• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.773-797
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• 2010

Recent years, being advanced the phenomena of fewness and aging rapidly in rural areas, rural community has been collapsed fastly. This study is aimed for two intentions: the one is identification of the actual conditions of rural diminishing in population, and the other is having a view of real picture of it in future. The major result of this study is summarized as follows. First, as a result of the rural area's shrinking for a long time advanced, the rural community has grown to under the minimum autogenesis level. Futher more this study have a look out in ten years later that rural community will diminish in population to 42% size compared with now, and the number of elder than 80 years old occupy a half of total population in a standard case. Such a consequence of this study implies no doubt that the rural development policy must lay a stress to cope with a serious situation of rural scantiness. And policy conversion calls for having a new understanding of this situation first.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.515-528
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• 2016

Since 1960s the rural population of Korea has continually decreased as a result of the rapid rural-to-urban migration and this caused an economic recession as well as the accelerated aging phenomenon in the rural communities. Such problems got worse in smaller rural villages and marginal villages began to appear among the rural communities. This study aims to analyze the structures and characteristics of rural marginal villages. A case study on the county of Goheung, Jeollanamdo, is carried out using survey and stakeholder interviews. With the survey results a series of comparative analysis are done revealing the commonalities and peculiarities between two different types of marginal villages. This study also tries to reveal the residents's perceptions on the marginal villages and the potential determinants of rural rehabilitation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Community Living Science Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.217-227
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• 2004

농업 농촌은 인구유출로 인한 과소화, 농산물 국제 개방 등으로 어려움을 겪고 있다. WTO 뉴라운드 농업협상 등 국제 농산물 시장 개방이 가속화되면서 수입농산물이 증가하여 결국 국내 농업기반이 붕괴되고 있다. 농업기반이 무너지면서 농가 인구는 감소하여 농촌은 노령화로 생산 활동이 위축되고 있다. 또한 난개발로 농촌경관이 훼손되고 있으며 도시지역에 비해 생활여건과 복지 인프라도 취약한 실정이다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Community Living Science Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.43-60
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• 2004

농업 농촌은 인구유출로 인한 과소화, 농산물가격 불안정, 농산물 국제 개방 등으로 어려움을 겪고 있다. WTO 뉴라운드 농업협상 등 국제 농산물 시장 개방이 가속화되면서 수입농산물이 증가하여 결국 국내 농업기반이 붕괴되고 있다. 농업기반이 무너지면서 농가 인구는 감소하여 농촌은 노령화로 생산 활동이 위축되고 있다. 또한 난개발로 농촌경관이 훼손되고 있으며 도시지역에 비해 생활여건과 복지 인프라도 취약한 실정이다. (중략)

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.561-566
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• 2018

최근 신경망 번역 모델에 주의 집중 네트워크가 제안되어 기존의 기계 번역 모델인 규칙 기반 번역 모델, 통계적 번역 모델에 비해 높은 번역 성능을 보이고 있다. 그러나 주의 집중 네트워크가 잘못 모델링되는 경우 과소 번역 현상이 나타난다. 신경망 번역 모델에 커버리지 메커니즘을 추가하여 과소 번역 현상을 완화하는 연구가 진행되었으나 이는 모델의 구조를 변경해야하는 불편함이 있다. 본 논문에서는 신경망 번역 모델의 구조를 변경하지 않고 새로운 손실 함수를 정의하여 과소 번역 현상을 완화하는 방법을 제안한다. 한-영 번역 실험을 통해 제안한 주의 집중 네트워크의 정규화 방법이 커버리지 메커니즘의 목적을 효율적으로 달성함을 보인다.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.728-746
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the selective migration of young age group and the stage migration which has proceeded through generations, on the transition of fertility and the population growth in the rural and urban in the case of Jeollabuk-do. For this, we use O-D matrix of 20-34 age group, the distribution of that group and women of child bearing age, and vital statistics in 1970-2010. The major findings of this study are as follows. First, the outflows from their birth place are common and dominant features of 20-34 age group in each time. Second, there is the stage migration which preceding generation moved from the rural areas to the cities in Jeollabuk-do and following generation has moved from the cities to Seoul metropolitan area. Third the selective outflow migration of young age group has leaded to reduction of the childbearing population, declining birthrate, aging and natural population decline. Due to the stage migration, these depopulation processes occurred in rural area in the past, and currently it expands to the cities with about 15 years time gap. In fact, there have been the natural population decrease which annual number of deaths exceed that of births from the late 1980s in the most rural areas and in the early 2000s, such a phenomenon has been confirmed also in urban areas. Therefore, this study concludes that the stage migration through generations is one of the crucial factor to the population growth in local cities and also brings out the step-wise population decrease in settlement hierarchies.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.120-134
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• 2016

This study aims to investigate the hierarchical stepwise migration and its influences on regions (metropolitan areas, cities and counties of Korea administrative district) through analyzing the city rank-size and the changes of natural increase of population. The result shows that the inter-regional migration has been associated to the decrease of the population and the decline of NIR in the regions where outflows have been persisted. Also, theses demographic events have sequentially occurred through the hierarchy of settlement system: gradually from rural (gun) and lower ranked regions in the system of city rank-size, to urban (si) and regions in the high ranks in the system. Based on the result of this study, it is possible to understand and expect the major origins of inter-regional migration, the presence of the hierarchical stepwise migration and most significantly, the spatial expansion of depopulation problems.

• Survey Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to compare the estimates of housework time by gender using two representative methods of time use study: Time Diary and Stylized Survey Questionnaire. Our analysis is based on the data from the Lifetime Use Survey(2004), which used time-diary questions, and the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study(KLIPS 2004), which used stylized questions on housework hours. The results show that men over-report their housework time in the stylized time use questions. In contrast, women under-report their housework time, which is unusual in the previous studies on response errors and reporting gap. Subgroup analysis shows that widowed/divorced men tend to over-report their contribution to housework more than other groups whereas among women, groups burdened with employed work, caring and housework underestimate their housework time. This reporting gap is explained by gendered norm and perception of time pressure. The theory to explain under-reporting of the housework time has been undeveloped in the previous studies. Our study suggests that perceptions of time pressure be an important factor to explain women's reporting gap of housework estimates.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.17-28
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• 1999

Systematic distortions in perceived 3-D shape were obtained for elliptical and parabolic stereoscopic surfaces viewed at different distances under full and reduced cue conditions. In both conditions of Experiments 1 and 3, elliptical hemi-cylinders a appeared near veridical at the 45 cm viewing distances and flattened up to 74% of veridical at 135 cm. In Experiment 2, under full cue conditions, parabolic hemi-cylinders a appeared stretched to 118% of veridical at 45 cm, near veridical at 90 cm, and flattened to 85% of veridical at 135 cm. Under reduced cue conditions parabolas appeared flatter overall: veridical curvature was obtained at 45 cm viewing distance with flatness increasing to 68% of veridical at 135 cm. Results support a scaling explanation of perceived 3-D shape from disparity and rule out the alternative hypothesis that disparity curvature, an optical invariant, provides information for the direct perception of 3-D s shape.

• The Korean Publising Journal, Monthly
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• s.134
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• pp.20-21
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• 1993

이번 모임이 우리출판계에 던져준 교훈은 중국 출판인들이 자신들의 절박한 사정으로 인해 한국출판계를 '공략'해 들어온다는 표현이 적합할 만큼 '무리한' 요구를 해오는 점과, 단순히 중국의 현재 출판 제작.인쇄 수준이 우리보다 낮다 하여 과소평가하여 소홀히 대응할 경우 예기치못한 상황까지 도래할 수 있다는 점이다.