainable competitive advantage and withstand unforeseen economic turbulences in the future, they must be able to meet the followings: 1) Technology that meets the global standard or exceeding it 2) Competitiveness in price in the global market 3) Active involvement in the globalization process, utilizing various entry modes Innovative products at globally competitive price are a crucial point for Korean exporting SMEs to achieve their competitive edge over others in the target markets abroad. It is time for Korean SMEs to cultivate a core competence in manufacturing in order to position Korea as a global manufacturing hub with SMEs leading.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.716-724
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the elementary school dietitian's status and recognition of nutrition education (NE) in Incheon. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire and subjects were 100 elementary school dietitians. The results are as follows. As for training in NE, $61.2\%$ of the dietitians attended training in NE. After training in NE, $86.5\%$ of the dietitians who attended training in NE were more concerned about NE. Also $59.5\%$ of the dietitians gave students NE and most of them did as a weekly printout 2-4 times per month. There was a significant difference in experience of NE for teachers between subgroups by experience of training in NE; while $48.1\%$ of the dietitians with training in NE gave teachers NE, $20.0\%$ of the dietitians without training in NE gave teachers NE. The main reason for not giving NE was too much work load and low concern of school administration. Also $96.4\%$ of the dietitians answered that NE is necessary in elementary school and the main reason for being necessary was correction of unbalanced diet and good table manner, As for proper time to start NE for children, $51.8\%$ of dietitians answered 'kindergarten' and $45.8\%$ of them answered 'lower grade of elementary school'. As for effective type for NE, $59.5\%$ of the dietitians answered 'NE as a part of other subject' and $23.8\%$ of them answered 'NE as a separate subject'. Also $79.5\%$ of the dietitians answered 'teacher' as the suitable person for NE. Most of the dietitians recognized menu formation as the ideal major work load and office work as the most time-consuming work load. As to job satisfaction, most of them were dissatisfied with office work and NE. Therefore, it is nationally supported for elementary school students' health and well-being that school dietitians as NE specialists give NE with minimizing their office work and developing a standardized NE program.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2013

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to assess the parenting stress in mothers of premature infants and stress related characteristics of mothers and infants. Methods: The methodology was a cross sectional survey study using self-report questionnaires. Participants in this study were 36 mothers of infants with corrected ages of 4 months to 12 months who were born prematurely. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation with the SPSS WIN 19.0 program. Results: The mean score for parenting stress in mothers of premature infants was $74.639{\pm}17.570$, indicating that the mothers actually experienced stress. When mothers were able to have some private time, parenting stress was statistically significantly lower. When the residential status was having one's own house and the local community provided informational support regarding child nurturing, there was a statistically significant decrease in the sub-category of particular infant temperament. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between mothers' depression and parenting stress. Conclusion: These results indicate that there is a need for nursing interventions to increase mothers' private time and to include informational support regarding health management of children including developmental status assessment from local communities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.86-94
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• 2014

To develop a Root Cause Analysis Map which determines the cause of the accident in chemical laboratory, The Root Cause Analysis(RCA) Map for the laboratory areas was sketched from Phase 1 of the accident element to Phase 3 of the accident element, based on the RCA Map which is applied in the petrochemical industry. On the basis of laboratory RCA Map which was classified by using such method. The root causes of the 211 accident cases in laboratories were classified from Phase 4 to Phase 5 by the Cause Factor Charting technique and The cause of the accident data were inputted to EXCEL program. After that, The causes of the accident data were sorted and classified by type and each step. So 'Approximate Primary RCA Map Draft' was written. In addition, it was reaffirmed whether the root causes of 211 accidents of laboratory were appropriate to 'Primary RCA Map Draft'. By complementing the cause which was expected to cause future accidents, the RCA Map for chemical laboratories was developed. Based on 'RCA Map' proposed in this study, the causes of accidents were analysed management systems 35%, monitoring 12.2%, Human Factor Eng. 15.1% and education training 12.1% by the size of the frequency from Phase 1 to Phase 5.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.892-902
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• 2015

Agri-food ICT(Information and Communications Technologies) convergence has been raised as an important issue for agricultural industry competence. In this situation, this study is to enhance agricultural competitiveness and seek to development plan for agricultural corporation by diagnosing informatization level. For this purpose, this study conducted survey on informatization level of 3,019 agricultural corporations and calculated level score. And result is compared with SMEs(Small and Medium Enterprise) informatization survey, including manufacturing and service industries, conducted by Korea Technology & Information Promotion Agency for SMEs in recent agricultural corporations' growing with automation of agricultural production and improving service to customer satisfaction. Evaluation system is established to calculate informatization level score and AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was used by the experts to investigate weighting of assessment area, assessment indicators, assessment items. As a result, agricultural corporation informatization level score was 40.16 points which is lower than the benefitted organization of agri-food IT convergence modeling(43.44 points). By assessment area, the informatization level of promotional environment area was low and investment and training items were analyzed low especially so need to improve urgently. In the analysis result by organization type, agricultural company corporation's informatization level was higher than the agricultural association corporation and 'Processing and distribution' was higher than others by business type. Informatization level of agricultural corporation is 80 percent of 2013 SMEs' level(50.18 points) and 59.4 percent of a large corporation(67.64 points). In particular, big difference is occurred in investment feasibility analysis, informatization investment and education which will be need to improve.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.214-225
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• 2018

In this study, we tried to find out how heat and thermal energy terms are defined and used in Korean science textbooks, and to see if there are any differences in the meaning of these terms used in different areas of science. For this purpose, the contents of 52 science textbooks of elementary, middle and high school published by the 2009 revised curriculum were analyzed. The definition of the term heat is given in the middle school Science(1) and the high school Physics I and II textbooks. Most textbooks define heat as "energy transferred due to a temperature difference (Type I)". Only one textbook of Physics I defines heat as "transfer of energy due to a temperature difference (Type II)". The definition of thermal energy is mostly presented in the middle school Science (2) and the high school Physics I textbooks. Physics I textbooks define the thermal energy as "molecular kinetic energy (Type III)", while Science(2) textbooks define it as Type I or "energy causes temperature change or phase transition of matter (Type IV)". In the texts of textbooks, heat is mainly used as the meaning of Type I or Type III. Thermal energy is mainly used as Type III, but it is also used as Type I in the high school Physics and Chemistry textbooks. The meanings of heat and thermal energy terms used are differed by the area of science. They are mainly used as type I or type III in Physics and Chemistry textbooks, and used as type III in Life Science and Earth Science textbooks.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 1990

This research is focused on the attitudes toward dying and hospice. 4subjects groups are Ca. patient, Ca. patien's family, elderly, medical personnel. A 40 questionare was filled out by each participant. For this study chi-square and T-test was done. The result were as follows : 1. Telling the truth 61.2% of all subject groups agreed upon telling the impending death. About 40% of elderly groups and cancer patient group were disagreed which is the highest percentage in all groups. Particularly medical personnel group were remarkably high in telling the truth. 2. Attitudes of medical personnels 43.3% of all groups agreed upon medical personnels prefer to avoid dying patient. In medical personnel group. 44% of respondents disagred comparably higher than other group. But 37.7% of medical personnel agreed. It showed that medical personnels admitted their negative feelings toward dying patient in considerable degree. 3. Attitudes toward mechanical assistance for life-expanding or hopeless patient. 44.8% of all groups disagreed upon mechanical assistance for hopeless case. Elderly (54.9%) and medical personnels (50%) disagreed, which is higher than cancer patient (33.3%) and (22.8%) of cancer patient's family. 4. Special facility and educational preperation for dying patient. 67.4% of all groups agreed upon the needs of special facility for dying, 81.3% of medical personnels agreed which is highest percentage in all group. 5. Attitudes of family members of dying patient. 82.3% of all groups agreed upon the family members feel annoyed at dying patient. 34% of cancer patient's family member and 48% of cancer patients group agreed, but elderly group showed highest percentage(84%). 6. Perception of dying patient about imminent death. 58.3% of all group thought dying patients are aware of their impanding death even though they had not beent told. 77.3% of medical personnel agreed which is highest percentage in all group.