• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.35-52
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• 1973

Red Yellow Soils occur very commonly in Korea and constitute the important upland soils of the country which are either presently being cultivated or are suitable for reclaiming and cultivating. These soils are distributed on rolling, moutain foot slopes, and terraces in the southern and western parts of the central districts of Korea, and are derived from granite, granite gneiss, old alluvium and locally from limestone and shale. This report is a summary of the morphology, physical and chemical characteristics of Red Yellow Soils. The data obtained from detailed soil surveys since 1964 are summarized as follows. 1. Red-Yellows Soils have an A, Bt, C profile. The A horizon is dark colored coarse loamy or fine loamy with the thin layer of organic matter. The B horizon is dominantly strong brown, reddish brown or yellowish red, clayey or fine loamy with clay cutans on the soil peds. The C horizon varies with parent materials, and is coarser texture and has a less developed structure than the Bt horizon. Soil depth, varied with relief and parent materials, is predominantly around 100cm. 2. In the physical characteristics, the clay content of surface soil is 18 to 35 percent, and of subsoil is 30 to 90 percent nearly two times higher than the surface soil. Bulk density is 1.2 to 1.3 in the surface soil and 1.3 to 1.5 in the subsoil. The range of 3-phase is mostly narrow with 45 to 50 percent in solid phase, 30 to 45 percent in liquid one, and 5 to 25 percent in gaseous state in the surface soil; and 50 to 60 solid, 35 to 45 percent liquid and less than 15 percent gaseous in the subsoil. Available soil moisture capacity ranges from 10 to 23 percent in the surface soil, and 5 to 16 percent in the subsoil. 3. Chemically, soil reaction is neutral to alkaline in soils derived from limestone or old fluviomarine deposits, and acid to strong acid in other ones. The organic matter content of surface soil varying considerably with vegetation, erosion and cultivation, ranges from 1.0 to 5.0 percent. The cation exchange capacity is 5 to 40 me/100gr soil and closely related to the content of organic matter, clay and silt. Base saturation is low, on the whole, due to the leaching of extractable cations, but is high in soils derived from limestone with high content of lime and magnesium. 4. Most of these soils mainly contain halloysite (a part of kaolin minerals), vermiculite (weathered mica), and illite, including small amount of chlorite, gibbsite, hematite, quartz and feldspar. 5. Characteristically they are similar to Red Yellow Podzolic Soils and a part of Reddish Brown Lateritic Soils of the United States, and Red Yellow Soils of Japan. According to USDA 7th Approximation, they can be classified as Udu Its or Udalfs, and in FAO classification system to Acrisols, Luvisols, and Nitosols.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2009

As one of the methods for recycling the FRP from the small and medium waste ships, separation of roving layer from the mat has some merits in a sense of the recycling energy and the environmental effects. Similar characteristics, however, between the roving and the mat even with different ratio of the resin and the glass and the thickness of the roving, much thinner than the mat, make the mechanically automatic differentiation difficult. In this study spectrochemical differentiation between the two layers has been made using (1) boiling concentrated sulfuric acid which can dissolve the resin in the FRP layer, (2) methanol and isopropanol solution saturated with KOH which can dissolve the glass, or (3) hydrogen fluoride(HF) solution which can reacts with $SiO_2$ fragments of the glass. Furthermore coloring water-soluble dye following the HF treatment makes the roving layer more distinguishable photo-physically.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2008

Stone cultural heritages in Korea are mostly situated out door without any notable protection thus there are severe damage from chemical and biological weathering. This in turn, causes deformation and structural damage. To counter act this problem and to increase durability, various kinds of conservation materials are used in the conservation and restoration treatment. However, there are not many practical and technological experiment done on this subject. This paper attempts quantitative evaluation of effectiveness of ethylsilicate based resin for Namsan granite in Gyeongju. When two different materials with different ethylsilicate concentration were compared, the result indicated decrease of absorption and porosity with increase of ultrasonic velocities, uniaxial compressive strength, elastic constant, tensile strength and Poisson's ratio. In addition, comparison of physical characteristic of the conservation material resulted favorably toward ones with higher concentration of ethylsilicate. This is due to the ethylsilicates characteristic to fill the internal pores of stone. There is discolouration of stone surface after treatment with conservation material. This was more prominent with the product of higher ethylsilicate concentration.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.22
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• pp.121-134
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• 2008

The mechanism of stone exfoliation and its cause in relation to chemical weathering by soluble salt were studied. Chemical, mineralogical and physical analysis was performed in exfoliation samples from stone monuments. The representative salt is gypsum in the exfoliation samples. In order to understand the salt reaction, stone samples(tuff and granite) were treated with two type of the salt, gypsum and sodium sulfate, which have different solubility. The capillary water uptakes are slight increased in impregnated with Na2SO4 and weathering simulation of two rock types. It means that the rock is deteriorated in the near of the surface by $Na_2SO_4$. $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ bring out the thicker exfoliation than $Na_2SO_4$ because it is penetrated into the deeper zone and amount of accumulated salt is more abundant in the inner part than in the near of the surface. The exfoliation was formed in the tuff by salt treatment and 30cycle of weathering simulation, but there are not significant symptoms of exfoliation in the granite by same condition. This result was caused by the different capillary water uptakes and porosity of the rocks. In the tuff, salt solutions are penetrated into the inner part due to its high capillary water uptakes and porosity but the granite, which has low value relatively, can be formed thinner exfoliation.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.7
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• pp.15-30
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• 1997

The chamical and physical properties of the fragments of an ancient pottery such as earthenware, gliazed pottery and celadon excavated in Chonnam province has been investigated by X-ray diffraction inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy(ICP), thermal mechanical analysis(TMA). Glazed pottery fragments of Chonnam province are cotaining Fe2O3 $4\~7\%$ by the analyis of ICP, firing temperature range was presumed to $1100-1150^{\circ}C$ by TMA. Celadon fragments of Chonnam province are containing Fe2O3 $2\~3\%$ by the analyis of ICP, firing temperature range was presumed to $1140\~1200^{\circ}C$ by TMA. The charateristics in the trace element composition of an ancient pottery of Chonnam provinceis are similar, it is an reflection of similar geological charateristics. The charateristic elements of Chonnam provincical ancient pottery were Rb, Sr, V, Zr, Y, Nd, Sc, La, Ce, Nb, Sm, Eu, Dy and Yb of the analyzed 21 trace elements. By Fe2O3-Zn ditribution diagram, potteries excavated in Yong-am, celadons excavated in Haenam, Kangjin, Buan and glazed pottery excavated in Hae-nam are grouped into the same class.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.471-483
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• 2001

The pH values of the mine and surface water from the Tohyun mine creek were higher compared with those of groundwater, and 2nd round samples in same sites were even alkaline. The stream and mine waters belong to the characteristics of (Ca+Mg)-(SO$_4$) and (Ca+Mg)-(HCO$_3$) types, and groundwaters have to the (Ca+Mg+Na+K)-(HCO$_3$+SO$_4$) type. As the 2nd samples. concentrations of mostly anions are increasing compared with the forder samples. However, the mostly cation concentrations are decreasing. The hydrogeochemistry indicate that water quality is different chemical characteristics and evolution trends. The range of $\delta$D and $\delta$$^{18}$ valutes (relative to SMOW) in the waters are shown in -62.2 to -70.1$\textperthousand$, and -8.1 to -9.4$\textperthousand$. The values are plowed parallel to $\delta$D=8$\delta$$^{18}$ O+ (6$\pm$4). The d values of groundwater show 2.4, which is lower than the surface (5.2) and mine (7.6) waters. Strontium concentra titans range from 0.025 to 11.844 mg/$\ell$ in all kinds of water samples, but the groundwater has the highest contents The $^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$ Sr ratios (0.7115 to 0.7129) show more lightened to the groundwater. The $\delta$$^{18}$ O value, Ca and Sr contents are decreased with $^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$ Sr increasing, because it is support to the altitude effects of the sampling sites rather than a water-rock interaction of environmental isotope. Using computer code of WATEQ4F, saturation indices of albite, Quartz, gibssite and gypsum are calculated to be soluble. The calcite and dolomite show super saturation state, however, clay mineral species are plotted boundary between undersaturation and supersaturation. In the Tohyun mine creek, reaction materials with ore wastes arid precipitation have influence upon increasing EC and TDS of the waters independent of pH. The SO$_4$ concentrations in the mine water is 181.845 mg/$\ell$. This is abruptly increase in surface water and then detected 249.727 mg/$\ell$ in the groundwater. As a results of the calculated sulfate mineral solubilities, the sulfate ions became saturation states an above 150 mg/$\ell$ concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 1998

To reduce the environmental contamination and to utilize fly ash massively produced from the coal power plant every year, we synthesized the artificial zeolite using fly ash treated with alkaline, and then analyzed the mineralogical and morphological properties by X-ray, IR, and SEM. The amount of $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ adsorbed by the fly ash and the artificial zeolite were determined with reaction time, amount of adsorbate used, ion concentrations. The results obtained from the pot experiments packed with the top soil, amended with granulated artificial zeolite which was made by treatment of 4% polyvinylalcohol, showed that CEC of the artificial zeolite was $257.7cmol^+kg^{-1}$, that was almost 36 times greater than that of fly ash. The ratio of $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ decreased but the amount of Na increased. The physico-chemical properties analyzed by X-ray, IT, and SEM represented that the artificial zeolite synthesized had a similar morphological structure to that of the natural zeolite. The structures of the artificial zeolite had a significantly enlarged surface having a lot of pores, while the fly ash looked like spherical smooth shape with having not pores on the surface. Thus, the artificial zeolite was successfully synthesized. The results of adsorption isotherms of fly ash and artificial zeolite showed that the amount of $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ adsorbed increased as the equilibrium concentration increased, while $NH_4{^+}$ was strongly adsorbed on the surface of fly ash and artificial zeolite than that of $K^+$. The most distinctive growth of Chinese cabbage was found from the top soil(NPK + soils + 20% of granulated artificial zeolite + 5% of compost). Therefore, we concluded that one of the most effective methods to effectively recycle a fly ash was to make the artificial zeolite as we did in this experiment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 1997

The effect of Bituminous and Anthracite coal ash(fly ash) on the performance of Chinese cabbage on an acid soil was studied through a pot experiment. The levels of application of the materials tested were five, 10 and 15% of dry soil weight. Regardless of the kind of fly ash, the application of it, tended to increase the yield of Chinese cabbage by 13 to 24% in fresh weight. Difference in application levels did not result in the difference in increasing the yield of Chinese cabbage. The application of fly ash tended to lower the all of the mineral nutrient contents in the Chinese cabbage, excepting boron. Boron content tended to increase along with the application of fly ash. Bituminous ash raised the pH of soil and increased available P, exchangeable Ca and soluble boron in the soil remarkably. Anthracite ash, on the other hand, did not increase the contents of other components in the soil, than soluble born.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2016

Understanding the effect of boron content on atomic structures of boron-bearing multicomponent silicate melts is essential to reveal the atomistic origins of diverse geochemical processes involving silica-rich magmas, such as explosive volcanic eruption. The detailed atomic environments around B and Al in boron-bearing complex aluminosilicate glasses yield atomistic insights into reactivity of nuclear waste glasses in contact with aqueous solutions. We report experimental results on the effect of boron content on the atomic structures of sodium borate glasses and boron-bearing multicomponent silicate melts [malinkoite ($NaBSiO_4$)-nepheline ($NaAlSiO_4$) pseudo-binary glasses] using the high-resolution solid-state NMR ($^{11}B$ and $^{27}Al$). The $^{11}B$ MAS NMR spectra of sodium borate glasses show that three-coodrinated boron ($^{[3]}B$) increases with increasing $B_2O_3$ content. While the spectra imply that the fraction of non-ring species decreases with decreasing boron content, peak position of the species is expected to vary with Na content. Therefore, the quantitative estimation of the fractions of the ring/non-ring species remains to be explored. The $^{11}B$ MAS NMR spectra of the glasses in the malinkoite-nepheline join show that four-coordinated boron ($^{[4]}B$) increases as $X_{Ma}$ [$=NaBSiO_4/(NaBSiO_4+NaAlSiO_4)$] increases while $^{[3]}B$ decreases. $^{27}Al$ MAS NMR spectra of the multicomponent glasses confirm that four-coordinated aluminum ($^{[4]}Al$) is dominant. It is also observed that a drastic decrease in the peak widths (full-width at half-maximum, FWHM) of $^{[4]}Al$ with an addition of boron ($X_{Ma}=0.25$) in nepheline glasses. This indicates a decrease in structural and topological disorder around $^{[4]}Al$ in the glasses with increasing boron content. The quantitative atomic environments around boron of both binary and multicomponent glasses were estimated from the simulation results of $^{11}B$ MAS NMR spectra, revealing complex-nonlinear variation of boron topology with varying composition. The current results can be potentially used to account for the structural origins of the change in macroscopic properties of boron-bearing oxide melts with varying boron content.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 2017

$SiO_2$ is one of the most abundant constituents of the Earth's crust and mantle. Probing its electronic structures at high pressures is essential to understand their elastic and thermodynamic properties in the Earth's interior. The in situ high-pressure x-ray Raman scattering (XRS) experiment has been effective in providing detailed bonding transitions of the low-z materials under extreme compression. However, the relationship between the local atomic structures and XRS features at high pressure has not been fully established. The ab initio calculations have been used to overcome such experimental difficulties. Here we report the partial density of states (PDOS) of O atoms and the O K-edge XRS spectra of ${\alpha}-quartz$, ${\alpha}-cristobalite$, and $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ phases calculated using ab initio calculations based on the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. The unoccupied O PDOSs of the $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ calculated with and without applying the core-hole effects present significantly distinctive features. The unoccupied O p states of the ${\alpha}-quartz$, ${\alpha}-cristobalite$ and $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ calculated with considering the core-hole effect present similar features to their calculated O K-edge XRS spectra. This confirms that characteristic features in the O K-edge XRS stem from the electronic transition from 1s to unoccupied 2p states. The current results indicate that the core-hole effects should be taken in to consideration to calculate the precise O K-edge XRS features of the $SiO_2$ polymorphs at high pressure. Furthermore, we also calculated O K-edge XRS spectrum for $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ at ~63 GPa. As the experimental spectra for these high pressure phases are not currently available, the current results for the $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ provide useful prospect to predict in situ high-pressure XRS spectra.